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Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-28T17:16:32Z

93.35.83.67:

'''Far-Right subculture''' refers to the symbolism, values and traits that hold relevance to various politically right-wing groups and organisations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patyi|first1=Peter|last2=Levická|first2=Jana|title=Attractiveness of Right Wing Oriented Movements and Subcultures in Modern Society of the Slovak Republic|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|date=August 2014|volume=143|pages=832–837|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.485}}</ref>

The shift from the old [[totalitarian regimes]] to modern days' far right extremism niche subcultures and the development of new forms of far-right extremism has led to today's design of said [[subcultures]], often driven by or aimed at the [[Consumerism|consumerist society]] that many of these movements openly criticize (or criticized).
Narrowing it down to the relationship with Consumer Culture there are three main types of relationships between these subcultures and today's products and trends:
The "filological approach", with the exploitation of the early XXth century movements' symbols, styles and general aesthetical choices that are instantly associated with the related subculture.
The "Cultural Subversion approach" (from the german Kultur Subversion), which means taking something that is not related to a specific movement or subculture and making changes to it so that it can represents its ideology.
Close to this phenomenon a third tendency that might be addressed as "parasitism", that occurs when these movements take as theirs commodities that were not created for them or with a political purpose at all.

There is not the 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazi, nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are three kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism, subcultural creation around ideology and subcultures that are networking with far-right movements, as the football Hooligans did with the neo-nazis.<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/new-right-wing-alliance-of-neo-nazis-and-hooligans-appears-in-germany-a-1000953.html</ref>

== Subcultures created around or related to Nazi ideology ==
''Main Article'': [[Nazi symbolism]]
''See also'': [[Nazi chic]]

== Subcultural Parasitism ==
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them.<ref>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: Rechtsextreme Jugendkultur http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/41740/jugendkultur</ref> These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism. The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skinhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain <ref>Worley, Matthew, and Nigel Copsey. "White youth: the Far Right, Punk and British youth culture." JOMEC Journal 9 (2016): 27-47.</ref> and are known as [[White power skinhead]].
Some examples for subculture parasitism: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)]] by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Nazi punk]], infiltration of the [[Heavy metal subculture]], known as [[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM/NSCH). Subcultures as the [[Goth subculture]] and the [[Hip Hop]] subculture got also infiltrated by far-right movements and ideologists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

== Cultural Subversion ==
There is another strategy of neo-nazis and far right movements, that is called cultural subversion. This strategy uses already existing forms of expression and organization and fills them with far right meaning.<ref>https://www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de/service/lexikon/k/kulturelle-subversion</ref> Some examples:
*Music: use of already existing songs and the change of its lyrics into something national or racist
*Slogans: the change of the left-wing slogan 'Long live the international solidarity' into 'Long live the national solidarity'
*Forms of Organization: democratic forms of organizations are copied and accommodated with far right ideology

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles in specific countries ==
=== Italy ===
During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people.<ref>{{cite web|title=- la Repubblica.it|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html|website=Archivio - la Repubblica.it|language=it}}</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, while caring about what is trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example, Pivert.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pivert, l'hanno ribattezzata 'linea di abbigliamento fascista'. Il responsabile: "Non è così ma ai ragazzi di CasaPound piace"|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Per Natale rivive l’abbigliamento fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked by typical political institutions, with right wing music groups, visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Repubblica 08 giugno 2007|url=http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm|website=www.compagniadellanello.net}}</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf</ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcio, la piaga nera del tifo fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Germany ===

==== Far right Organisations und Formations in Germany ====
*Far right parties: East-Germany: [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] (NPD); West-Germany: 'Die Rechte' and 'Dritter Weg'. All together there are around 6000 members of far right parties in Germany.
*Extreme right-wing comradeships: [[Blood & Honour]] network (or 'White Power'). Both networks are primarily selling extreme right-wing music and organizing international concerts. Their offers play an important role regarding the far right Lifestyle and they have an integrating effect on the far right scene in general. The [[Autonome Nationalisten]] are a similar organization, for predominantly young far right. The ideology is the same but in terms of aesthetics, they are more orientated towards their political opponent on the left and copy their lifestyles and symbols for their own purposes. See also Cultural Subversion
*Intellectuals of the 'Neue Rechte' ([[New Right]]): they function as the source of inspiration and keyword transmitter.
*Far-right projects: An innovation of the last years are far right projects at the interface of virtual and real life. Examples are the 'Identitären' ([[Identitarian movement]]) and the 'Unsterblichen'. The 'Unsterblichen' was started by far rights in east Germany. They formulated the prosecution of the supposed 'Volkstods' (death of the nation). Which can be seen as relation to the demographic change in Germany and the irrational fear of being swamped by foreign influences. The 'Unsterblichen' took over the flashmob idea and produced high quality choreographies for demonstrations which they filmed professionally and distributed them with music in social networks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Borstel|first1=Dierk|title=Ungleichwertigkeitsideologien in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft|date=2017|publisher=Springer Fachmedien|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=978-3-658-14245-2|page=153-164|edition=Borstel, Dierk; Bozay, Kemal|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>

