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Mess of pottage

2025-07-14T08:49:47Z

86.167.253.156:

{{Short description|Figure of speech}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Figures Esau Sells His Birthright for Pottage of Lentils.jpg|thumb|alt=Engraving|''Esau Sells His Birthright for Pottage of Lentils'', a 1728 engraving by [[Gerard Hoet]].]]
A '''mess of pottage''' is something immediately attractive but of little value taken foolishly and carelessly in exchange for something more distant and perhaps less tangible but immensely more valuable. The phrase alludes to [[Esau]]'s sale of his [[Primogeniture|birthright]] for a meal ("[[mess]]") of [[lentil soup|lentil stew]] ("[[pottage]]") in {{bibleverse|Genesis|25:29-34|NRSV}} and connotes shortsightedness and misplaced priorities.

The mess of pottage motif is a common theme in art, appearing for example in Mattia Bortoloni's ''Esau selling his birthright'' (1716) and Mattias Stomer's painting of the same title (c. 1640).<ref name="otfigs">See ''Old Testament figures in art,'' by Chiara de Capoa, ed. by Stefano Zuffi, tr. by Thomas Michael Hartmann (Los Angeles : Getty Museum, 2003), pp. 111–112.</ref>

==Biblical usage==
Although this phrase is often used to describe or allude to Esau's bargain, the phrase itself does not appear in the ''text'' of any English version of Genesis. Its first attested use,<ref name="med">[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=byte&byte=112687876&egdisplay=compact&egs=112700244 See Middle English Dictionary s.v. "mes n."]</ref> already associated with Esau's bargain, is in the English summary of one of [[John Capgrave]]'s sermons, c. 1452, "[Jacob] supplanted his broþir, bying his fader blessing for a mese of potage."<ref name="capgrave">John capgrave, "A Treatise of the Orders under the Rule of St. Augustine," in ''John Capgrave's Lives of St. Augustine and St. Gilbert...,'' ed. by J. J. Munro, EETS 140 (London, 1910), p. 145.</ref> In the sixteenth century it continues its association with Esau, appearing in Bonde's ''Pylgrimage of Perfection'' (1526) and in the English versions of two influential works by [[Erasmus]], the ''[[Handbook of a Christian Knight|Enchiridion]]'' (1533)<ref name="enchir">Desiderius Erasmus, ''A booke called in latyn Enchiridion militis christiani, and in englysshe the manuell of the christen knyght,'' (London : Wynkyn de Worde, 1533).</ref> and the ''Paraphrase upon the New Testament'' (1548):<ref name="paraph">Desiderius Erasmus, ''The first tome or volume of the Paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the Newe Testamente'' [s.v. Luke, chap. 4] (London : Edward Whitchurche, 1548)</ref> "th'enherytaunce of the elder brother solde for a messe of potage". It can be found here and there throughout the sixteenth century, e.g. in [[Johan Carion]]'s ''Thre bokes of cronicles'' (1550)<ref name="carion">''The thre bokes of cronicles, whyche Iohn Carion ... gathered wyth great diligence of the beste authours'' (London, 1550).</ref> and at least three times in Roger Edgeworth's collected sermons (1557).<ref name="edgeworth">''Sermons very fruitfull, godly, and learned, preached and sette foorth by Maister Roger Edgeworth'' (London, 1557): "Esau ... for a messe of potage sold his first frutes."</ref> Within the tradition of English Biblical translations, it appears first in the summary at the beginning of chapter 25 of the [[Book of Genesis]] in the so-called [[Matthew Bible]] of 1537 (in this section otherwise a reprint of the Pentateuch translation of William Tyndale), "Esau selleth his byrthright for a messe of potage";<ref name="matthew">''Matthew's Bible : a facsimile of the 1537 edition,'' (Peabody, MA : Hendrickson, 2009).</ref> thence in the 1539 [[Great Bible]] and in the [[Geneva Bible]] published by English Protestants in Geneva in 1560.<ref name="Geneva">''The Geneva Bible : a facsimile of the 1560 edition'' (Peabody, MA : Hendrickson, 2007).</ref> According to the OED, Coverdale (1535) "does not use the phrase, either in the text or the chapter heading ... but he has it in 1 Chronicles 16:3 and Proverbs 15:7."<ref name="oed">[http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00306872?query_type=fulltext&queryword=mess+of+pottage&first=1&max_to_show=10&search_spec=fulltext&sort_type=alpha&result_place=9], OED DRAFT REVISION Dec. 2009, s.v. mess n.(1), sense 2.</ref> [[Miles Smith (bishop)|Miles Smith]] used the same phrase in "The Translators to the Reader", the lengthy preface to the 1611 [[King James Bible]], but by the seventeenth century the phrase had become very widespread indeed and had clearly achieved the status of a fixed phrase with allusive, quasi-proverbial, force.

