IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Kaitiakitanga

2014-10-04T04:21:12Z

99.119.131.201: Natural resource

'''Kaitiaki''' is a [[New Zealand]] term used for the [[Māori people|Māori]] concept of [[guardianship]], for the [[sky]], the [[sea]], and the land. A kaitiaki is a [[Tutelary deity|guardian]], and the process and practices of protecting and looking after the [[Natural environment|environment]] are referred to as [[#Kaitiakitanga|kaitiakitanga]]<ref>[http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/nqfdocs/units/pdf/17791.pdf ''"Environmental Tourism Māori"'', NZQA unit standard]</ref>

The concept and terminology have been increasingly brought into public policy on trusteeship or guardianship—in particular with the environmental and resource controls under the Resource Management Act.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
==Modern uses of the term==
The term kaitiaki is also increasingly used in New Zealand for broader roles of trusteeship or guardianship—especially in public sector organisations, as these examples demonstrate:

* A proposed "Governance-Kaitiaki group" to oversee electronic authentication by government<ref>[http://www.e.govt.nz/archive/services/authentication/tikanga-200408/chapter7.html "Research of issues for Māori relating to the Online Authentication Project"]</ref>
* New Zealand's Chief Ombudsman is ''"Nga Kaitiaki Mana Tangata"'' in [[Māori language|Māori]] (i.e. "The guardian of the people")<ref>http://www.ombudsmen.govt.nz/</ref>
* The role of kaitiaki in the management of the [[Koha (software)|Koha]] software project<ref>[http://old.koha.org/about-koha/faq.html#faq19 ''"Who is this Kaitiaki person?"'', from koha.org]</ref>

==Kaitiakitanga==
The long-established Māori system of environmental management is holistic. It is a system that ensures harmony within the environment, providing a process of, as well as preventing intrusions that cause permanent imbalances and guards against environmental damage. Kaitiakitanga is a concept that has "roots deeply embedded in the complex code of [[tikanga]]”.<ref name=marsden>Marsden, M., & Henare, T. A. (1992). Kaitiakitanga: A definitive introduction to the holistic world view of the Maori: Unpublished manuscript.</ref> Kaitiakitanga is a broad notion which includes the following ideas: guardianship, care, wise management. However, while kaitiakitanga is a proactive and preventative approach to environmental management, this traditional management system has not always had an opportunity to address large scale environmental degradation.

===Concept===
Traditionally all Māori trace their ancestry to the beginning of existence, the single entity that became [[Rangi and Papa|Ranginui and Papatuanuku]].<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/ranginui-the-sky/1 "Ranginui – the sky father"], Te Ara</ref> Ranginui became the sky and Papatuanuku the mother earth, with their children taking the form of the various physical elements that humans eventually emerged from. This genealogy is a bond between humans and the rest of the physical world both "immutable and inseparable".<ref name=marsden /> Papatuanuku, embodied in the physical form of the earth continues to provide sustenance for all. Accordingly, Māori read more into the interpretation of kaitiakitanga than just the surface meaning of the words translated into English.

[[File:Kaikoura Coast from peninsula.JPG|thumb|Kaikoura coastline from peninsula walkway]]

===Legislation===
A number of government act provides for recognition of Treaty of Waitangi and kaitiakitanga, including the Conservation Act 1987, though perhaps most importantly is the [[Resource Management Act 1991]] (RMA) and its amendments. Under Section 7 of the RMA all individuals exercising functions and powers in relation to managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical are required to have “have particular regard” to kaitiakitanga amongst others.<ref name=RMA>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1991/0069/latest/DLM230265.html "Resource Management Act 1991"], as at 6 April 2012, Parliamentary Counsel Office</ref>
Through the RMA the concept of kaitiakitanga has been given a statutory definition. This definition of kaitiakitanga was given within the RMA in section 2(1) as “the exercise of guardianship; and in relation to a resource, includes the ethic of stewardship based on the nature of the resource itself”. However, opposition to this definition and interpretation <ref>Hayes, S. (1996-1999) Defining kaitiakitanga and the Resource Management Act 1991. Auckland University Law Review, 8, 893-899.</ref> resulted in this being amended in the Resource Management Amendment Act 1997 to “the exercise of guardianship by the tāngata whenua of an area in accordance with tikanga Māori in relation to natural and physical resources; and includes the ethics of stewardship”.<ref name=RMA /> Despite this definition in RMA, it is the [[Papatipu Rūnanga]] holding manawhenua tribal authority over a particular area or resource that will be able to determine the characteristics of kaitiakitanga and how this will be expressed.<ref name=ec>Environment Canterbury (2005). Regional Coastal Environmental Plan for the Canterbury Region. Christchurch, New Zealand: Environment Canterbury.</ref> In addition to the RMA, the New Zealand [[Fisheries Act 1996]], Part 9, provides for customary fisheries management, without directly identifying this management as kaitiakitanga.<ref name=fa>http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0088/latest DLM394192.html?search=ts_act%40bill%40regulation%40deemedreg_fisheries+_resel_25_h&p=1</ref>