==== Identitarian movement ====
''Main Article'': [[Identitarian movement|Identitarian Movement]]

The Identitarian movement is one of the most renowned far-right youth culture in Germany and part of the [[New Right]]. Within the New Right it has four unique postition features: youthfulness, excessive desire for action, pop culture and [[Corporate Identity]]. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruns|first1=Julian|last2=Glösel|first2=Kathrin|last3=Strobl|first3=Natascha|title=Die Identitären. Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechte in Europa.|date=May 2016|publisher=UNRAST|location=Münster|isbn=978-3-89771-560-8|pages=68-69|edition=2. Edition}}</ref> The German Identitarian movement uses Facebook as its main platform, where it spreads quotations of famous thinkers of the [[Conservative Revolutionary movement]] such as Ernst Jünger and Carl Schmitt, articles of the far-right journal ''Sezession'' and videos of various campaigns. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruns|first1=Julian|last2=Glösel|first2=Kathrin|last3=Strobl|first3=Natascha|title=Die Identitären. Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechte in Europa.|date=May 2016|publisher=UNRAST|location=Münster|isbn=978-3-89771-560-8|page=85|edition=2. Edition}}</ref>

=== USA ===
''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

==== The American Alt-Right Movement====

Also referred to as the alternative right, is a recent political movement which hold strong views on wide array of racially, religious and right-wing agendas, with a central theme surrounding [[white nationalism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AP Definitive Source {{!}} Writing about the 'alt-right'|url=https://blog.ap.org/behind-the-news/writing-about-the-alt-right|website=blog.ap.org}}</ref>

==== Culture of the American Alt-Right ====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 US election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>

==== Alt-Right Characterisation ====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-Muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>

==== Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism ====

[[File:Richard B. Spencer in 2016.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Richard B. Spencer speaking at Alt-Right Rally, 2016]]

Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference with approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C. One of the speakers at this event was president of the National Policy Institute and white nationalist; [[Richard Spencer (activist)|Richard Spencer]]. Audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref> The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[Fred Perry]] and [[New Balance]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref> The British sport label Lonsdale became popular in the German neo-nazi movement because of the letters 'NSDA' in the name, which refers to the National Socialist German Workers' Party ([[NSDAP]], [[Nazi Party]]), that was active between 1920 and 1945.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lonsdale {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/lonsdale|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> The popularity of Fred Perry can be explained through the demand in the skinhead scene. On top of that the brand offers polo shirts with a collar in the colors black-white-red, which was the flag color used by the nazi regime and is therefore as well prominent in German neo-nazi movements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fred Perry {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/fred-perry|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> Both brands distance themselves from any association. In November 2016 Matthew LeBretton, New Balance’s vice president of public affairs, criticized the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, that the Obama administration led and [[Donald Trump]] opposes. After New Balance defended its opposition to TTP, Andrew Anglin, publisher of the American [[neo-nazi]] news and commentary website [[The Daily Stormer]], declared New Balance the “Official Shoes of White People”.<ref>{{cite news|title=We live in crazy times: Neo-Nazis have declared New Balance the ‘Official Shoes of White People’|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/15/the-crazy-reason-neo-nazis-have-declared-new-balance-the-official-shoes-of-white-people/?utm_term=.afdba8e9f1fa|work=Washington Post}}</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene |title=Marken der rechtsextremen Szene |date=27 March 2009 |publisher=Netz-gegen-Nazis.de| language=de}}</ref>
Some examples for nazi fashion labels: Ansgar Aryan, Consdaple, Eric and Sons, Masterrace Europe, Outlaw, Reconquista, Rizist, Thor Steinar, Troublemaker, Dryve by Suizhyde, Greifvogel Wear, Hate-Hate, Hermannsland, Sport Frei, Pro Violence.<ref>http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/marken-die-bei-neonazis-beliebt-sind</ref>