== Examples of usage ==

In different literary hands, it could be used either earnestly, or mockingly.<ref name="jeffrey">See ''A Dictionary of Biblical tradition in English Literature,'' ed. by David Lyle Jeffrey (Grand Rapids : Eerdmans, 1992), s.v. "birthright."</ref> [[Benjamin Keach]] (1689) falls into the former camp: "I know not ... / whether those who did our Rights betray, / And for a mess of Pottage, sold away / Our dear bought / Freedoms, shall now trusted be, / As Conservators of our Libertie."<ref name="keach">Benjamin Keach, ''Distressed Sion Relieved'' (London, 1689), line 3300.</ref> As does Henry Ellison (1875) "O Faith ... The disbelieving world would sell thee so; / Head turned with sophistries, and heart grown cold, / For a vile mess of pottage it would throw / Away thy heritage, and count the gold!".<ref name="ellison">Henry Ellison "Skepticism" in ''Stones from the Quarry'' (1875).</ref> [[Karl Marx]]' lament in ''[[Das Kapital]]'' has been translated using this phrase: The worker "is compelled by social conditions, to sell the whole of his active life, his very capacity for labour, in return for the price of his customary means of subsistence, to sell his birthright for a mess of pottage."<ref>''Das Kapital'', Volume One, Part III, Chapter "The Working Day". The original German text has ''ein Gericht Linsen'', which literally means "a lentil dish".</ref>

[[File:Victors Esau and the mess of pottage.jpg|thumb|''Esau and the Mess of Pottage'', by [[Jan Victors]].]]

Swift and Byron use the phrase satirically: "Thou sold'st thy birthright, Esau! for a mess / Thou shouldst have gotten more, or eaten less."<ref name="byron">Byron, "The Age of Bronze," lines 632–3. Cp. Jonathan Swift, "Robin and Harry," line 36: "Robin ... swears he could get her in an hour, / If Gaffer Harry would endow her; / And sell, to pacify his wrath, / A birth-right for a mess of broth."</ref> The Hindu nationalist [[V. D. Savarkar]] borrowed the phrase, along with quotations from [[Shakespeare]], for his pamphlet [[Hindutva]] (1923), which celebrated Hindu culture and identity, asking whether Indians were willing to 'disown their seed, forswear their fathers and sell their birthright for a mess of pottage'.

Perhaps the most famous use in American literature is that by [[Henry David Thoreau]]: "If I should sell both my forenoons and afternoons to society, as most appear to do, I am sure that for me there would be nothing left worth living for. I trust that I shall never thus sell my birthright for a mess of pottage. I wish to suggest that a man may be very industrious, and yet not spend his time well. There is no more fatal blunderer than he who consumes the greater part of his life getting his living."<ref>Thoreau, Henry David, [http://thoreau.eserver.org/life1.html Life without principle] (1854). {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012063350/http://thoreau.eserver.org/life1.html|date=2006-10-12}}</ref>