Further, there is the role of Tangata Tiaki who are chosen by iwi and hapū groups and appointed by the Ministry of Fisheries to act as guardians for a specific area.<ref name=fa /> Tangata Tiaki are responsible for issuing permits to catch fish in their area for customary use and must report these catches to the [[Ministry of Fisheries]] so that the following year’s catch limits can be set allowing for customary use beyond the recreational fishing bag-limits.<ref name=fa /> Tangata Tiaki/Kaitiaki may decide to develop management plans for the fisheries within their rōhe for approval by the local tāngata whenua. For the purposes of the RMA these plans are called ‘Iwi Planning Documents’ there being requirement for these plans to be considered in any resource management planning.<ref name=fa /> Under the Fisheries Act, plans can also be used for the development of sustainability measures for those fisheries in the rōhe of the tāngata whenua. Moreover, a kaitiaki has a dual responsibility: firstly, the aim of protecting the [[mauri]]; and secondly, the duty to pass the environment to future generations in a state which is as good as, or better than, the current state.

==Coastal resource management==

Under the RMA all those exercising power have a mandatory obligation to recognise and make provision for Māori cultural values in all aspects of resource management when preparing and administering regional and district plans,<ref name=hem2004>Hemmingsen, S. A. (2004). Kaitiakitanga: Maori values, uses and Management of the Coast. University of Canterbury, Christchurch.</ref> this includes the mandated Coastal Policy Statement. There is a requirement within the RMA for at least one New Zealand coastal policy statement to be in effect at all times.<ref name=RMA /> Thus, with consideration of kaitiakitanga in New Zealand legislation, the practical significance of kaitiakitanga in coastal resource management can be explored. In particular, Policy 2 of the 2010 New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement
<ref name=nzcps>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/marine-and-coastal/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement-2010/ New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010]</ref>
This calls for coastal managers to take into account a number of aspects regarding tāngata whenua concerns regarding the coastal environment. This includes providing tāngata whenua opportunities to exercise kaitiakitanga “over waters, forests, lands, and fisheries in the coastal environment”.<ref name=nzcps /> This includes among others to provide opportunities for Māori involvement in decision making, such as to “take into account any relevant iwi resource management plan and any other relevant planning document recognised by the appropriate iwi authority or hapū”.<ref name=nzcps /> Any iwi resource management plan needs to be lodged with a relevant regional or district council. Further, councils are also required to consider practical assistance to those iwi or hapū who have indicated a wish to develop iwi resource management plans.<ref name=nzcps />

===Tools===
The Fisheries Act 1996, under Part 9 and in particular Section 186, and [http://www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Maori/SouthIsland/default.htm South Island Customary Fisheries Regulations 1999] provides for a number of legal tools derived from traditional kaitiakitanga methods for sustainability that may be applied by local [[iwi]] in relation to customary fishing rights and assist local iwi in the sustainable management and protection of their traditional mahinga kai gathering sites.

