IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Solar charging

2009-08-24T12:00:13Z

86.144.19.153: Linked to Wikipedia definitio for 'Marl'

{{AfDM|page=Solar charging|logdate=2009 August 24|substed=yes|help=off}}


'''Solar Charging''' is a process that uses the earth as a thermal battery by collecting heat with solar panels, storing the heat in a [[borehole]], and then retrieving it later using a Ground Source [[Heat Pump]] ([[GSHP]]). The GSHP is a well established technology, but the ground deep down does get cooler with time, reducing the efficiency of the GSHP.
To avoid confusion with electric charging of cars etc from solar panels, it might also be termed '''Solar Geocharging''' but this is a longer mouthful.

The deep subsoil remains at one temperature all the year round - broadly it receives and stores solar heat, but only the top 5 metres (and somewhat less in temperate climate) seems to be affected by the seasons. More than 5m down and the ground is perpetually 10-12 º Celcius, and solar heat could take many decades to get deeper. (We are not talking about volcanic heat here. This definition applies to boreholes 10 to 80metres below the building. ) The assumption of a GSHP installation is that the thousands of tons of soil below contain enough mass to heat a house for many many years. Solar Charging is a process to ensure that it does.

This process can be done using the same [[glycol]] (antifreeze) circuit that is already being used by the GSHP. By adding to the existing loop a simple Solar panel on the roof or wall of the house, and providing a temperature activated pump, the panel will send heat deep into the ground throughout the summer months. The ground will not get hot, it may only get warm, but it will be stopped from getting very cold in winter. The efficiency ([[Coefficient of Performance]] - CoP) of the GSHP will be retained throughout the winter, instead of declining as the ground gets colder.

The process already exists as a proven concept, but as a by product of heat reclaim or fan coil cooling. In heat reclaim a MVHR (Mechanically Ventilated Heat Recovery as required in the [[Passive House]] concept) unit in the loft can extract heat from warm extract house air, and return this to the glycol loop, and thence to the ground. In 'Comfort cooling', a [[fan coil unit]] cooler can pass hot house air through the unit, and heat is passed to the glycol loop, and thence to the ground. The use of solar collectors externally is the same principle, but one is cooling the atmosphere and moving heat down to the ground. The process can be modeled on computer, test rigs exist, but has yet to be applied to a full size house.

There will be an immediate return when used in a [[diurnal]] way, balancing daytime and night time, eg a warm sunny day of collecting followed by an cool evening in [[Equinox]] periods. There is still a question mark over how long the solar charged heat will remain down below before dissipating an infinite distance away from the borehole. The chances are that in a half year of the summer and autumn, the heat does not go much further than 5m from the borehole pipes, and thus during the cold 6 months of the year (winter and spring), it will be close enough to return when the GSHP sends cold glycol down.

The idea only works with deep dense soil such as a clay or [[marl]] or rock. Soil with large airpockets, deep layers of gravel and ground water will not work, as the water will simply carry the heat away. Nobody can actually go down there, but the process can be modelled on a computer. For testing with a real house lived in by a real family, assumptions about the effectiveness of Solar Charging can be derived by running the process for at least two full years, and monitoring the flow rates, input and output temperatures and performance indicators of the GSHP, including, all importantly, its electrical consumption.

Solar charging

2009-08-24T11:58:23Z

86.144.19.153: explained what Diurnal means

{{AfDM|page=Solar charging|logdate=2009 August 24|substed=yes|help=off}}


'''Solar Charging''' is a process that uses the earth as a thermal battery by collecting heat with solar panels, storing the heat in a [[borehole]], and then retrieving it later using a Ground Source [[Heat Pump]] ([[GSHP]]). The GSHP is a well established technology, but the ground deep down does get cooler with time, reducing the efficiency of the GSHP.
To avoid confusion with electric charging of cars etc from solar panels, it might also be termed '''Solar Geocharging''' but this is a longer mouthful.

The deep subsoil remains at one temperature all the year round - broadly it receives and stores solar heat, but only the top 5 metres (and somewhat less in temperate climate) seems to be affected by the seasons. More than 5m down and the ground is perpetually 10-12 º Celcius, and solar heat could take many decades to get deeper. (We are not talking about volcanic heat here. This definition applies to boreholes 10 to 80metres below the building. ) The assumption of a GSHP installation is that the thousands of tons of soil below contain enough mass to heat a house for many many years. Solar Charging is a process to ensure that it does.