Another prominent instance of using the phrase in American fiction is [[James Weldon Johnson]]'s famous protagonist Ex-Coloured Man who, retrospectively reflecting upon his life as a black man passing for white, concludes that he has sold his "birthright for a mess of pottage".<ref name="johnson">James Weldon Johnson, ''The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man'' (New York, 1989), p. 211.</ref>

By a conventional [[spoonerism]], an overly propagandistic writer is said to have "sold his birthright for a pot of message," a bit of enduring wordplay documented as early as 1850.<ref name="QuoteInvestigator">{{Cite web|url=https://quoteinvestigator.com/2019/04/16/message/|title = Sold His Soul for a Pot of Message – Quote Investigator| date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> [[Terry Pratchett]] has a bystander ("who was anxious not to break the flow") say this in ''Feet of Clay'', after Nobby of the Watch has guessed that the phrase is "a spot of massage" and Sgt Colon attempted to correct it to "a pot of message". [[Theodore Sturgeon]] had one of his characters say this about [[H. G. Wells]] in his 1948 short story ''Unite and Conquer''; and [[Roger Lancelyn Green]] (in 1962) ascribed it as a saying of [[Nevill Coghill|Professor Nevill Coghill]], [[Merton Professors|Merton Professor of English Literature]] at the University of Oxford, who was born 49 years after its first documented appearance in print.

The phrase also appears in [[Myra Brooks Welch]]'s poem "[[The Touch of the Master's Hand]]," in which "a mess of pottage – a glass of wine – a game" stand for all such petty worldly pursuits, contrasted to life after a spiritual awakening.

The phrase also appears in the 1919 African-American film ''[[Within Our Gates]]'', as used by the preacher character 'Old Ned' who having ingratiated himself by acting the clown with two white men turns away and states, "again, I've sold my birthright. All for a miserable mess of pottage."

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bible-researcher.com/kjvpref.html Translators to the Reader]

[[Category:Figures of speech]]
[[Category:Biblical phrases]]

Mess of pottage

2025-07-14T08:49:16Z

86.167.253.156: /* Biblical usage */

{{Short description|Figure of speech}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Figures Esau Sells His Birthright for Pottage of Lentils.jpg|thumb|alt=Engraving|''Esau Sells His Birthright for Pottage of Lentils'', a 1728 engraving by [[Gerard Hoet]].]]
A '''mess of pottage''' is something immediately attractive but of little value taken foolishly and carelessly in exchange for something more distant and perhaps less tangible but immensely more valuable. The phrase alludes to [[Esau]]'s sale of his [[Primogeniture|birthright]] for a meal ("[[mess]]") of [[lentil soup|lentil stew]] ("[[pottage]]") in {{bibleverse|Genesis|25:29-34|NRSV}} and connotes shortsightedness and misplaced priorities.

The mess of pottage motif is a common theme in art, appearing for example in Mattia Bortoloni's ''Esau selling his birthright'' (1716) and Mattias Stomer's painting of the same title (c. 1640).<ref name="otfigs">See ''Old Testament figures in art,'' by Chiara de Capoa, ed. by Stefano Zuffi, tr. by Thomas Michael Hartmann (Los Angeles : Getty Museum, 2003), pp. 111–112.</ref>