====Taiāpure-local fisheries====
A taiāpure identifies an area that, as a source of food or for spiritual or cultural reasons, has customarily been of special significance to an iwi or hapū.<ref name=fa /> The purpose of acknowledging a taiāpure is to provide improved provision for recognising rangatiratanga and the fisheries rights secured under the Article 2 of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]. A management committee for a taiāpure is appointed by the Minister of Fisheries with the members of the committee being nominated by the tāngata whenua. The taiāpure management committee has the role of recommending regulations that allow a taiāpure to be managed for the conservation and management of the fish, aquatic life, or seaweed in the taiāpure-local fishery and to allow the taiāpure function according to custom.<ref name=fa /><ref name=Korowai>Te Korowai o te Tai ō Marokura (2011). Kaikōura Marine Strategy: Sustaining Our Sea.</ref> 

Regulations may be related to the following: a. the species of fish, aquatic life or seaweed that may be taken, b. the quantity of each species that may be taken, c. the dates or seasons that each species may be taken, the size limits relating to each species that may be taken, d. the method by which each species may be taken and e. the area or areas in which each species may be taken.<ref name=fa /><ref name=Korowai />

====Mātaitai====
Mātaitai are reserves where the tāngata whenua manage all non-commercial fishing by making bylaws, which apply equally to all individuals having been approved by the Minister of Fisheries.<ref name=fm>Ministry of Fisheries (2011). South Island Customary Fishing Regulations 1999. Retrieved 27, April, 2012, from http://www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Maori/SouthIsland/default.htm</ref> Such reserves identify places of importance for customary food gathering <ref name=Korowai /> and these reserves can only be applied for over traditional fishing grounds, and must be areas of special significance to the tāngata whenua. Commercial fishing is prohibited within these reserves. Tāngata whenua appoint tānagata tiaki to manage mātaitai, which a tāngata tiaki does by creating the bylaws.

====Rāhui====

A rāhui is a temporary closure. A temporary closure is allowed for under Section 186 of the Fisheries Act 1996 and provides for fishing to cease or be restricted in New Zealand waters of the South Island as part of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. The purpose of a rāhui is to improve the size and/or availability of fish stocks, or to recognise their use and management by tāngata whenua. However, under Section 186b of the Fisheries Act 1996 a temporary closure may not be in force beyond 2 years after the date of its notification, but the rāhui may be extended beyond the two year period.<ref name=fa /> A rahui can be applied for and emplaced for any particular seasons, months, weeks, days or dates.

==Case studies==
===Kaikōura===
====Introduction====
[[Kaikoura|Kaikōura]] is a small coastal community on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand with a long history of coastal resource use and remains an important component of the identity of the local tāngata whenua. Manawhenua (tribal authority) over this area is held by Ngāti Kuri, one of 18 [[Ngāi Tahu]] [[Ngāi Tahu#Papatipu runaka|papatipu rūnanga]], and have had increased opportunities to develop a local community management strategy, incorporating socio-cultural values along with those of the biophysical.<ref name=Hemmingsen2009 /> This has been done in cooperation with government, fisheries stakeholders and community agencies. There are a number of issues on tāngata whenua values including water quality issues impacting on kai moana being faced by this Rūnanga that stem from tourism, fishing and other resource uses.<ref name=ec />

====Progress in Kaitiakitanga====
=====Environmental management Plan=====
In order to provide a framework for the Rūnanga to effectively apply tangata whenua values and polices to [[natural resource]] and environmental management in the areaTe Rūnanga o Kaikōura developed Te Poha o Toha Raumati: Te Runanga o Kaikoura Environmental Management Plan (Te Poha).<ref name=tepoha>Te Rūnanga o Kaikoura (2005). Te Poha o Toha Raumati: Te Runanga o Kaikōura Environmental Management Plan. Kaikōura, New Zealand: Te Runanga o Kaikōura, Takahanga Marae.</ref> The plan took effect from 2005. Te Poha provides a written statement that consolidates Ngāti Kuri values, knowledge and perspectives on natural resource and environmental management issues, including the coastal marine area and is an expression of kaitiakitanga.<ref name=tepoha /> 
The plan has a number of stated purposes: to describe the values underpinning the relationship between Ngāti Kuri and the natural environment, to identify the primary issues associated with natural resource and environmental management within the takiwā, articulate Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura policies and management guidelines for natural resource and environmental management,including the coastal environment, and to provide continuity between the past, the present and the future.<ref name=tepoha /> All these purposes are intended to be viewed and be consistent with Ngāti Kuri values. 
Further, the stated purpose of this plan is to provide a tool for Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura to not only effectively and proactively apply Ngāti Kuri values to the management of natural resources, wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga, but also to give assistance to local, territorial and national authorities to understand Ngāti Kuri values and perspectives, and fulfil their statutory obligations under the Resource Management Act 1991, Conservation Act 1987 and other environmental legislation.<ref name=Korowai /> 