This process can be done using the same [[glycol]] (antifreeze) circuit that is already being used by the GSHP. By adding to the existing loop a simple Solar panel on the roof or wall of the house, and providing a temperature activated pump, the panel will send heat deep into the ground throughout the summer months. The ground will not get hot, it may only get warm, but it will be stopped from getting very cold in winter. The efficiency ([[Coefficient of Performance]] - CoP) of the GSHP will be retained throughout the winter, instead of declining as the ground gets colder.

The process already exists as a proven concept, but as a by product of heat reclaim or fan coil cooling. In heat reclaim a MVHR (Mechanically Ventilated Heat Recovery as required in the [[Passive House]] concept) unit in the loft can extract heat from warm extract house air, and return this to the glycol loop, and thence to the ground. In 'Comfort cooling', a [[fan coil unit]] cooler can pass hot house air through the unit, and heat is passed to the glycol loop, and thence to the ground. The use of solar collectors externally is the same principle, but one is cooling the atmosphere and moving heat down to the ground. The process can be modeled on computer, test rigs exist, but has yet to be applied to a full size house.

There will be an immediate return when used in a [[diurnal]] way, balancing daytime and night time, eg a warm sunny day of collecting followed by an cool evening in [[Equinox]] periods. There is still a question mark over how long the solar charged heat will remain down below before dissipating an infinite distance away from the borehole. The chances are that in a half year of the summer and autumn, the heat does not go much further than 5m from the borehole pipes, and thus during the cold 6 months of the year (winter and spring), it will be close enough to return when the GSHP sends cold glycol down.

The idea only works with deep dense soil such as a clay or marl or rock. Soil with large airpockets, deep layers of gravel and ground water will not work, as the water will simply carry the heat away. Nobody can actually go down there, but the process can be modelled on a computer. For testing with a real house lived in by a real family, assumptions about the effectiveness of Solar Charging can be derived by running the process for at least two full years, and monitoring the flow rates, input and output temperatures and performance indicators of the GSHP, including, all importantly, its electrical consumption.

Solar charging

2009-08-24T11:54:57Z

86.144.19.153: redefined meaning of MVHR and referred to the Passive House standard

{{AfDM|page=Solar charging|logdate=2009 August 24|substed=yes|help=off}}


'''Solar Charging''' is a process that uses the earth as a thermal battery by collecting heat with solar panels, storing the heat in a [[borehole]], and then retrieving it later using a Ground Source [[Heat Pump]] ([[GSHP]]). The GSHP is a well established technology, but the ground deep down does get cooler with time, reducing the efficiency of the GSHP.
To avoid confusion with electric charging of cars etc from solar panels, it might also be termed '''Solar Geocharging''' but this is a longer mouthful.

The deep subsoil remains at one temperature all the year round - broadly it receives and stores solar heat, but only the top 5 metres (and somewhat less in temperate climate) seems to be affected by the seasons. More than 5m down and the ground is perpetually 10-12 º Celcius, and solar heat could take many decades to get deeper. (We are not talking about volcanic heat here. This definition applies to boreholes 10 to 80metres below the building. ) The assumption of a GSHP installation is that the thousands of tons of soil below contain enough mass to heat a house for many many years. Solar Charging is a process to ensure that it does.

This process can be done using the same [[glycol]] (antifreeze) circuit that is already being used by the GSHP. By adding to the existing loop a simple Solar panel on the roof or wall of the house, and providing a temperature activated pump, the panel will send heat deep into the ground throughout the summer months. The ground will not get hot, it may only get warm, but it will be stopped from getting very cold in winter. The efficiency ([[Coefficient of Performance]] - CoP) of the GSHP will be retained throughout the winter, instead of declining as the ground gets colder.