==Biblical usage==
Although this phrase is often used to describe or allude to Esau's bargain, the phrase itself does not appear in the ''text'' of any English version of Genesis. Its first attested use,<ref name="med">[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=byte&byte=112687876&egdisplay=compact&egs=112700244 See Middle English Dictionary s.v. "mes n."]</ref> already associated with Esau's bargain, is in the English summary of one of [[John Capgrave]]'s sermons, c. 1452, "[Jacob] supplanted his broþir, bying his fader blessing for a mese of potage."<ref name="capgrave">John capgrave, "A Treatise of the Orders under the Rule of St. Augustine," in ''John Capgrave's Lives of St. Augustine and St. Gilbert...,'' ed. by J. J. Munro, EETS 140 (London, 1910), p. 145.</ref> In the sixteenth century it continues its association with Esau, appearing in Bonde's ''Pylgrimage of Perfection'' (1526) and in the English versions of two influential works by [[Erasmus]], the ''[[Handbook of a Christian Knight|Enchiridion]]'' (1533)<ref name="enchir">Desiderius Erasmus, ''A booke called in latyn Enchiridion militis christiani, and in englysshe the manuell of the christen knyght,'' (London : Wynkyn de Worde, 1533).</ref> and the ''Paraphrase upon the New Testament'' (1548):<ref name="paraph">Desiderius Erasmus, ''The first tome or volume of the Paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the Newe Testamente'' [s.v. Luke, chap. 4] (London : Edward Whitchurche, 1548)</ref> "th'enherytaunce of the elder brother solde for a messe of potage". It can be found here and there throughout the sixteenth century, e.g. in [[Johan Carion]]'s ''Thre bokes of cronicles'' (1550)<ref name="carion">''The thre bokes of cronicles, whyche Iohn Carion ... gathered wyth great diligence of the beste authours'' (London, 1550).</ref> and at least three times in Roger Edgeworth's collected sermons (1557).<ref name="edgeworth">''Sermons very fruitfull, godly, and learned, preached and sette foorth by Maister Roger Edgeworth'' (London, 1557): "Esau ... for a messe of potage sold his first frutes."</ref> Within the tradition of English Biblical translations, it appears first in the summary at the beginning of chapter 25 of the [[Book of Genesis]] in the so-called [[Matthew Bible]] of 1537 (in this section otherwise a reprint of the Pentateuch translation of William Tyndale), "Esau selleth his byrthright for a messe of potage";<ref name="matthew">''Matthew's Bible : a facsimile of the 1537 edition,'' (Peabody, MA : Hendrickson, 2009).</ref> thence in the 1539 [[Great Bible]] and in the [[Geneva Bible]] published by English Protestants in Geneva in 1560.<ref name="Geneva">''The Geneva Bible : a facsimile of the 1560 edition'' (Peabody, MA : Hendrickson, 2007).</ref> According to the OED, Coverdale (1535) "does not use the phrase, either in the text or the chapter heading ... but he has it in 1 Chronicles 16:3 and Proverbs 15:7."<ref name="oed">[http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00306872?query_type=fulltext&queryword=mess+of+pottage&first=1&max_to_show=10&search_spec=fulltext&sort_type=alpha&result_place=9], OED DRAFT REVISION Dec. 2009, s.v. mess n.(1), sense 2.</ref> [[Miles Smith (bishop)|Miles Smith]] used the same phrase in "The Translators to the Reader", the lengthy preface to the 1611 [[King James Bible]], but by the seventeenth century the phrase had become very widespread indeed and had clearly achieved the status of a fixed phrase with allusive, quasi-proverbial, force.

== Examples of usage ==

In different literary hands, it could be used either earnestly, or mockingly.<ref name="jeffrey">See ''A Dictionary of Biblical tradition in English Literature,'' ed. by David Lyle Jeffrey (Grand Rapids : Eerdmans, 1992), s.v. "birthright."</ref> [[Benjamin Keach]] (1689) falls into the former camp: "I know not.. / whether those who did our Rights betray, / And for a mess of Pottage, sold away / Our dear bought / Freedoms, shall now trusted be, / As Conservators of our Libertie."<ref name="keach">Benjamin Keach, ''Distressed Sion Relieved'' (London, 1689), line 3300.</ref> As does Henry Ellison (1875) "O Faith .. The disbelieving world would sell thee so; / Head turned with sophistries, and heart grown cold, / For a vile mess of pottage it would throw / Away thy heritage, and count the gold!".<ref name="ellison">Henry Ellison "Skepticism" in ''Stones from the Quarry'' (1875).</ref> [[Karl Marx]]' lament in ''[[Das Kapital]]'' has been translated using this phrase: The worker "is compelled by social conditions, to sell the whole of his active life, his very capacity for labour, in return for the price of his customary means of subsistence, to sell his birthright for a mess of pottage."<ref>''Das Kapital'', Volume One, Part III, Chapter "The Working Day". The original German text has ''ein Gericht Linsen'', which literally means "a lentil dish".</ref>

[[File:Victors Esau and the mess of pottage.jpg|thumb|''Esau and the Mess of Pottage'', by [[Jan Victors]].]]