=====Kaikoura Marine Strategy=====
In addition to the Environmental Management Plan there is the Kaikōura Marine Strategy developed by Te Korowai o Te Tai ō Marokura (Kaikōura Coastal Marine Guardians) and is currently in proposal form.<ref name=Korowai /> Te Korowai membership is not only that of Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura, but also local organisations involved at differing levels of responsibility such as Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Kaikōura District Council and various concerned government ministries and interest groups. It is this inclusion of local, regional and national organisations that strengthens the opportunities for Ngāti Kuri values and kaitiakitanga principles to be supported in any proposed implementations in the frequently socially and politically contentious coastal environment.<ref name=Hemmingsen2009 />
Based from local knowledge and best available science the Kaikoura Marine Strategy has a vision formed around four outcomes and four “cross cutting implementation actions”.<ref name=Korowai /> These outcomes are fishing for abundance, protecting local treasures, living sustainably and sustaining customary practices with the implementation actions being engaging understanding, governance, compliance and monitoring and review. 

=====Issues and action=====
For the tāngata whenua of this coastal area there has been concern over the prevalence of black market and poaching of fish and other seafood in the Kaikōura area. Further, with no fisheries officer based in Kaikōura it is the local community that have been mostly required to monitor the fishing in the area.<ref name=Hemmingsen2009>Hemmingsen, S. A. (2009). Indigenous Coastal Resource Managemant: An Australian and New Zealand Comparison. Australian National University, Canberra.</ref> Due to the pressures from the combination of recreational, commercial and customary harvesters depleting fish stocks a section 186b temporary closure as a form of rāhui was proposed and emplaced on the Waiōpuka reef area of the Kaikōura Peninsula, see figure 2.<ref name=Korowai /> This rahui has been renewed three times and has been very successful.<ref>[http://www.kaikoura.govt.nz/community/rahui/index.htm "Kaikoura's Rahui"], Kaikoura District Council</ref>

==See also==
* [[Māori influence on New Zealand English]]
* [[Māori language]]
* [[Māori religion]]
* [[Stewardship (theology)]]
* [[Hima (environmental protection)]]
*[[Coastal Management]]
*[[Traditional Ecological Knowledge]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.globalfocus.org.nz/edservices/smallworld/ Climate Survivor - fighting climate change in the Pacific]

==External links==
* [http://www.kaitiaki.org.nz/ Kaitiaki.org.nz]
* [http://www.kaitiakitanga.net/ Kaitiakitanga.net]
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/Conservation/KaitiakitangaGuardianshipAndConservation/en ''Kaitiakitanga – guardianship and conservation''] in Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand

[[Category:Māori religion]]
[[Category:Māori words and phrases]]
[[Category:Māori culture]]
[[Category:Environmentalism and religion]]

Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)

2014-04-30T08:03:58Z

99.119.130.31: Backdoor (computing)

'''[[Global surveillance]]''' refers to the practice of [[globalization|globalized]] [[mass surveillance]] on entire populations across national borders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Webb|first=Maureen|title=Illusions of Security: Global Surveillance and Democracy in the Post-9/11 World|year=2007|publisher=[[City Lights Books]]|location=San Francisco|isbn=0872864766|edition=1. ed.}}</ref> Although its existence was first revealed in the 1970s, it did not receive much public attention until the existence of '''[[ECHELON]]''' was revealed in the 1980s and confirmed in the 1990s.<ref name="echelon"/> In 2013, it gained worldwide media attention due to the [[global surveillance disclosure]] by [[Edward Snowden]].<ref name="gellman12wapo">{{cite news|last=[[Barton Gellman]]|title=Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission’s accomplished|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/edward-snowden-after-months-of-nsa-revelations-says-his-missions-accomplished/2013/12/23/49fc36de-6c1c-11e3-a523-fe73f0ff6b8d_story.html|date=24 December 2013|publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]''|accessdate=25 December 2013|quote=Taken together, the revelations have brought to light a global surveillance system that cast off many of its historical restraints after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Secret legal authorities empowered the NSA to sweep in the telephone, Internet and location records of whole populations.}}</ref>