The process already exists as a proven concept, but as a by product of heat reclaim or fan coil cooling. In heat reclaim a MVHR (Mechanically Ventilated Heat Recovery as required in the [[Passive House]] concept) unit in the loft can extract heat from warm extract house air, and return this to the glycol loop, and thence to the ground. In 'Comfort cooling', a [[fan coil unit]] cooler can pass hot house air through the unit, and heat is passed to the glycol loop, and thence to the ground. The use of solar collectors externally is the same principle, but one is cooling the atmosphere and moving heat down to the ground. The process can be modeled on computer, test rigs exist, but has yet to be applied to a full size house.

There will be an immediate return when used diurnally, eg a warm sunny day of collecting followed by an cool evening in [[Equinox]] periods. There is still a question mark over how long the solar charged heat will remain down below before dissipating an infinite distance away from the borehole. The chances are that in a half year of the summer and autumn, the heat does not go much further than 5m from the borehole pipes, and thus during the cold 6 months of the year (winter and spring), it will be close enough to return when the GSHP sends cold glycol down.

The idea only works with deep dense soil such as a clay or marl or rock. Soil with large airpockets, deep layers of gravel and ground water will not work, as the water will simply carry the heat away. Nobody can actually go down there, but the process can be modelled on a computer. For testing with a real house lived in by a real family, assumptions about the effectiveness of Solar Charging can be derived by running the process for at least two full years, and monitoring the flow rates, input and output temperatures and performance indicators of the GSHP, including, all importantly, its electrical consumption.

Hypercane

2008-08-24T19:41:26Z

86.144.24.51: /* In popular culture */ edited

A '''hypercane''' is a hypothetical class of extreme [[tropical cyclone]] that could form if ocean temperatures reached around {{convert|50|°C|°F}} —15° higher than the warmest ocean temperature ever recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Water/temp.html&edu=high |title=Temperature of Ocean Water |publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]] |work=Windows to the Universe |date=2001-08-31 |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref>— which could in turn be caused by a large [[asteroid]] or [[comet]] impact, a large [[volcano|volcanic]] or [[supervolcano|supervolcanic]] eruption, or very extensive [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=30308 |title=The Dawn of the Hypercane? |first=Stephen |last=Leahy |publisher=[[Inter Press Service]] |date=2005-09-16 |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> There is some speculation that some [[dinosaur]]s might have been killed off by a series of hypercanes, resulting from an asteroid or comet crashing into [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Did storms land the dinosaurs in hot water? |first=Jeff |last=Hecht |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=1995-02-04 |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14519632.600-did-storms-land-the-dinosaurs-in-hot-water.html |issue=1963 |pages=p. 16 |accessdate=2008-07-24 }}</ref> The term was coined by atmospheric scientist [[Kerry Emanuel]] in 1994, at [[MIT]].<ref name="MIT">{{cite web |url=http://wind.mit.edu/~emanuel/holem/holem.html |title=Limits on Hurricane Intensity |first=Kerry |last=Emanuel |publisher=[[Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography ]], [[MIT]] |date=1996-09-16 |accessdate=2008-07-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hypercanes: A Possible Link to Global Extinction Scenarios |first=Kerry |last=Emanuel |coauthors=Kevin Speer, Richard Rotunno, Ramesh Srivastava, Mario Molina |journal= |date=1998-03-22 |volume=100 |issue=D7 |pages=pp. 13755–13765 |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JD01368.shtml |accessdate=2008-07-24 }}</ref>

==Physical description==
Hypercanes would have wind speeds of over {{convert|800|km/h|mph}}, and would also have a central pressure of less than {{convert|700|hPa|inHg|abbr=off|lk=on}}, giving them an enormous lifespan.<ref name="MIT" /> The extreme conditions needed to create such a storm could conceivably produce a system up to the size of [[North America]], creating [[storm surge]]s of {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=off|lk=off}} and an eye nearly {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=off|lk=off}} across. The waters could remain hot enough for weeks, allowing more hypercanes to be formed. A hypercane's clouds would reach {{convert|30|km|mi}} into the [[stratosphere]]. A hypercane would also damage the earth's [[ozone]].<ref name="MIT" /> The reason for this is the water molecules sent up into the [[ozone]] layer merge with the [[ultraviolet light]] repelling particles and disintegrate the particles, creating a hole in the vicinity.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{tcportal}}

[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]

{{weather-stub}}

Principles of Management

2008-03-03T20:38:55Z

86.144.73.14: /* About the Contributor */

The Principles of Management are the essential, underlying factors that form the foundations of successful management. According to Henri Fayol (1841-1925) in his book ''General and Industrial Management'', there are fourteen 'principles of management'.