Swift and Byron use the phrase satirically: "Thou sold'st thy birthright, Esau! for a mess / Thou shouldst have gotten more, or eaten less."<ref name="byron">Byron, "The Age of Bronze," lines 632–3. Cp. Jonathan Swift, "Robin and Harry," line 36: "Robin ... swears he could get her in an hour, / If Gaffer Harry would endow her; / And sell, to pacify his wrath, / A birth-right for a mess of broth."</ref> The Hindu nationalist [[V. D. Savarkar]] borrowed the phrase, along with quotations from [[Shakespeare]], for his pamphlet [[Hindutva]] (1923), which celebrated Hindu culture and identity, asking whether Indians were willing to 'disown their seed, forswear their fathers and sell their birthright for a mess of pottage'.

Perhaps the most famous use in American literature is that by [[Henry David Thoreau]]: "If I should sell both my forenoons and afternoons to society, as most appear to do, I am sure that for me there would be nothing left worth living for. I trust that I shall never thus sell my birthright for a mess of pottage. I wish to suggest that a man may be very industrious, and yet not spend his time well. There is no more fatal blunderer than he who consumes the greater part of his life getting his living."<ref>Thoreau, Henry David, [http://thoreau.eserver.org/life1.html Life without principle] (1854). {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012063350/http://thoreau.eserver.org/life1.html|date=2006-10-12}}</ref>

Another prominent instance of using the phrase in American fiction is [[James Weldon Johnson]]'s famous protagonist Ex-Coloured Man who, retrospectively reflecting upon his life as a black man passing for white, concludes that he has sold his "birthright for a mess of pottage".<ref name="johnson">James Weldon Johnson, ''The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man'' (New York, 1989), p. 211.</ref>

By a conventional [[spoonerism]], an overly propagandistic writer is said to have "sold his birthright for a pot of message," a bit of enduring wordplay documented as early as 1850.<ref name="QuoteInvestigator">{{Cite web|url=https://quoteinvestigator.com/2019/04/16/message/|title = Sold His Soul for a Pot of Message – Quote Investigator| date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> [[Terry Pratchett]] has a bystander ("who was anxious not to break the flow") say this in ''Feet of Clay'', after Nobby of the Watch has guessed that the phrase is "a spot of massage" and Sgt Colon attempted to correct it to "a pot of message". [[Theodore Sturgeon]] had one of his characters say this about [[H. G. Wells]] in his 1948 short story ''Unite and Conquer''; and [[Roger Lancelyn Green]] (in 1962) ascribed it as a saying of [[Nevill Coghill|Professor Nevill Coghill]], [[Merton Professors|Merton Professor of English Literature]] at the University of Oxford, who was born 49 years after its first documented appearance in print.

The phrase also appears in [[Myra Brooks Welch]]'s poem "[[The Touch of the Master's Hand]]," in which "a mess of pottage – a glass of wine – a game" stand for all such petty worldly pursuits, contrasted to life after a spiritual awakening.

The phrase also appears in the 1919 African-American film ''[[Within Our Gates]]'', as used by the preacher character 'Old Ned' who having ingratiated himself by acting the clown with two white men turns away and states, "again, I've sold my birthright. All for a miserable mess of pottage."

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bible-researcher.com/kjvpref.html Translators to the Reader]

[[Category:Figures of speech]]
[[Category:Biblical phrases]]