Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host

2018-04-03T01:35:43Z

91.124.117.29: /* External links */

{{Infobox official post
|post = Hetman
|body = [[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]
|insignia = Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg
|insigniasize =
|insigniacaption = State flag
|image = Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg
|imagesize =
|imagecaption = Last Hetman of Zaporizhian Host
|style =
|residence = [[Chyhyryn]] (originally) Hetman Residence, [[Baturyn]]
|appointer = [[General Military Council (Cossack Hetmanate)|General Military Council]]
|appointer_qualified =
|precursor =
|formation = 26 January 1648
|first = Bohdan Khmelnytsky
|last = [[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]]
|abolished = 17 November 1764
|succession =
|salary =
}}

'''Hetman of Zaporizhian Host''' ({{lang-uk|Гетьман Війська Запорозького}}, {{lang-ru|Гетман Войска Запорожского}}, {{lang-pl|Hetman wojsk kozackich}}) is a former historic government office and political institution of [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (Zaporizhian Host) in Ukraine that was equivalent to a [[head of state]]. The office was liquidated on the edict of Russian [[Governing Senate]] of 17 November 1764.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150425040421/http://leksika.com.ua/10340605/legal/rozumovskiy Kyrylo Rozumovsky] at the Jurist Encyclopedia</ref>

==Brief history==
As a head of state, the position was established by [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] during the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] in the mid 17th century. During that period the office was electoral. All elections, except for the first one, were adapted by the Senior Council in [[Chyhyryn]] which, until 1669, served as the capital of Hetmanate.

After the council in Pereyaslav of 1654, several senior cossacks sided with the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and, in 1663, they staged the "Black Council" (''Chorna Rada'') in [[Nizhyn]] which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman. Since the defeat of [[Petro Doroshenko]] in 1669, the Hetman title was adapted by pro-Russian elected hetmans who resided in [[Baturyn]]. In the course of the [[Great Northern War]] one of them, [[Ivan Mazepa]], decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708, which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the [[Zaporizhian Host]]. The administration was moved to [[Hlukhiv]] where the Mazepa's doll was publicly executed and [[anathema]] was laid against him by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. Later in the late 18th century, it was successfully disbanded by the Russian government during the expansion of the Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.

In 1764, the Russian Empress [[Catherine the Great]] issued a secret instruction to Prince [[Alexander Vyazemsky|Vyazemsky]] who was [[Procurator General (Russia)|Procurator General]] of the [[Governing Senate]].<ref>Podobyed, O. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RjQUfo_XWWwC&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%86%D0%86+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83&source=bl&ots=L7WRUNV7yx&sig=BYaOgwjzSSOZPl0s0MLA0CEMGWA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rXg7VcTFGcGrgwSp74GoDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%86%D0%86%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83&f=false Instructions of Catherine the Great to Senate]''. Handbook "History of Ukraine. 7-8 grades". Ranok Publishing House. {{ISBN|9789666724437}}</ref><ref>Soroka, Yu. ''[http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1021345/7/Soroka_-_Bezgetmannya_ta_ostanniy_getman_Ukraini.html Hetmanless period and the last Hetman of Ukraine]''.</ref>
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=center
| bgcolor = azure
| title=Instruction to Senate
| halign=center
| quote=
{{hidden begin}}
<poem>
“[[Little Russia]], [[Livonia]], [[Finland]] are provinces which are governed based on granted to them privileges; trespass them by suddenly canceling would be very unethical, yet to call them alien and treat them as such would be more than mistake; perhaps even a nonsense. Those provinces as well as [[Smolensk]] must be in the easiest way steered to be Russified and ceased to "look as if wolves to woods". To accomplish that will be very easy if wise men will be elected governors of those provinces. When the Little Russia would not have its hetman, it is necessary that the period and the name of hetmans disappeared.”
</poem>
{{hidden end}}
|salign=right|source=~ [[Catherine the Great]], 1764}}