== The Principles ==
Management principles are statements of fundamental truth. These principles serve as guidelines for decisions and actions of managers.
They are derived through observation and analysis of events which managers have to face in actual practice.

1. '''Division of Work -'''

The specialization of the workforce, creating specific personal and professional development within the labour force and therefore increasing productivity; leads to specialization which increases the efficiency of labour. By separating a small part of work, the workers speed and accuracy in its performance increases. This principle is applicable to both technical as well as managerial work.

2. '''Authority and Responsibility-'''

The issue of commands followed by responsibility for their consequences. Authority means the right of a superior to give order to his subordinates; responsibility means obligation for performance.
This principle suggests that there must be parity between authority and responsibilty.. They are co-existent and go together, and are two sides of the same coin.

3. '''Discipline-'''

Discipline refers to obedience, proper conduct in relation to others, respect of authority, etc. It is essential for the smooth functioning of all organizations.

4. '''Unity of Command -'''

This principle states that every subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior. If an employee receives orders from more than one superior, it is likely to create confusion and conflict.

Unity of Command also makes it easier to fix responsibility for mistakes.

5. '''Unity of Direction -'''

All those working in the same line of activity must understand and pursue the same objectives. All related activities should be put under one group, there should be one plan of action for them, and they should be under the control of one manager.

It seeks to ensure unity of action, focusing of efforts and coordination of strength.

6. '''Subordination of Individual Interest'''

The management must put aside personal considerations and put company objectives first. Therefore the interests of goals of the organization must prevail over the personal interests of individuals.

7. '''Remuneration -'''

Workers must be paid sufficiently as this is a chief motivation of employees and therefore greatly influences productivity. The quantum and methods of remuneration payable should be fair, reasonable and rewarding of effort.

8. '''The Degree of Centralization -'''

The amount of power wielded with the central management depends on company size. Centralization implies the concentration of decision making authority at the top management. Sharing of authority with lower levels is called decentralization. The organization should strive to achieve a proper balance.

9. '''Scalar Chain -'''

Scalar Chain refers to the chain of superiors ranging from top management to the lowest rank. The principle suggests that there should be a clear line of authority from top to bottom linking all managers at all levels. It is considered a chain of command.

10. '''Order -'''

Social order ensures the fluid operation of a company through authoritative procedure. Material order ensures safety and efficiency in the workplace.

11. '''Equity -'''

Employees must be treated kindly, and justice must be enacted to ensure a just workplace. Managers should be fair and impartial when dealing with employees.

12. '''Stability of Tenure of Personnel -'''

The period of service should not be too short and employees should not be moved from positions frequently. An employee cannot render useful service if he is removed before he becomes accustomed to the work assigned to him.

13. '''Initiative -'''

Using the initiative of employees can add strength and new ideas to an organization. Initiative on the part of employees is a source of strength for the organization because it provides new and better ideas. Employees are likely to take greater interest in the functioning of the organization.

14. '''Esprit de Corps -'''

This refers to the need of managers to ensure and develop morale in the workplace; individually and communally. Team spirit helps develop an atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding.

These can be used to initiate and aid the processes of change, organization, decision making, skill management and the overall view of the management function.

Fayol also divided the management function into five key roles:
*To organise
* To plan and forecast (Prevoyance)
* To command
*To control
*To coordinate

== Further Reading - ==
*Administration Industrielle et Général, Henri Fayol, 1917

== Sources - ==
#http://www.12manage.com/methods_fayol_14_principles_of_management.html
#Administration Industrielle et Général, Henri Fayol, 1917

== About the Contributor ==
Grant Robinson is a student from Kent, England, and was the Managing Director of Apex Event Management, an award-winning Young Enterprise company. His username is RobbiG. kljhlkjhlkjhlkjhlkjh

==See also==
* [[School:Business]]
* [[Topic:Master of Business Administration]]
* [[Topic:Business research]]
* [[Topic:Start-Up Business Financing]]
* [[Topic:International Business]]

[[Category:Management]]
[[Category:Principles]]