==History==
{|class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:20em;"
! style="font-size:120%; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | '''Timeline'''
|-
|
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|1975}}''' |event= The [[Church Committee]] revealed the existence of the [[National Security Agency|NSA]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Schorr|first=Daniel|title=A Brief History of the NSA|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=29 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ewen MacAskill, Julian Borger and Glenn Greenwald|title=The National Security Agency: surveillance giant with eyes on America|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/national-security-agency-surveillance|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=6 June 2013}}</ref>}}

* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|1999|11|03}}''' |event= The [[BBC]] confirmed the existence of the global spying network [[ECHELON]]<ref name="echelon">{{cite news|last=Andrew Bomford|title=Echelon spy network revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/503224.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=3 November 1999}}</ref>}}

[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|center|The [[September 11 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]] led to major reforms of U.S. intelligence agencies, and paved the way for the establishment of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] position]]

* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2005|12|16 }}''' |event= After witholding its publication for a year, ''[[The New York Times]]'' released an article under the following headline: "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts"<ref name="nytimes123">{{cite news |last1=Risen |first1=James |last2=Lichtblau |first2=Eric |title=Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|quote=The White House asked The New York Times not to publish this article|accessdate=August 14, 2013 |date=December 16, 2005}}</ref>}}

[[File:President Bush Speaking At Brooke Army Medical Center.jpg|thumb|center|On January 1, 2006, President Bush emphasized that "This is a limited program designed to prevent attacks on the United States of America. And I repeat, limited."<ref name="White House">{{cite web |date=January 1, 2006|title=President Visits Troops at Brooke Army Medical Center|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060101.html |publisher=White House|accessdate=August 15, 2013}}</ref>]]

* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2006|05|11 }}''' |event= ''[[USA Today]]'' reported that the NSA has a "massive database of Americans' phone calls"<ref name=USATODAY1/> }} Shortly afterwards, Presidet Bush emphasized that the NSA's surveillance is limited and within the law<ref>{{cite news|last=JOHN O'NEIL|title=Bush Says U.S. Spying Is Not Widespread|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/washington/11cnd-phone.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 11, 2006}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2013|06|06 }}''' |event= Britain's ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper reported that the NSA is "collecting phone records of millions of [[Verizon]] customers daily"<ref name="guardiangg621">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order |title=NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily |author=[[Glenn Greenwald]] |work=The Guardian |date=June 6, 2013 |deadurl=no |accessdate=September 16, 2013 |location=London}}</ref>}}
[[File:US President Barack Obama, surveillance activities, June 2013.ogv|center|thumb|On June 7, 2013, President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] emphasized the importance of government surveillance to prevent [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]]]]
|}

=== 1970s ===
In 1972, NSA analyst [[Perry Fellwock]] (under the pseudonym "Winslow Peck") introduced the readers of ''[[Ramparts (magazine)|Ramparts]]'' magazine to the NSA and to the [[UKUSA Agreement]].<ref name="ramparts">{{cite news
| title=U.S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir
| work=Ramparts
| date=August 1972
| pages=35–50
| quote=The SIGINT community was defined by a TOP SECRET treaty signed in 1947. It was called the UKUSA treaty. The National Security Agency signed for the U.S. and became what's called First Party to the Treaty.}}</ref> In 1976, a separate article in ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine revealed the existence of the [[GCHQ]].<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/21/surveillance-secrecy-gchq
| title=Surveillance secrecy: the legacy of GCHQ's years under cover
| work=The Guardian
| date=2013-08-21
| accessdate=2013-11-30
| author=Norton-Taylor, Richard
| quote=GCHQ's cover was first blown in 1976 by an article, The Eavesdroppers, published by the London magazine, Time Out.}}</ref>

=== 1980s–1990s ===

In 1982, James Bamford's book about the NSA, ''[[The Puzzle Palace]]'', was first published. Bamford's second book, ''[[Body of Secrets|Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency]]'', was published 2 decades later.

In 1988, the '''[[ECHELON]]''' network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of [[Strom Thurmond]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that "targeting of U.S. political figures would not occur by accident. but was designed into the system from the start."<ref>{{citation
|url=http://duncan.gn.apc.org/echelon-dc.htm
|last=Campbell
|first=Duncan
|authorlink=Duncan Campbell (journalist)
|title=Somebody's Listening
|newspaper=[[New Statesman]]
|date=1988-08-12
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130420093650/http://duncan.gn.apc.org/echelon-dc.htm
|archivedate=2013-04-20
|quote=The Congressional officials were first told of the Thurmond interception by a former employee of the Lockheed Space and Missiles Corporation, Margaret Newsham, who now lives in Sunnyvale, California.}}</ref>

By the late 1990s, '''ECHELON''' was reportedly capable of monitoring up to 90% of all internet traffic.<ref name="bbcec"/> According to the [[BBC]] in May 2001, however, "The US Government still refuses to admit that Echelon even exists."<ref name="bbcec">{{cite news|title=Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=18 December 2013|date=29 May 2001}}</ref>

=== 2000s ===

In the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]], [[William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)|William Binney]], along with [[J. Kirke Wiebe]] and [[Edward Loomis]], asked the U.S. Defense Department to investigate the NSA for allegedly wasting "millions and millions of dollars" on [[Trailblazer Project|Trailblazer]], a system intended to analyze data carried on communications networks such as the Internet. Binney was also publicly critical of the NSA for spying on U.S. citizens after the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Shorrock |first= Tim |authorlink= Tim Shorrock |title= The Untold Story: Obama's Crackdown on Whistleblowers: The NSA Four reveal how a toxic mix of cronyism and fraud blinded the agency before 9/11 |journal= The Nation |date= April 15, 2013 |url= http://www.thenation.com/article/173521/obamas-crackdown-whistleblowers }}</ref> Binney claimed that the NSA had failed to uncover the 9/11 plot despite its massive interception of data.<ref name="Mayer">{{cite journal |last= Mayer |first= Jane |authorlink= Jane Mayer |title= The Secret Sharer: Is Thomas Drake an enemy of the state? |journal= The New Yorker |date= May 23, 2011 |url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/23/110523fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all }}</ref>

On December 16, 2005, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published a report under the headline "[[George W. Bush|Bush]] Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts", which was co-written by [[Eric Lichtblau]] and the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning journalist [[James Risen]]. According to ''The Times'', the article's date of publication was delayed for a year because of national security concerns.<ref name=nytimes2005>{{cite news|last=JAMES RISEN and ERIC LICHTBLAU|title=Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 16, 2005}}</ref>

In 2006, further details of the NSA's domestic surveillance of U.S. citizens was provided by ''[[USA Today]]''. The newspaper released a report on May 11, 2006 detailing the NSA's "massive database" of phone records collected from "tens of millions" of U.S. citizens. According to ''USA Today'', these phone records were provided by several telecom companies such as [[AT&T]], [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] and [[BellSouth]].<ref name=USATODAY1>{{cite news|last=Leslie Cauley|title=NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-10-nsa_x.htm|work=[[USA Today]]|year=5/11/2006}}</ref> In 2008, the security analyst [[Babak Pasdar]] revealed the existence of the so-called "Quantico circuit" that he and his team had set up in 2003. The circuit provided the U.S. federal government with a [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoor]] into the network of an unnamed wireless provider, which was later independently identified as [[Verizon]].<ref name="Poulsen">{{cite news|last=Poulsen|first=Kevin|title=Whistle-Blower: Feds Have a Backdoor Into Wireless Carrier—Congress Reacts|url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/03/whistleblower-f/|work=Wired|accessdate=August 14, 2013|date=March 6, 2008}}</ref>

=== 2010–2013 ===

In 2011, details of the [[mass surveillance industry]] were released by [[WikiLeaks]]. According to [[Julian Assange]], "We are in a world now where not only is it theoretically possible to record nearly all telecommunications traffic out of a country, all telephone calls, but where there is an [[mass surveillance industry|international industry]] selling the devices now to do it."<ref>{{cite news|title=Wikileaks disclosure shines light on Big Brother|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikileaks-disclosure-shines-light-on-big-brother/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=December 1, 2011}}</ref>

== Disclosures since 2013 ==
{{main|Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)}}

== See also ==

* [[History of surveillance]]
* [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)]]

== Referenecs ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Global surveillance disclosures (1970-2013)}}
[[Category:Global surveillance]]