==List of office holders==
The list includes only Hetmans who belonged to the Cossack Hetmanate. For a full list of all Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks, see [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks]].
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! #
! colspan=2 | Hetman
! Elected (event)
! Took office
! Left office
!
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 1
| width="50px" | [[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]''' (1596–1657) Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький
| [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|1648]] (Sich)
| 26 January 1648
| 6 August 1657
| [[Pereyaslav Council|Council of Pereyaslav]], Moscow's military union with Hetmanate
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 2
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]''' (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький
| death of his father
| 6 August 1657
| 27 August 1657
|
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 3
| width="50px"| [[File:Iwan Wyhowski.PNG|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Vyhovsky]]''' (????–1664) Іван Виговський
| [[Cossack Council, 1657|1657]] (Korsun)
| 27 August 1657 (confirmed: 21 October 1657)
| 11 September 1659
| Attempt for reconciliation with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth{{efn|Following the Muscovite-Polish [[Truce of Vilna]], which withdrew Moscow's military support for the [[Cossack Hetmanate]], Vyhovsky signed the [[Treaty of Hadiach]] seeking a federative status as a [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]].}}
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 4
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]''' (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький
| [[Cossack Council, 1659|1659]] (Hermanivka)
| 11 September 1659 (confirmed: 11 September 1659)
| October 1662
| First vassalage to Muscovy{{efn|Khmelnytsky was forced to sign the revised 1659 [[Pereyaslav Articles]] subjugating both state and church to Muscovy. It was not approved by the General Cossack Council.}}, later agreed to autonomy within Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth{{efn|In 1660, Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Chudnov|Slobodyshche Pact]] with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to get rid of Moscow's control over the Hetmanate. The treaty was approved by the General Cossack Council in Korsun.}}
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 5
| width="50px" | [[File:Pavlo Teterya.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Pavlo Teteria]]''' (1620?–1670) Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський
| [[Cossack Council, 1662|1662]] (Chyhyryn)
| October 1662
| July 1665
|
|- bgcolor=silver
|colspan=7 align=center | [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The period of ruin and civil war]]
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| (1)
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Briukhovetsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Briukhovetsky]]''' (1623–1668) Іван Брюховецький
| [[Chorna rada of 1663|1663]] (Nizhyn)
| 27 June 1663 (confirmed: 27 June 1663)
| 17 June 1668
| pro-Muscovite faction, changed sides due to [[Truce of Andrusovo]]
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 6
| width="50px" | [[File:Petro Doroshenko 19.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Petro Doroshenko]]''' (1627–1698) Петро Дорошенко
| [[Cossack Council, 1666|1666]] (Chyhyryn)
| 10 October 1665 (confirmed: January 1666)
| 19 September 1676
| Union treaty with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]{{efn|In 1669, Doroshenko signed the Korsun treaty which provided the Hetmanate with military support and protection for the Ukrainian Exarch.}}
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| (2)
| width="50px"| [[File:Demian Mnohohrishny.png|100px]]
| '''[[Demian Mnohohrishny]]''' (1631–1703) Дем'ян Многогрішний
| 1669 (Hlukhiv)
| 17 December 1668 (confirmed: 3 March 1669)
| April 1672
| pro-Muscovite faction
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 7 (3)
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Samoylovych.png|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Samoylovych]]''' (1630s–1690) Іван Самойлович
| [[Officer Council, 1672|1672]] ([[Kozatske, Konotop Raion|Cossack Grove]])
| 17 June 1672
| August 1687
| pro-Muscovite faction
|- bgcolor=silver
|colspan=7 align=center | [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The period of ruin and civil war ended]]
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 8
| width="50px" | [[File:Portret Mazepa.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Mazepa]]''' (1627–1698) Іван Мазепа
| [[Cossack Council, 1687|1687]] (Kolomak)
| 4 August 1687
| 6 November 1708
| "stripped" of a title, discredited
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 9
| width="50px" | [[File:I.Skoropadsky.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Skoropadsky]]''' (1646–1722) Іван Скоропадський
| 1708 (Hlukhiv)
| 6 November 1708
| 14 July 1722
| died
|-bgcolor=silver
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| X
| width="50px" | [[File:Pavlo Polubotok1.JPG|100px]]
| '''[[Pavlo Polubotok]]''' (1660–1724) Павло Полуботок
| appointed hetman
| 1722
| 1724
| died in prison
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|[[Collegium of Little Russia (1722-27)|Collegium of Little Russia]] ([[Stepan Velyaminov]]) 1722-1727
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 10
| width="50px" | [[File:Danylo Apostol.png|100px]]
| '''[[Danylo Apostol]]''' (1654–1734) Данило Апостол
| 1727 (Hlukhiv)
| 12 October 1727
| 29 March 1734
| died
|-bgcolor=silver
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| X
| width="50px" | 
| '''[[Yakiv Lyzohub]]''' (1675–1749) Яків Лизогуб
| appointed hetman
| 1733
| 1749
| died
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|[[Governing Council of the Hetman Office]] ([[Aleksei Shakhovskoy]]) 1734-1745
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 11
| width="50px" | [[File:Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]]''' (1728–1803) Кирило Розумовський
| 1750 (Hlukhiv)
| 22 February 1750
| 17 November 1764
| resigned
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|Collegium of Little Russia 1764-1786 ([[Pyotr Rumyantsev]])
|}