==See also==
*[[Youth subculture]]
*[[Neo-Nazism]]
*[[Far-right politics]]
*[[Nipster]] *[[Skinheads]]
*[[List of neo-Nazi bands]]
*[[White power music]]
*[[White power skinhead]]
*[[National Socialist black metal]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Borstel, Dierk; Bozay, Kemal ed. (2017). Ungleichwertigkeitsideologien in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
*Goffman, Erving. Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press, 1974.
*Mecklenburg, Jens, ed. Handbuch deutscher Rechtsextremismus. Elefanten Press, 1996.
*Leo, Tobias. "Der Nazis neue Kleider: Die Vereinnahmung jugendlicher Subkulturen durch die extreme Rechte." historia. scribere 8 (2016): 83-124.
*Schedler, Jan. "Die extreme Rechte als soziale Bewegung." Handbuch Rechtsextremismus. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. 285-323.
*Häusler, Alexander; Schedler, Jan. "Neue Formen einer flüchtlingsfeindlichen sozialen Bewegung von rechts" https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/fjsb.2016.29.issue-2/fjsb-2016-0203/fjsb-2016-0203.pdf
*Stroud, Joseph James Iain. "Constructions of identity through music in extreme-right subcultures." (2014).
*Schlembach, Raphael. "New trends on the German extreme right." (2013): 192-194.
*Pisoiu, Daniela. "Subcultures, violent radicalization and terrorism." (2015): 1-2.
*Patyi, Peter, and Jana Levická. "Attractiveness of right wing oriented movements and subcultures in modern society of the Slovak republic." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 143 (2014): 832-837.
*Jaschke, Hans-Gerd. "Right-Wing Extremism and Populism in Contemporary Germany and Western Europe." Rightwing radicalism today: Perspectives from Europe and the US (2013): 22-36.
*Bruns, Julian, Kathrin Glösel, and Natascha Strobl. Die Identitären: Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechten in Europa. Unrast, 2014.

[[Category:Neo-Nazism]]
[[Category:Far-right politics]]
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:White supremacy]]

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-21T18:30:30Z

93.35.82.252: /* Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Italy ===
During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people.<ref>{{cite web|title=- la Repubblica.it|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html|website=Archivio - la Repubblica.it|language=it}}</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, while caring about what is trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pivert, l'hanno ribattezzata 'linea di abbigliamento fascista'. Il responsabile: "Non è così ma ai ragazzi di CasaPound piace"|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Per Natale rivive l’abbigliamento fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Repubblica 08 giugno 2007|url=http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm|website=www.compagniadellanello.net}}</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf</ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcio, la piaga nera del tifo fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
==== Subcultural Parasitism ====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them.<ref>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: Rechtsextreme Jugendkultur http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/41740/jugendkultur</ref>These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism. The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skinhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.<ref>Worley, Matthew, and Nigel Copsey. "White youth: the Far Right, Punk and British youth culture." JOMEC Journal 9 (2016): 27-47.</ref>
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)]] by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Nazi punk]], infiltration of the [[Heavy metal subculture]], known as [[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM/NSCH). Subcultures as the [[Goth subculture]] and the [[Hip Hop]] subculture got also infiltrated by far-right movements and ideologists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

==== Subculture creation around ideology ====

=== USA ===
''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

==== Culture of the American Alt-Right ====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 US election]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘[[Make America Great Again|made America great]]’.

==== Alt-Right Characterisation ====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

==== Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism ====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

==See also==
*[[Youth subculture]]
*[[Neo-Nazism]]
*[[Far-right politics]]
*[[Nipster]]
*[[Skinheads]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Mecklenburg, Jens, ed. Handbuch deutscher Rechtsextremismus. Elefanten Press, 1996.
*Leo, Tobias. "Der Nazis neue Kleider: Die Vereinnahmung jugendlicher Subkulturen durch die extreme Rechte." historia. scribere 8 (2016): 83-124.
*Schedler, Jan. "Die extreme Rechte als soziale Bewegung." Handbuch Rechtsextremismus. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. 285-323.
*Häusler, Alexander; Schedler, Jan. "Neue Formen einer flüchtlingsfeindlichen sozialen Bewegung von rechts" https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/fjsb.2016.29.issue-2/fjsb-2016-0203/fjsb-2016-0203.pdf
*Stroud, Joseph James Iain. "Constructions of identity through music in extreme-right subcultures." (2014).
*Schlembach, Raphael. "New trends on the German extreme right." (2013): 192-194.
*Pisoiu, Daniela. "Subcultures, violent radicalization and terrorism." (2015): 1-2.
*Patyi, Peter, and Jana Levická. "Attractiveness of right wing oriented movements and subcultures in modern society of the Slovak republic." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 143 (2014): 832-837.
*Jaschke, Hans-Gerd. "Right-Wing Extremism and Populism in Contemporary Germany and Western Europe." Rightwing radicalism today: Perspectives from Europe and the US (2013): 22-36.

