Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-04-02T15:40:05Z

86.131.80.0:

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]]
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]]
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189)
* [[Welsh War of Independence (1211)|Welsh War of Independence]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217)
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267)
* [[Welsh War of Independence(1282)|Welsh War of Independence]] (1282)
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453)
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613)
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622)
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651)
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644)
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676)
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685)
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697)
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697)
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746)
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713)
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720)
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742)
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748)
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763)
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763)
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766)
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769)

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783)
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792)
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
** [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799)
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815)
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804)
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805)
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806)
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815)
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[War of the Two Brothers]] (1828–1834)
* [[First Carlist War]] (1833–1839)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846)
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849)
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860)
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859)
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902)

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[U.S. invasion of Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–2002)
* [[Iraq War]] (2003)
* [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
''Main Article: [[Auld Alliance]] ([[1165]]-[[1560]])''

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)
* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])
* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])
* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==

* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

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Military history of the peoples of the British Islands