Some historians, including [[Mykola Arkas]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707192952/http://pidruchniki.ws/20080215/istoriya/pavlo_teterya_getman_pravoberezhnoyi_ukrayini Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine]. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).</ref> question the legitimacy of the Teteria's elections, accusing the later in corruption.<ref>Lohvyn, Yu. ''[http://abetka.ukrlife.org/logvin/l_teteria.htm Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine]''. "Merry Alphabet".</ref> Some sources claim that the election of Teteria took place in January 1663.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140601013025/http://litopys.com.ua/encyclopedia/vidatn-storichn-postat-dobi-ru-ni/pavlo-teterya/ Pavlo Teteria]. History of the Great Nation.</ref> The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by greater unrest in the modern region of [[Kirovohrad Oblast]], as well as [[Polesie]] (all in the [[Right-bank Ukraine]]).<ref name=civil_war/> Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both banks of the [[Dnieper River]].<ref name=civil_war>Horobets, V. ''[http://history.org.ua/index.php?termin=Gromad_vijny_v_Ukr Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s-1660s]''. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "[[Naukova Dumka]]", 2004.</ref> Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663 the [[Tsardom of Muscovy]] created the new [[Little Russian Office]] ([[Prikaz]]) within its Ambassadorial Office.
{{more|The Ruin (Ukrainian history)}}

Vouched for by [[Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel]], [[Yuriy Khmelnytsky]] was freed from Ottoman captivity and, along with Pasha Ibragim, was sent to Ukraine to fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681, [[Mehmed IV]] appointed [[George Ducas]] the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.

Following the [[anathema on Mazepa]] and the election of [[Ivan Skoropadsky]], the Cossack Hetmanate was included in the Russian [[Kiev Governorate|Government of Kiev]] in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the Hetman elections were disrupted and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely title, first to Moldavian noblemen and, later, to the Russian Empress' favorites.

On 5 April 1710, the council of cossacks, veterans of the battle at Poltava, elected [[Pylyp Orlyk]] as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] at the southern borders of the [[Russian Empire]] with support from the Ottoman and Swedish empires.

==See also==
* [[List of leaders of Ukraine]]
* [[Hetmans of Zaporizhian Cossacks]]
* [[Hetman of Ukraine]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* Dyadychenko, V. ''Sketches of a social and political system of the [[Left-bank Ukraine]] at the end of 17th and the start of 18th centuries''. Kiev 1959
* Smoliy, V. ''Hetmanate Ukraine''. Kiev 1999

==External links==
* [http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Getmanatu_instytut Shcherbak, V. ''Institution of Hetmans'']. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev 2004
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\H\E\Hetman.htm ''Hetman'']. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]].

{{Hetmans of Ukraine}}
{{Government institutions of the Cossack Hetmanate}}
{{Presidency of Ukraine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetman Of Zaporizhian Host}}
[[Category:Heads of state of Ukraine]]
[[Category:1648 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ukraine]]
[[Category:1764 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Hetmans of Zaporizhian Host| ]]
[[Category:Government of Cossack Hetmanate]]
[[Category:1648 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]

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Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host