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:54:33Z

93.35.82.252: /* Italy */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Italy ===
During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people.<ref>{{cite web|title=- la Repubblica.it|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html|website=Archivio - la Repubblica.it|language=it}}</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it is important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pivert, l'hanno ribattezzata 'linea di abbigliamento fascista'. Il responsabile: "Non è così ma ai ragazzi di CasaPound piace"|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Per Natale rivive l’abbigliamento fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Repubblica 08 giugno 2007|url=http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm|website=www.compagniadellanello.net}}</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf</ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcio, la piaga nera del tifo fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
==== Subcultural Parasitism ====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skinhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Heavy-Metal]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[Goth subculture]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

==== Subculture creation around ideology ====

=== USA ===
''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

==== Culture of the American Alt-Right ====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 US election]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘[[Make America Great Again|made America great]]’.

==== Alt-Right Characterisation ====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

==== Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism ====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:46:10Z

93.35.82.252: /* Italy */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Italy ===
During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. <ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html (in Italian)</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it is important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.<ref>http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/
(in Italian)</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927 (in Italian)</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm (in Italian)</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf (in Italian</ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905 (in Italian)</ref>

=== Germany ===
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
==== Subcultural Parasitism ====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skinhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Heavy-Metal]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[Goth subculture]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

==== Subculture creation around ideology ====

=== USA ===
''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

==== Culture of the American Alt-Right ====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

==== Alt-Right Characterisation ====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

==== Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism ====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:45:05Z

93.35.82.252: /* Italy */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Italy =====

During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. <ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html (in Italian)</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it is important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.<ref>http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/
(in Italian)</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927 (in Italian)</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm (in Italian)</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf </ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905 (in Italian)</ref>

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skinhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Heavy-Metal]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[Goth subculture]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

===== Subculture creation around ideology =====

====Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA====

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

=====Culture of the American Alt-Right=====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

=====Alt-Right Characterisation=====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

=====Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism=====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:41:28Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. <ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html (in Italian)</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it is important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.<ref>http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/
</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf </ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905</ref>

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skinhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Heavy-Metal]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[Goth subculture]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

===== Subculture creation around ideology =====

====Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA====

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

=====Culture of the American Alt-Right=====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

=====Alt-Right Characterisation=====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

=====Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism=====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:39:57Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. <ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html (in Italian)</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it is important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.<ref>http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/
</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf </ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905</ref>

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skindhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Metal-scene]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[gothic-scene]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

===== Subculture creation around ideology =====

====Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA====

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

=====Culture of the American Alt-Right=====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

=====Alt-Right Characterisation=====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

=====Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism=====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:39:25Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. <ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html (in Italian)</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it is important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.<ref>http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/
</ref>
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927</ref>
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf </ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905</ref>

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skindhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Metal-scene]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[gothic-scene]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

===== Subculture creation around ideology =====

====Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA====

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

=====Culture of the American Alt-Right=====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

=====Alt-Right Characterisation=====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

=====Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism=====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:34:56Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and brands */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skindhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Metal-scene]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[gothic-scene]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

===== Subculture creation around ideology =====

====Far-right subcultures and lifestyles USA====

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

=====Culture of the American Alt-Right=====
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

=====Alt-Right Characterisation=====
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

=====Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism=====
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene&gws_rd=cr&ei=MDarWIylMIbkaJOumYgL</ref>

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:32:16Z

93.35.82.252: /* Subcultur creation around ideology */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skindhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Metal-scene]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[gothic-scene]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

===== Subculture creation around ideology =====

==Alt-right==

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Londsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:24:49Z

93.35.82.252: /* Subcultural Parasitism */

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skindhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Metal-scene]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[gothic-scene]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>

===== Subcultur creation around ideology =====

==Alt-right==

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Londsdale]], [[New Balance]], [[Fred Perry]].<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933</ref>

=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:21:52Z

93.35.82.252: /* Subcultural Parasitism */

{{db-a7|help=off}}

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There are no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazis, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skindhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Metal-scene]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[gothic-scene]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL</ref>

===== Subcultur creation around ideology =====

==Alt-right==

''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Brand abuse ===
=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:13:47Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany */

{{db-a7|help=off}}

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====
There in no 'classic' far-right, or neo-nazi, in Germany nowadays. There are a lot of different cultures and lifestyles, which make it harder to identify them and can be seen as part of the far-right strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> There are two kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism and subcultural creation around ideology.
===== Subcultural Parasitism =====
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate youth- and subcultures to spread their ideas amongst them. These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism.<ref>http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL</ref>The probably most known subculture, which got parasitised by far-rights and neo-nazis is the [[Skindhead]] scene, that started originally in Great Britain.
Some examples for subculture parasitism in Germany: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the Hipster culture by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Metal-scene]], NSBM/NSCH, the [[gothic-scene]] and the [[Hip-Hop-scene]]<ref>http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL</ref>

===== Subcultur creation around ideology =====

===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA =====

==Alt-right==

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref>. The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Brand abuse ===
=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:01:41Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy */

{{db-a7|help=off}}

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====

===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA =====

<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Rise of the Alt-Right and the Politics of Polarization in America|url=http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/rise-of-alt-right-politics-of-polarization-in-america/|website=Skeptic.com|date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>

==Alt-right==

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!". The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Brand abuse ===
=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:01:26Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy */

{{db-a7|help=off}}

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.
The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====

===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA =====

<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Rise of the Alt-Right and the Politics of Polarization in America|url=http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/rise-of-alt-right-politics-of-polarization-in-america/|website=Skeptic.com|date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>

==Alt-right==

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a White-American dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!". The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Brand abuse ===
=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:00:42Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy */

{{db-a7|help=off}}

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself. The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====

===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA =====

<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Rise of the Alt-Right and the Politics of Polarization in America|url=http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/rise-of-alt-right-politics-of-polarization-in-america/|website=Skeptic.com|date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref>

==Alt-right==

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a white-american dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!". The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Brand abuse ===
=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T18:00:07Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy */

{{db-a7|help=off}}

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
* the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
* the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
* the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself. The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====

===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA =====

<ref>http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme</ref>
<ref>http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc</ref>
<ref>http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036</ref>
<ref>http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/rise-of-alt-right-politics-of-polarization-in-america/</ref>
<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html</ref>

==Alt-right==

===Culture of the American Alt-Right===
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a white-american dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

===Alt-Right Characterisation===
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against.

===Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism===
Since Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!". The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Brand abuse ===
=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T17:49:55Z

93.35.82.252: /* Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA */

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T17:41:05Z

93.35.82.252:

{{db-a7|help=off}}

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles ==
=== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles ===
===== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Italy =====

Italy offers a good sight on the different approaches at Cultural Subversion that the Far Right culture has been using throughout the years. During the regime the Fascist Party heavily influenced fashion in the pursuit for autarchy and the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and had to reflect the values of the Italian people. Pieces of clothing such as the black shirts became associated with the dreaded Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation and even to the regime itself. Nowadays the neo-fascists' still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the Celtic Cross and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism ' case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, but now it’s important to be trendy as well:
- the use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example Pivert.
- the use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.
- the use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself. The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today’s consumer culture in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them were for example Tolkien's novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked in typical political institutions, with right wing music groups , visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people’s unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out. Another very famous example is the politicization of football, with the Ultras groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo- fascist or at least far-right extremists, with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in Germany ====

==== Far-right subcultures and lifestyles in USA ====

Alt RIght

Culture of the American Alt-Right.
The political movement of the American Alternate Right is a political movement that has gained significant prominence in the building up and consequent election on Donald Trump in the 2016 US election. The ideology of the movement holds minimal consideration for the the legal and governing factors of government, with the key issue for supporters being the current racial and cultural shifts within the country, and a desire to maintain a sense of nationalism and preservation of a white-american dominance, maintaining the perceived traditions and norms that made ‘made America great’.

Alt-Right Characterisation
The typical alt-right supporter is of white-caucasian US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the USA. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-semitic and anti-muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against.

Adoption of Neo-Fascist/ Nazi symbolism
SInce Donald Trump’s victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!". The parallel theme of culture purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appealing to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts of behind these other far right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them.

== Far-right subcultures and brands ==
=== Brand abuse ===
=== Brand creation around far-right ideology ===

<big>History of Far-right Subcultures and lifestyles</big>

Nazi/ Neo-Nazi
Fascism
American Alt-Right

<big>Modern forms of far-right Subcultures and lifestyles</big>

There two forms to be identified within far-right subcultures: Subcultures that are created around the nationalist ideology and subcultural parasitism, which means the bringing far-right ideology in an already existing subculture.

<big>Far-right youth subcultures and lifestyles</big>

- NSBA or Autonome Nationalist_Innen
- Identitäre Bewegung
-

Far-right subcultures
Lifestyle
Skinheads
Nipster

Parasitism
Football Culture/ Hooligans
Brand abuse
Thor Steinar (Opposite)
* Aufgezählter Listeneintrag

Archive:Far-right subcultures

2017-02-20T17:40:02Z

93.35.82.252: /* Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles */