IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2026-09-28T06:50:30Z

Idea:

New

2026-09-28T06:50:06Z

Idea:

This is a [[lists|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

* [[Open source online advertising platform]]
* [[Data]]
* [[International Workers' Day]]
* [[Witches in popular culture]]
* [[Astromech (company)]]
* [[Sound proofing]]
* [[Critical community psychology]]
* [[Pink certificate]]
* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
* [[Software transactional memory]]
* [[G0.238-0.071]]
* [[Fortified gateway]]
* [[Space Station 14]]
* [[ChiTownBio]]
* [[92.7 Big FM]]
* [[Electromod]]
* [[CarExpert]]
* [[Janhit College of Law]]
* [[Collaborative research]]
* [[Aging]]
* [[CashU]]
* [[Xerus (spacecraft)]]
* [[Anatomic P2P]]
* [[Safety]]
* [[Eliminating Suicide]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Organic movement]]
* [[United Art Rating]]
* [[Fairly new areas]]
* [[Waterloo Engineering Endowment Fund]]
* [[International Journal of Social Pedagogy]]
* [[Rotaract Club of University of Moratuwa]]
* [[QVD (software)]]
* [[Anthems in Animal Farm]]
* [[Conference on Artificial General Intelligence]]
* [[Cryptocurrency]]
* [[Park]]

==See also==
* [[Archives]]
* [[Index]]
* [[Saved]]
* [[Browse]]
* [[Discussion]]
* [[Meta]]

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Meta]]
[[Category:New]]

Open source online advertising platform

2026-09-28T06:49:51Z

Idea:

'''Open source online advertising platform''' refers to software and infrastructure for buying, selling, serving, managing, targeting, measuring, or otherwise facilitating [[online advertising]] where some or all of the underlying software is released as [[open source software]].

An open source advertising platform can range from a relatively simple [[ad server]] that places advertisements on websites to a larger system involving publishers, advertisers, bidding, campaign management, analytics, payments, privacy controls, and APIs. It can potentially provide an alternative to proprietary advertising systems controlled by large technology companies.

Open source approaches can be useful for learning, teaching, research, entrepreneurship, and experimentation with different models of Internet advertising. They can also allow publishers and advertisers to examine how advertising software operates rather than relying entirely on systems whose underlying code and decision-making processes are not publicly available.

Building a complete online advertising platform is technically and economically challenging. Advertising involves more than displaying an image or link. A functioning system may need to manage millions of impressions, determine which advertisements should be shown, measure results, prevent fraud, protect user privacy, process payments, and provide reliable statistics to multiple participants. There is at least one '''open source online advertising platform''' in existence, it seems.

== Basic participants ==

An online advertising system normally involves several types of participants.

* '''Publishers''' provide websites, apps, videos, games, newsletters, or other media where advertisements can appear.
* '''Advertisers''' pay to promote products, services, organizations, ideas, or other content.
* '''Users''' consume the content in which advertisements appear.
* '''Ad networks''' can connect groups of publishers with advertisers.
* '''Ad exchanges''' can create marketplaces where advertising inventory is bought and sold.
* '''Advertising agencies''' may manage advertising campaigns on behalf of clients.
* '''Technology providers''' provide software for ad serving, bidding, measurement, fraud prevention, and other functions.

An open source platform could attempt to serve only one of these groups or provide infrastructure connecting several of them.

== Ad serving ==

An [[ad server]] stores advertisements and determines which advertisement should appear when a page, application, or other digital resource requests one.

A basic ad server might allow a publisher to:

* Create advertising spaces or zones.
* Add advertisers.
* Upload advertisements.
* Create campaigns.
* Set campaign start and end dates.
* Limit the number of impressions.
* Target advertisements to particular pages or contexts.
* Record impressions and clicks.
* Generate performance reports.

More advanced systems can also track conversions, control advertisement frequency, select ads according to geography or other criteria, manage revenue, and communicate with external advertising platforms.

[[Revive Adserver]] is an example of an existing open source ad-serving project. It can be used by publishers, advertisers, and advertising networks to manage campaigns and deliver advertisements.

== Programmatic advertising ==

'''Programmatic advertising''' uses software to automate aspects of buying and selling advertising.

Instead of a publisher and advertiser manually negotiating every advertising placement, computer systems can determine which advertisement should appear and how much an advertiser is willing to pay.

One important form is [[real-time bidding]]. When an advertising opportunity becomes available, information about the opportunity can be sent to potential buyers. Buyers can submit bids, and an advertisement can be selected within a very short period of time.

The [[OpenRTB]] specification provides an open technical protocol for communication involved in real-time advertising auctions.

An open source advertising platform could implement standards such as OpenRTB so that independent systems can communicate with other advertising technologies rather than requiring every participant to use software from the same company.

== Header bidding ==

[[Header bidding]] allows a publisher to request bids from multiple advertising demand sources before selecting an advertisement.

[[Prebid]] is an important open source project in this area. Its software includes Prebid.js for websites, Prebid Server for server-side bidding, and software for mobile applications.

Prebid is not necessarily a complete advertising business by itself. It provides infrastructure that publishers and advertising companies can integrate into larger systems.

This demonstrates an important distinction. An '''open source advertising platform''' does not have to mean one enormous program containing every advertising function. A platform could instead be assembled from open source components that communicate through documented standards and APIs.

== Possible architecture ==

A larger open source advertising platform could include several components:

* Publisher accounts.
* Advertiser accounts.
* Campaign management.
* Advertising inventory management.
* Creative asset storage.
* Ad serving.
* Contextual targeting.
* Geographic targeting.
* Budget management.
* Impression and click tracking.
* Conversion tracking.
* Real-time bidding.
* Reporting and analytics.
* Fraud detection.
* Billing and payments.
* Privacy and consent management.
* APIs for external software.
* Administrative and moderation tools.

Some systems might intentionally omit particular functions.

For example, a privacy-oriented advertising network might use contextual advertising rather than constructing behavioral profiles of individual users.

A decentralized platform might allow publishers to operate their own advertising servers while sharing a common protocol for discovering advertisers and settling payments.

== Contextual and behavioral advertising ==

'''Contextual advertising''' selects advertisements partly according to the content being viewed.

For example, a page about computer hardware might display advertisements related to computers.

'''Behavioral advertising''' can select advertisements using information about a user's previous behavior, interests, browsing activity, or inferred characteristics.

The distinction creates an important area for research.

Behavioral targeting may allow advertisers to reach more specific audiences, but extensive collection of personal information can create [[privacy]] concerns. Contextual advertising can reduce the need to track users across unrelated websites, although contextual systems still require careful design if they collect other identifying information.

An open source project could experiment with advertising systems designed specifically around data minimization and user privacy.

== Transparency ==

Open source software can potentially increase technical transparency because researchers and developers can inspect the source code.

This does not automatically make an advertising platform trustworthy. The software running on a server might differ from the publicly available source code, and important decisions can also occur through configuration, proprietary algorithms, contracts, or external services.

Nevertheless, open source development can make it easier to investigate questions such as:

* How are advertisements selected?
* What information about users is collected?
* How long are data retained?
* How are advertising statistics calculated?
* How are bids compared?
* What information is shared with third parties?
* Can independent developers modify the system?

These questions can become subjects for technical auditing and academic research.

== Advertising fraud ==

[[Advertising fraud]] is a major technical problem in online advertising.

Examples can include:

* Automated bots generating fake impressions.
* Automated clicking on advertisements.
* Fake websites created primarily to generate advertising revenue.
* Misrepresentation of where an advertisement appeared.
* Artificial conversion activity.
* Manipulation of auction systems.

An open source advertising platform would need mechanisms for detecting suspicious activity.

Possible methods could include statistical analysis, rate limiting, reputation systems, cryptographic verification, traffic analysis, and human investigation.

Open source development might allow researchers to experiment with fraud-detection methods, although making detection methods completely public can also provide information to people attempting to evade them.

== Privacy and data ==

Advertising platforms can process substantial amounts of [[data]].

Possible data can include:

* Advertisement impressions.
* Clicks.
* Browser information.
* Approximate geographic information.
* Referring pages.
* Campaign identifiers.
* Conversion events.
* Device information.
* Account and payment information.

A platform should distinguish between information that is actually required to deliver advertising and information that is merely useful for additional targeting.

Privacy-oriented design might involve collecting less information, using short retention periods, avoiding cross-site identifiers, processing information locally, or using contextual rather than behavioral targeting.

The relationship between advertising revenue and privacy is an important topic for research.

== Business models ==

Open source does not mean that a platform cannot generate revenue.

Possible business models include:

* Charging advertisers a transaction fee.
* Charging publishers a platform fee.
* Taking a percentage of advertising transactions.
* Providing managed hosting.
* Selling optional support services.
* Offering premium analytics.
* Providing enterprise hosting and administration.
* Operating an advertising marketplace using open source infrastructure.
* Accepting sponsorships or voluntary contributions.

A platform could also operate as a cooperative, nonprofit organization, decentralized network, conventional business, or combination of models.

One research question is whether an open protocol could allow many independent advertising businesses to compete while still participating in the same advertising ecosystem.

== Developing a simple experimental platform ==

A useful educational project would be to build a minimal advertising system.

A basic experiment could:

# Allow a publisher to create an advertising location.
# Allow an advertiser to upload an image and destination URL.
# Establish a campaign budget.
# Select an eligible advertisement when a page loads.
# Record an impression.
# Record clicks.
# Display campaign statistics.
# Calculate payment between the advertiser and publisher.

Additional features could then be added incrementally.

Students could experiment with contextual targeting, auctions, advertiser bidding, fraud detection, privacy-preserving analytics, or decentralized payment systems.

Such a project combines [[web development]], databases, statistics, economics, security, user interface design, and business experimentation.

== Research opportunities ==

Open source advertising provides many possible areas for research.

Researchers could examine whether transparent auction algorithms produce different results from proprietary ones, whether contextual advertising can generate sufficient revenue without extensive behavioral tracking, or whether smaller publishers could benefit from cooperative advertising networks.

Other research could investigate fraud prevention, decentralized identity, micropayments, cryptocurrency settlement, machine learning for advertisement selection, or systems in which users voluntarily choose what kinds of advertisements they want to see.

Open source systems can be particularly useful for research because researchers can modify the underlying software rather than treating the advertising platform as a fixed external service.

== Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas ==

* What functions would be necessary for a complete open source online advertising platform?
* What is the difference between an ad server, ad network, ad exchange, DSP, and SSP?
* Could contextual advertising provide a viable alternative to extensive behavioral tracking?
* What information actually needs to be collected to operate an online advertising marketplace?
* How could an advertising platform verify that impressions and clicks came from humans rather than bots?
* What are the advantages and disadvantages of making advertising algorithms open source?
* Could publishers collectively operate a cooperative advertising network?
* How could micropayments affect the economics of small websites?
* Could blockchain or other decentralized technologies provide useful functions within an advertising marketplace, or would conventional databases work better?
* Ask an AI system to design a minimal open source advertising platform. Identify which components are necessary for the first working version and which could be added later.
* Ask an AI system to compare contextual targeting with behavioral targeting in terms of privacy, advertising effectiveness, computational requirements, and data collection.
* Design an experiment comparing several algorithms for selecting advertisements.
* Develop a research project for detecting fraudulent advertisement clicks.
* Investigate how an open advertising network could allow small independent websites to pool their advertising inventory.
* What incentives would be necessary to attract both publishers and advertisers to a new advertising marketplace?
* Could an advertising platform allow users to specify which categories of advertisements they prefer to receive?

== Readings ==

=== Wikipedia ===

* [[w:Online advertising|Online advertising]]
* [[w:Ad server|Ad server]]
* [[w:Programmatic advertising|Programmatic advertising]]
* [[w:Real-time bidding|Real-time bidding]]
* [[w:Header bidding|Header bidding]]
* [[w:Advertising network|Advertising network]]
* [[w:Ad exchange|Ad exchange]]
* [[w:Demand-side platform|Demand-side platform]]
* [[w:Supply-side platform|Supply-side platform]]
* [[w:Contextual advertising|Contextual advertising]]
* [[w:Behavioral targeting|Behavioral targeting]]
* [[w:Click fraud|Click fraud]]
* [[w:Ad blocking|Ad blocking]]
* [[w:Open-source software|Open-source software]]

=== Open source projects and standards ===

* [https://www.revive-adserver.com/ Revive Adserver]
* [https://github.com/revive-adserver/revive-adserver Revive Adserver source code]
* [https://prebid.org/ Prebid]
* [https://docs.prebid.org/ Prebid documentation]
* [https://iabtechlab.com/standards/openrtb/ IAB Tech Lab OpenRTB]
* [https://iabtechlab.com/opensource/ IAB Tech Lab Open Source Initiative]

== See also ==

* [[Online advertising]]
* [[Open source software]]
* [[Advertising]]
* [[Ad server]]
* [[Ad network]]
* [[Programmatic advertising]]
* [[Data]]
* [[Data privacy]]
* [[Contextual advertising]]
* [[Behavioral advertising]]
* [[Micropayments]]
* [[Electronic commerce]]
* [[Digital marketing]]
* [[Web development]]
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Decentralization]]
* [[Online marketplace]]
* [[Business models]]
* [[Entrepreneurship]]
* [[Open source software]]
* [[Programming]]

[[Category:Advertising]]
[[Category:Online advertising]]
[[Category:Open source software]]
[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Web development]]
[[Category:Digital marketing]]
[[Category:Electronic commerce]]
[[Category:Data privacy]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurship]]
[[Category:Research topics]]

Open source online advertising platform

2026-09-28T06:48:41Z

Idea:

There is at least one '''open source online advertising platform''' in existence, it seems.

==See also==
* [[Open source software]]
* [[Programming]]

[[Category:Open source software]]

What to do before an earthquake.

2026-09-28T06:47:58Z

Idea:

1. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning. Evaluate the structural soundness of the buildings and places where you frequently stay. Determine whether the site is traversed by a ground fracture technically known as a fault, which may give way or cause the building to fall. Note the presence of other potential sources of hazards due to secondary effects of earthquakes like steep hillslopes, hanging heavy objects, dams, storage tanks, falling debris, and others. After this evaluation process, you should be more aware of the hazards which need attention or consideration.

2. Prepare your place of residence for the event. Most causes of injuries during earthquakes are from sliding and falling objects. Hooks should be installed on drawers, cabinets, and cupboards. Heavy materials should be identified and placed in the lower compartments of cabinets. Breakable items should be secured while harmful chemicals and flammable materials should be stored properly to minimize the possibility of falls or spills.

3. Strap heavy furniture to restrict sliding or toppling during earthquakes. It is also advisable to provide blocks to stop the movement of furnishings or equipment on wheels. The chances that an earthquake could hit when you are in bed is as high as when you are on your feet. Therefore, check your bedroom for hanging or unstable objects which may fall on you during earthquakes.

4. Familiarize yourself with your place of work. Know and master the routes to take to get out of your building. Also, find and mark the places where the fire the fire extinguisher, first-aid kits, alarms, utilities, and communication facilities are located. One thing to note, though: do not use the elevators during and after an earthquake. Any structural or power failure can cause you to be stranded indefinitely in the elevator.

5. Lastly, but most importantly, plan on coping with the event. It is wiser to prepare an emergency plan to cope with the disaster than to regret the absence of anticipation later. Prepare a stock of potable water, flashlight, radio and batteries, spare clothes, and some food packed and ready to take with you in case an earthquake forces you to evacuate your place. The authorities may take some time to react to your needs since it is possible that they may also be affected by the event. Discuss with your family a reunification plan and identify a contact person or place in case you get separated or in case an event occurs when one family member is away.

New

2026-09-28T06:44:12Z

Idea:

This is a [[lists|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

* [[Data]]
* [[International Workers' Day]]
* [[Witches in popular culture]]
* [[Astromech (company)]]
* [[Sound proofing]]
* [[Critical community psychology]]
* [[Pink certificate]]
* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
* [[Software transactional memory]]
* [[G0.238-0.071]]
* [[Fortified gateway]]
* [[Space Station 14]]
* [[ChiTownBio]]
* [[92.7 Big FM]]
* [[Electromod]]
* [[CarExpert]]
* [[Janhit College of Law]]
* [[Collaborative research]]
* [[Aging]]
* [[CashU]]
* [[Xerus (spacecraft)]]
* [[Anatomic P2P]]
* [[Safety]]
* [[Eliminating Suicide]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Organic movement]]
* [[United Art Rating]]
* [[Fairly new areas]]
* [[Waterloo Engineering Endowment Fund]]
* [[International Journal of Social Pedagogy]]
* [[Rotaract Club of University of Moratuwa]]
* [[QVD (software)]]
* [[Anthems in Animal Farm]]
* [[Conference on Artificial General Intelligence]]
* [[Cryptocurrency]]
* [[Park]]

==See also==
* [[Archives]]
* [[Index]]
* [[Saved]]
* [[Browse]]
* [[Discussion]]
* [[Meta]]

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Meta]]
[[Category:New]]

Data

2026-09-28T06:43:57Z

Idea: start

'''Data''' are recorded observations, measurements, symbols, descriptions, values, or other representations that can be used for learning, analysis, communication, decision-making, and [[research]]. Data can be numerical, textual, visual, auditory, geographic, biological, behavioral, or otherwise structured or unstructured.

Data are fundamental to modern science, technology, business, government, education, and everyday life. Humans collect data in order to understand the world, test ideas, identify patterns, make predictions, solve [[problems in living]], and evaluate whether particular actions or interventions are producing desired results.

Data by themselves are not necessarily knowledge. A large collection of numbers, measurements, or documents may be difficult to interpret without context. Data become more useful when they are organized, analyzed, compared, and connected with meaningful questions.

The study of data involves fields such as [[statistics]], [[computer science]], [[data science]], mathematics, information science, research methodology, economics, psychology, sociology, medicine, and artificial intelligence. Data is like bulk information.

== What counts as data? ==

Almost anything that can be recorded in a reasonably systematic way can potentially become data.

Examples include:

* Temperature measurements.
* Survey responses.
* Census records.
* Financial transactions.
* Photographs.
* Audio recordings.
* Satellite images.
* Scientific measurements.
* Website traffic.
* Medical test results.
* Geographic coordinates.
* Interviews.
* Historical documents.
* Social media posts.
* Experimental observations.
* Sensor readings.
* Computer logs.
* Voting records.
* Prices of goods and services.
* School attendance.
* Biological sequences.

Whether something functions as useful data depends partly on the question being asked.

For example, a list of daily temperatures could be used to study local weather patterns. The same information could later be combined with decades of measurements to investigate long-term climate trends.

== Quantitative and qualitative data ==

One common distinction is between '''quantitative data''' and '''qualitative data'''.

'''Quantitative data''' are represented numerically. Examples include age, income, temperature, distance, population size, blood pressure, test scores, and the number of people visiting a website.

Quantitative data can often be examined through [[statistics]].

'''Qualitative data''' describe characteristics, experiences, meanings, perceptions, or events that are not necessarily best represented by numbers.

Examples include:

* Interview transcripts.
* Written observations.
* Diaries.
* Open-ended survey responses.
* Historical documents.
* Photographs.
* Video.
* Descriptions of social interactions.

Qualitative research can examine themes, meanings, patterns, experiences, and relationships that might be difficult to represent only through numerical measurement.

Researchers can also combine qualitative and quantitative methods through [[mixed methods research]].

== Structured and unstructured data ==

'''Structured data''' are organized according to a consistent format.

A spreadsheet containing a row for each person and columns for age, income, education, and location is an example of structured data.

Databases often contain highly structured data so that information can be searched, filtered, compared, and analyzed efficiently.

'''Unstructured data''' do not necessarily follow a rigid predefined format.

Examples include:

* Books.
* Emails.
* Videos.
* Photographs.
* Audio recordings.
* Web pages.
* Research articles.

Modern [[artificial intelligence]] systems have increased the ability to analyze large amounts of unstructured data, especially text, images, audio, and video.

There are also forms of '''semi-structured data''', such as JSON, XML, and some types of web content, which contain organizational structure without being arranged like a conventional table.

== Primary and secondary data ==

'''Primary data''' are collected directly for a particular research project or purpose.

Examples include conducting a survey, running an experiment, interviewing participants, or collecting environmental measurements.

'''Secondary data''' already exist and are reused for another purpose.

Examples include:

* Census data.
* Government statistics.
* Existing scientific databases.
* Historical archives.
* Previously published research datasets.
* Public financial records.

Secondary data can make research less expensive and allow researchers to study questions that would otherwise require enormous amounts of time or money.

Researchers must still consider why the original data were collected, how they were measured, and what limitations may exist.

== The data lifecycle ==

Data can move through several stages.

A simplified data lifecycle might include:

# Identifying a question.
# Determining what data are needed.
# Collecting the data.
# Recording and storing the data.
# Cleaning the data.
# Organizing the data.
# Analyzing the data.
# Interpreting the results.
# Communicating findings.
# Preserving, sharing, archiving, or deleting the data.

Each stage can affect the reliability of the final conclusions.

For example, sophisticated statistical analysis cannot fully repair data that were collected poorly in the first place.

== Data quality ==

Not all data are equally useful.

Important characteristics of data quality can include:

* '''Accuracy''' - whether the data reasonably represent what actually occurred.
* '''Completeness''' - whether important observations are missing.
* '''Consistency''' - whether information is recorded in compatible ways.
* '''Timeliness''' - whether the data are sufficiently current for the intended purpose.
* '''Validity''' - whether a measurement actually captures what it is intended to measure.
* '''Reliability''' - whether similar measurements would produce reasonably consistent results.
* '''Representativeness''' - whether the data adequately reflect the population being studied.

Poor-quality data can result in misleading conclusions even when the analysis itself is mathematically correct.

This is sometimes summarized by the computing expression '''garbage in, garbage out'''. If the information entering a system is inaccurate or inappropriate, the output may also be inaccurate.

== Data collection and bias ==

Data are not necessarily neutral simply because they contain numbers.

Researchers decide what to measure, how to measure it, whom to include, how questions are worded, which records are available, and how missing information is handled.

These choices can introduce [[bias]].

For example, an online survey may exclude people without reliable internet access. A study of customers who purchased a product may reveal little about people who considered buying it but decided not to.

Historical datasets may also reflect older institutional practices, discrimination, incomplete records, or changing definitions.

Understanding data therefore requires understanding how the data were produced.

== Data analysis ==

[[Data analysis]] involves examining information in order to answer questions or identify patterns.

Basic analysis might include:

* Calculating averages.
* Comparing groups.
* Measuring percentages.
* Creating graphs.
* Identifying trends.
* Examining correlations.
* Looking for unusual observations.

More advanced methods can include regression, machine learning, Bayesian analysis, causal inference, network analysis, time-series analysis, and natural language processing.

An important distinction exists between '''correlation''' and '''causation'''.

Two variables can change together without one causing the other. Researchers need additional evidence and carefully designed studies before drawing strong causal conclusions.

== Data visualization ==

[[Data visualization]] uses visual representations to make information easier to understand.

Examples include:

* Bar charts.
* Line graphs.
* Scatter plots.
* Maps.
* Histograms.
* Network diagrams.
* Interactive dashboards.

Good visualization can reveal patterns that are difficult to notice in tables of numbers.

Poor visualization can also mislead. Manipulated axes, inappropriate scales, selective time periods, and excessive visual complexity can create inaccurate impressions.

Learning how to interpret graphs critically is therefore an important part of [[data literacy]].

== Open data and research ==

'''Open data''' are data made available for people to access, reuse, analyze, and redistribute, subject to appropriate legal and ethical restrictions.

Open scientific data can help researchers:

* Reproduce studies.
* Detect errors.
* Develop new research questions.
* Combine information from multiple sources.
* Avoid unnecessary duplication of data collection.
* Build educational resources.

Government open-data projects can also allow citizens, journalists, businesses, researchers, and community organizations to study public services and social conditions.

Open data does not mean that every dataset should be public. Personal information, confidential records, security-sensitive information, and other restricted data may require protection.

== Privacy and ethics ==

The collection of data can create significant ethical questions.

Personal data may include information about someone's identity, location, finances, communications, health, employment, relationships, activities, or preferences.

Important questions include:

* Did people consent to the data collection?
* Do people understand how their data will be used?
* Who owns or controls the data?
* Who can access it?
* How long should it be stored?
* Can supposedly anonymous data be connected back to individuals?
* Can the data be used for purposes different from those originally stated?

Data security is also important. Large databases can create significant risks if unauthorized parties gain access to them.

The benefits of collecting information should therefore be balanced against privacy, autonomy, security, and possible misuse.

== Data and artificial intelligence ==

Modern [[artificial intelligence]] depends heavily on data.

Machine-learning systems identify statistical patterns in training data and use those patterns to generate predictions, classifications, recommendations, text, images, or other outputs.

The quality of AI can therefore be affected by the quality and composition of its training data.

Problems can arise when training data are inaccurate, incomplete, outdated, biased, duplicated, or poorly matched to the task.

AI also creates new possibilities for analyzing very large datasets. Researchers can use AI to summarize documents, identify patterns in images, classify information, generate hypotheses, and assist with data analysis.

AI-generated conclusions should still be verified. A system can generate plausible explanations that are unsupported by the underlying data.

== Data as a tool for solving problems ==

Data can help people identify and solve practical problems.

A basic approach can be:

# Define the problem.
# Determine what information would help explain the problem.
# Collect or locate relevant data.
# Evaluate the quality of the data.
# Analyze the information.
# Develop possible solutions.
# Implement an intervention.
# Collect additional data to determine whether the intervention worked.

This approach can be applied to [[social problems]], business problems, scientific problems, health problems, technological problems, and many other forms of [[problem solving]].

Data do not automatically determine what people should do. Values, priorities, costs, rights, uncertainty, and practical limitations can also affect decisions.

== Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas ==

* What is the difference between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom?
* Can data ever be completely neutral?
* What makes a dataset reliable?
* What are examples of situations where more data do not necessarily produce better decisions?
* What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
* How can researchers identify bias in a dataset?
* Why does correlation not necessarily demonstrate causation?
* What information should governments make available as [[open data]]?
* When should personal privacy outweigh the potential value of data for research?
* Ask an AI system to identify ten possible sources of bias in a dataset. Evaluate which ones actually apply to a real dataset.
* Ask an AI system to propose a research question and identify what data would be needed to answer it.
* Select an open government dataset and develop three research questions that could be investigated using it.
* Compare two visualizations of the same information and determine which one communicates the data more effectively.
* How might access to better data help humanity solve [[problems in living]]?
* What types of data could be useful for measuring progress toward solving a major social problem?
* How should AI-generated data or synthetic data be distinguished from observations collected from the real world?

== Readings ==

=== Wikipedia ===

* [[w:Data|Data]]
* [[w:Data analysis|Data analysis]]
* [[w:Data science|Data science]]
* [[w:Statistics|Statistics]]
* [[w:Qualitative research|Qualitative research]]
* [[w:Quantitative research|Quantitative research]]
* [[w:Open data|Open data]]
* [[w:Big data|Big data]]
* [[w:Data visualization|Data visualization]]
* [[w:Data quality|Data quality]]
* [[w:Data collection|Data collection]]
* [[w:Data mining|Data mining]]
* [[w:Database|Database]]
* [[w:Information privacy|Information privacy]]
* [[w:Machine learning|Machine learning]]
* [[w:Scientific method|Scientific method]]

== See also ==

* [[Information]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Research]]
* [[Academic research]]
* [[Statistics]]
* [[Data science]]
* [[Computer science]]
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Database]]
* [[Data analysis]]
* [[Data visualization]]
* [[Data literacy]]
* [[Open data]]
* [[Open science]]
* [[Research methods]]
* [[Scientific method]]
* [[Privacy]]
* [[Problem solving]]
* [[Problems in living]]
* [[List of McDonald's trademarks]]

[[Category:Data]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Data science]]
[[Category:Information science]]
[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Problem solving]]

Browse

2026-09-28T06:36:59Z

Idea:

This wiki is a place to learn, teach, investigate, and work through the problems of living. This page is a map of broad subjects rather than a list of every article. Follow a portal or category to discover related pages; follow a subject page for an introduction, questions, resources, and links to deeper work. Some links may lead to pages that still need to be created or expanded. If a path is incomplete, it can become a useful project for learners and teachers. Here are pages on this wiki that might be of interest.

== Begin exploring ==

* [[Main Page|Main page]] · [[Portal:Science|Science portal]] · [[Portal:Natural sciences|Natural sciences portal]] · [[Portal:Health sciences|Health sciences portal]] · [[Portal:Technology|Technology portal]] · [[Portal:Chemistry|Chemistry portal]]. These established gateways are good starting points for exploring related material.
* [[Learning]] · [[Teaching]] · [[Research]] · [[Problem solving]] · [[Community]]. These broad guides can help newcomers decide whether they want to study a subject, share knowledge, investigate a question, or solve a practical problem.
* [[:Category:Science|Science categories]] · [[:Category:Education|Education categories]] · [[:Category:Research|Research categories]] · [[:Category:Technology|Technology categories]] · [[:Category:Health|Health categories]]. Category trees offer another route when a portal does not yet cover a field.

== Learning and teaching ==

* [[How to learn]] · [[Study skills]] · [[Critical thinking]] · [[Information literacy]]. Start here to plan a course of study, ask better questions, judge evidence, and find reliable sources before moving into a specialized topic.
* [[Education]] · [[Teaching]] · [[Curriculum]] · [[Learning resources]]. Explore ways to organize lessons, choose goals, adapt materials, and connect an introductory idea to more advanced learning across subjects.
* [[Self-directed learning]] · [[Collaborative learning]] · [[Peer learning]] · [[Mentoring]]. These paths are for people learning outside a formal classroom as well as groups building a course or teaching one another.
* [[Open educational resources]] · [[Libraries]] · [[Reference works]] · [[Academic writing]]. Use these gateways to locate reusable materials, trace claims back to sources, and communicate what you have learned.
* [[:Category:Education|Education]] · [[:Category:Learning|Learning]] · [[:Category:Teaching|Teaching]]. Browse these categories for courses, lessons, learning projects, and unanswered requests for better explanations.

== Mathematics and reasoning ==

* [[Mathematics]] · [[Arithmetic]] · [[Algebra]] · [[Geometry]]. Begin with the broad structure of mathematics and choose a path suited to your current level; each subject can lead to many lessons and applications.
* [[Statistics]] · [[Probability]] · [[Data analysis]] · [[Mathematical modeling]]. These subjects help turn observations into questions, compare explanations, and understand uncertainty in science and everyday decisions.
* [[Logic]] · [[Reasoning]] · [[Philosophy of mathematics]] · [[Computer science]]. Follow these links for arguments, formal systems, computation, and the limits of what a model can show.
* [[:Category:Mathematics|Mathematics]] · [[:Category:Statistics|Statistics]] · [[:Category:Logic|Logic]]. Use the categories to move between introductions, problem sets, and applications without starting from a narrow technique.

== Natural sciences ==

* [[Portal:Natural sciences|Natural sciences]] · [[Portal:Science|Science]] · [[Scientific method]] · [[History of science]]. Start with the shared questions and methods of the sciences, then follow evidence into a particular field.
* [[Physics]] · [[Chemistry]] · [[Biology]] · [[Earth science]] · [[Astronomy]]. These broad fields connect the study of matter, life, the planet, and the universe; each can support an extensive map of lessons and research questions.
* [[Portal:Chemistry|Chemistry portal]] · [[Ecology]] · [[Environmental science]] · [[Climate science]]. Explore how natural systems interact, how they change, and how scientific knowledge can inform practical choices.
* [[Scientific research]] · [[Experiments]] · [[Observation]] · [[Measurement]]. These gateways are useful when you want to understand how a claim was tested or design an investigation of your own.
* [[:Category:Natural sciences|Natural sciences]] · [[:Category:Biology|Biology]] · [[:Category:Chemistry|Chemistry]] · [[:Category:Physics|Physics]] · [[:Category:Earth sciences|Earth sciences]]. Browse by field when you need a wider list of topics.

== People, society, and history ==

* [[History]] · [[World history]] · [[Local history]] · [[Historical research]]. Follow broad timelines and methods before moving to a particular place, person, or event; compare accounts and look for primary sources.
* [[Geography]] · [[Human geography]] · [[Cultures]] · [[Languages]]. These pages can connect places and communities with the ways people live, communicate, and understand one another.
* [[Sociology]] · [[Psychology]] · [[Anthropology]] · [[Economics]]. Explore behavior, institutions, cooperation, and material choices through more than one way of studying human life.
* [[Government]] · [[Law]] · [[Civics]] · [[Public policy]]. Begin with the institutions and ideas that shape collective decisions, then investigate particular questions with historical and local context.
* [[:Category:History|History]] · [[:Category:Social sciences|Social sciences]] · [[:Category:Geography|Geography]] · [[:Category:Culture|Culture]]. These category routes can reveal connections that a single subject page misses.

== Language, arts, and ideas ==

* [[Language]] · [[Linguistics]] · [[Reading]] · [[Writing]]. These gateways serve learners who want to communicate clearly, study how languages work, or create better explanations for others.
* [[Literature]] · [[Philosophy]] · [[Ethics]] · [[Religion]]. Read across traditions and viewpoints; start with general questions and contexts before following a specialized school or text.
* [[Art]] · [[Music]] · [[Film]] · [[Design]]. Explore how people create, interpret, and teach expressive work, and how practice connects with history and criticism.
* [[Communication]] · [[Media literacy]] · [[Translation]] · [[Public speaking]]. These subjects connect individual skills with the larger question of how ideas travel between people and communities.
* [[:Category:Humanities|Humanities]] · [[:Category:Languages|Languages]] · [[:Category:Arts|Arts]] · [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]]. Use the categories to find introductions and interdisciplinary work.

== Technology and engineering ==

* [[Portal:Technology|Technology portal]] · [[Engineering]] · [[Design]] · [[Invention]]. Start with the purposes and tradeoffs of technology, then explore how useful systems are conceived, tested, maintained, and improved.
* [[Computer science]] · [[Software]] · [[Internet]] · [[Information security]]. These broad subjects can lead to programming, networks, digital literacy, and responsible use of information systems.
* [[Energy]] · [[Transportation]] · [[Infrastructure]] · [[Manufacturing]]. Explore the systems people depend on every day and the engineering decisions behind their reliability and environmental effects.
* [[Agriculture]] · [[Food systems]] · [[Water]] · [[Housing]]. These practical fields connect science and engineering with access to basic needs and the design of resilient communities.
* [[:Category:Technology|Technology]] · [[:Category:Engineering|Engineering]] · [[:Category:Computing|Computing]] · [[:Category:Design|Design]]. Follow these category trees for projects, explanations, and wider collections of resources.

== Health and well-being ==

* [[Portal:Health sciences|Health sciences portal]] · [[Health]] · [[Public health]] · [[Medicine]]. Explore the broad study of health, care, prevention, and population needs before consulting a narrow condition or treatment page.
* [[Nutrition]] · [[Physical activity]] · [[Sleep]] · [[Mental health]]. These gateways cover common dimensions of well-being and can connect readers to evidence, questions, and practical learning resources.
* [[Health education]] · [[Health literacy]] · [[Healthcare systems]] · [[Community health]]. These topics help people understand health information and the institutions that provide care.
* [[Disability]] · [[Accessibility]] · [[Aging]] · [[Caregiving]]. Explore how environments, services, and relationships can support participation and dignity across different stages and circumstances of life.
* [[:Category:Health|Health]] · [[:Category:Health sciences|Health sciences]] · [[:Category:Public health|Public health]]. Category paths may help locate broader overviews when a direct topic page is unfinished.

== Living well and solving problems ==

* [[Problem solving]] · [[Decision making]] · [[Planning]] · [[Conflict resolution]]. Use these starting points to define a problem, consider alternatives, work with other people, and learn from the results.
* [[Personal finance]] · [[Employment]] · [[Housing]] · [[Food]]. These broad areas link practical daily choices with larger economic, social, and policy questions; begin with an overview before a local detail.
* [[Relationships]] · [[Family]] · [[Community]] · [[Cooperation]]. Explore how people support one another, organize shared work, and respond when interests or needs differ.
* [[Sustainability]] · [[Environment]] · [[Disaster preparedness]] · [[Community resilience]]. These gateways connect personal and local action with wider ecological and social systems.
* [[Human rights]] · [[Justice]] · [[Democracy]] · [[Peace]]. Use these pages to examine values, institutions, evidence, and possible responses to public problems from multiple perspectives.
* [[:Category:Life skills|Life skills]] · [[:Category:Community|Community]] · [[:Category:Sustainability|Sustainability]]. Browse for connected projects and questions that do not fit neatly within an academic discipline.

== Research and open questions ==

* [[Research]] · [[Research methods]] · [[Literature review]] · [[Open questions]]. Begin by finding out what is known, what is uncertain, and what evidence would make progress possible.
* [[Sources]] · [[Citation]] · [[Peer review]] · [[Reproducibility]]. These gateways can help a reader evaluate a claim and help a contributor make work easier for others to inspect and improve.
* [[Interdisciplinary research]] · [[Citizen science]] · [[Collaborative research]] · [[Research ethics]]. Follow these paths when a question crosses fields or involves people outside a conventional research institution.
* [[:Category:Research|Research]] · [[:Category:Projects|Projects]] · [[:Category:Open questions|Open questions]]. Category pages can serve as living directories for work that is underway and work still waiting for contributors.

== Build a useful path through the wiki ==

* [[Learning projects]] · [[Courses]] · [[Tutorials]] · [[Study groups]]. A good path starts with an overview, names what a learner should already know, and offers several ways to practice or investigate further.
* [[Teaching resources]] · [[Lesson plans]] · [[Discussion]] · [[Feedback]]. Educators and collaborators can use these gateways to turn a collection of pages into a sequence that supports questions and revision.
* [[Help:Contents|Help]] · [[Community]] · [[Site map]]. If you cannot find a suitable overview, propose one or improve an existing gateway so the next visitor has a clearer route.

== Interesting pages ==
* [[Indian fish names in different languages]]
* [[Public health]]
* [[Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk]]
* [[Engineering]]

This browse page is intentionally broad. Follow a link that matches your question, then use its own links and categories to go deeper. When a linked overview is missing, creating a careful introduction with good sources may be more useful than adding another isolated detail page.

Browse

2026-09-28T06:34:17Z

Idea: Removed redirect to Meta:Browse

Here are pages on this wiki that might be of interest.

* [[Indian fish names in different languages]]
* [[Public health]]
* [[Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk]]
* [[Engineering]]

New

2026-09-28T06:31:50Z

Idea:

This is a [[lists|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

* [[International Workers' Day]]
* [[Witches in popular culture]]
* [[Astromech (company)]]
* [[Sound proofing]]
* [[Critical community psychology]]
* [[Pink certificate]]
* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
* [[Software transactional memory]]
* [[G0.238-0.071]]
* [[Fortified gateway]]
* [[Space Station 14]]
* [[ChiTownBio]]
* [[92.7 Big FM]]
* [[Electromod]]
* [[CarExpert]]
* [[Janhit College of Law]]
* [[Collaborative research]]
* [[Aging]]
* [[CashU]]
* [[Xerus (spacecraft)]]
* [[Anatomic P2P]]
* [[Safety]]
* [[Eliminating Suicide]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Organic movement]]
* [[United Art Rating]]
* [[Fairly new areas]]
* [[Waterloo Engineering Endowment Fund]]
* [[International Journal of Social Pedagogy]]
* [[Rotaract Club of University of Moratuwa]]
* [[QVD (software)]]
* [[Anthems in Animal Farm]]
* [[Conference on Artificial General Intelligence]]
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* [[Park]]

==See also==
* [[Archives]]
* [[Index]]
* [[Saved]]
* [[Browse]]
* [[Discussion]]
* [[Meta]]

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Meta]]
[[Category:New]]

International Workers' Day

2026-09-28T06:31:37Z

Idea:

'''International Workers' Day''', also known as '''Workers' Day''', '''Labour Day''', or the labor-related observance of '''May Day''', is an annual celebration of workers and the [[labor movement]] held on May 1 in many countries. The day has been associated with [[trade unions]], the eight-hour workday movement, workplace rights, demonstrations, political movements, and efforts to improve working conditions.

International Workers' Day can be studied from many perspectives, including [[labor history]], [[economics]], sociology, political science, business, law, and the history of [[social movements]]. It provides a useful starting point for learning about how workers have organized collectively, how working conditions have changed, and how disagreements concerning wages, working hours, workplace power, and economic organization have developed.

The holiday has had different meanings in different countries and historical periods. It has been associated with trade unionism, socialism, communism, anarchism, social democracy, labor reform, and other political and economic traditions. For many people, however, the day functions more broadly as a celebration of workers and their contributions to society.

== Origins and the eight-hour workday ==

International Workers' Day is closely connected with the nineteenth-century movement for the '''eight-hour workday'''.

During industrialization, many workers regularly worked substantially longer than eight hours per day. Labor organizations increasingly argued that workers should have more time outside of employment for family, recreation, education, civic participation, and rest.

A common slogan associated with the movement called for eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest.

On May 1, 1886, workers across the United States participated in strikes and demonstrations demanding an eight-hour workday. Chicago was one of the major centers of the movement. The [[Library of Congress]] describes hundreds of thousands of workers participating in the broader campaign, with strikes and demonstrations taking place in multiple cities.

The events that followed in Chicago became particularly important to the history of May Day.

== The Haymarket Affair ==

On May 3, 1886, police fired on workers during a labor conflict near the McCormick Reaper Works in Chicago, resulting in deaths and injuries. Labor activists organized a meeting at Haymarket Square for the following evening.

The May 4 meeting began peacefully. As police moved to disperse the gathering, someone threw a bomb toward the police. The explosion and subsequent gunfire killed police officers and civilians and injured many others.

Eight anarchists were prosecuted in connection with the bombing. The identity of the person who threw the bomb was never conclusively established. Four defendants were eventually executed, one died in prison before his scheduled execution, and three were later pardoned by Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld.

The [[w:Haymarket affair|Haymarket Affair]] became an important event in international labor history. Supporters of the convicted men argued that the prosecution had been shaped substantially by their political beliefs and association with radical labor organizing. The events also intensified conflict concerning labor activism, anarchism, policing, immigration, and industrial relations.

The Library of Congress maintains collections of primary documents, newspapers, photographs, trial materials, and other resources that can be used to research the Haymarket Affair directly.

== Development of International Workers' Day ==

The events in Chicago attracted attention beyond the United States.

In July 1889, delegates at the [[w:Second International|Second International]], an international organization of socialist and labor parties, supported an international workers' demonstration to be held on May 1, 1890. The demonstrations were intended in part to support demands for limits on working hours.

May 1, 1890 saw workers' demonstrations in numerous European countries. The movement continued, and May Day developed into a recurring international workers' observance.

Over time, International Workers' Day spread to countries throughout Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa, and other regions. In many countries May 1 eventually became an official public holiday.

The specific character of the observance has varied considerably. May Day events have included:

* Labor union marches.
* Demonstrations concerning wages and working conditions.
* Political rallies.
* Festivals and community gatherings.
* Speeches and educational events.
* Celebrations of workers and labor organizations.
* Protests concerning unemployment or economic inequality.
* Campaigns for workplace safety and labor rights.
* Government-organized ceremonies and parades.

Different political movements have also attached their own meanings to May Day. Communist governments historically organized large state May Day celebrations, while democratic labor unions, socialist organizations, anarchists, social democrats, and other movements have organized their own forms of observance.

== International Workers' Day and Labor Day in the United States ==

International Workers' Day should not be confused with the official United States holiday known as [[w:Labor Day|Labor Day]].

The United States celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday in September. The first widely recognized Labor Day celebration took place in New York City on September 5, 1882. During the following years, several states established Labor Day holidays.

Congress made the first Monday in September a federal legal holiday in 1894.

The existence of two labor-related dates creates an interesting historical situation. The events that strongly influenced the development of International Workers' Day occurred in the United States, yet May 1 never became the principal official American labor holiday.

May Day has nevertheless continued to be observed by some American unions, political organizations, immigrant communities, worker organizations, and social movements.

== Workers and society ==

International Workers' Day provides an opportunity to study how [[labor]] contributes to society.

Nearly every modern economic system depends on the work of large numbers of people performing different roles. Workers produce food, construct buildings, transport goods, educate students, provide health services, maintain computer systems, manufacture products, conduct research, provide entertainment, operate infrastructure, and perform many other forms of labor.

The relationship between workers, employers, consumers, governments, and technologies creates continuing questions about how work should be organized.

These questions can include:

* How many hours should people work?
* How should wages be determined?
* What working conditions should be legally required?
* What rights should workers have to organize?
* What obligations should employers have toward employees?
* How should workplace conflicts be resolved?
* How should productivity gains be distributed?
* How should societies respond when technology eliminates particular forms of work?

International Workers' Day therefore connects historical labor struggles with continuing research about the future of work.

== Trade unions and collective action ==

[[Trade unions]] are organizations through which workers attempt to act collectively concerning employment conditions.

Union activities can include negotiating wages and benefits, representing workers in disputes, organizing strikes, participating in politics, providing education, and negotiating [[collective bargaining]] agreements.

Supporters of unions argue that collective organization can give workers greater bargaining power when negotiating with large employers. Critics may argue that some union practices can impose economic costs, restrict flexibility, or create conflicts between different groups of workers, employers, and consumers.

These competing claims can be examined empirically. Researchers can compare wages, productivity, workplace safety, employee turnover, economic growth, employment levels, and other outcomes across different workplaces and legal systems.

International Workers' Day provides an opportunity to study these questions without assuming that every labor organization, employer, or economic policy produces the same results.

== The changing future of work ==

The meaning of work continues to change as technology changes.

[[Automation]], robotics, artificial intelligence, remote work, global supply chains, digital platforms, and new forms of independent contracting may substantially change labor markets.

Some technologies can eliminate particular jobs while creating new forms of employment. Increased productivity can potentially produce greater material abundance, but it can also create economic disruption when people lose established sources of income.

Questions concerning [[universal basic income]], shorter workweeks, employee ownership, cooperatives, profit sharing, automation, and post-scarcity economics can therefore be connected with the broader history of labor movements.

The eight-hour-day movement itself demonstrates that arrangements that appear normal in one historical period may later change substantially.

== Learning and research activities ==

* Research working hours in a particular industry during the nineteenth century and compare them with working hours today.
* Examine primary newspaper coverage of the Haymarket Affair from several newspapers with different political perspectives.
* Compare International Workers' Day celebrations in three different countries.
* Research the history of a particular [[trade union]].
* Compare labor laws concerning collective bargaining in different countries.
* Study how automation has affected employment in a particular industry.
* Interview workers about what they consider the most important characteristics of a good workplace.
* Research the historical development of weekends, paid vacation, workplace safety requirements, or minimum wage laws.

== Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas ==

* Why did the eight-hour workday become such an important demand of nineteenth-century labor movements?
* How did the Haymarket Affair influence the international labor movement?
* Why is International Workers' Day celebrated on May 1 while the official United States Labor Day occurs in September?
* How have different political traditions interpreted International Workers' Day?
* What are the strongest arguments for and against [[trade unions]]?
* How can researchers distinguish correlation from causation when studying whether unions improve worker outcomes?
* What responsibilities should workers, employers, governments, and consumers have toward one another?
* Could technological progress eventually make an eight-hour workday seem as outdated as much longer nineteenth-century working schedules?
* How might [[artificial intelligence]] and automation change the meaning of International Workers' Day?
* Ask an AI system to compare working conditions in 1886 with working conditions today. Verify at least five of its claims using historical or government sources.
* Ask an AI system to compare labor movements in three countries and identify similarities and differences.
* Research whether shorter workweeks affect productivity, employment, worker satisfaction, and business costs.
* What might work look like in a society where most necessary goods and services can be produced through automation?

== Readings ==

=== Wikipedia ===

* [[w:International Workers' Day|International Workers' Day]]
* [[w:Haymarket affair|Haymarket Affair]]
* [[w:Eight-hour day|Eight-hour day]]
* [[w:Labour movement|Labour movement]]
* [[w:Trade union|Trade union]]
* [[w:Second International|Second International]]
* [[w:Labor history of the United States|Labor history of the United States]]
* [[w:Labor Day|Labor Day]]
* [[w:Collective bargaining|Collective bargaining]]
* [[w:Strike action|Strike action]]
* [[w:Future of work|Future of work]]
* [[w:Automation|Automation]]

=== Primary sources and research resources ===

* [https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-01/ Library of Congress: Today in History, May 1]
* [https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-haymarket-affair Library of Congress: Haymarket Affair research guide]
* [https://guides.loc.gov/organized-labor Library of Congress: Organized Labor Since the 19th Century]
* [https://www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history U.S. Department of Labor: History of Labor Day]
* [https://www.ilo.org/ International Labour Organization]

== See also ==

* [[Labor movement]]
* [[Labor history]]
* [[Trade unions]]
* [[Collective bargaining]]
* [[Workers' rights]]
* [[Eight-hour workday]]
* [[Haymarket Affair]]
* [[Labor Day]]
* [[Strike]]
* [[Employment]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[Economic problems]]
* [[Social problems]]
* [[Automation]]
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[Future of work]]
* [[Universal basic income]]
* [[Worker cooperative]]

[[Category:Labor]]
[[Category:Labor history]]
[[Category:Social movements]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Employment]]
[[Category:Trade unions]]
[[Category:Workers' rights]]
[[Category:Holidays]]
[[Category:Social history]]

International Workers' Day

2026-09-28T06:29:27Z

Idea: Replaced content with "Starting..."

Starting...

International Workers' Day

2026-09-28T06:11:49Z

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'''International Workers' Day''', also called '''Labour Day''' in some countries<ref name=GMGApr2008/> and often referred to as '''May Day''',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rothman|first1=Lily|title=The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers|url=https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/|access-date=2 May 2017|magazine=Time|publisher=Time Magazine|date=1 May 2017|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628180755/https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Grant|first1=Jordan|title=May 1st Day: America's traditional, radical, complicated holiday|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/may-day-americas-traditional-radical-complicated-holiday-part-1|website=The National Museum of American History|date=28 April 2016|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501211426/https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/may-day-americas-traditional-radical-complicated-holiday-part-1|url-status=live}}</ref> is a celebration of [[Wage labour|labourers]], the [[labour movement]] and the [[working class]] that is marked every year on 1 May,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Brief Origins of May Day|url=http://www.iww.org/history/library/misc/origins_of_mayday|work=IWW Historical Archives|publisher=Industrial Workers of the World|access-date=2 May 2014|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107083753/https://www.iww.org/history/library/misc/origins_of_mayday|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Foner /> or the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Penguin Encyclopedia |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=860 |quote=Labour / Labor Day A day of celebration, public demonstrations, and parades by trade unions and labour organizations, held in many countries on 1 May or theheld in many countries on 1 May or the first Monday in May}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labour Day 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/happy-labour-day-2024-best-wishes-messages-quotes-whatsapp-and-facebook-status-to-share-on-may-day-labour-day-wishes/articleshow/109737799.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2024 |quote=International Workers' Day, which is also called Labour Day or May Day, is celebrated in many countries ... In India, Labour Day or May Day is celebrated on May 1 every year; while some countries mark this on the first Monday in May.}}</ref>

Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European [[Spring (season)|spring]] festival of [[May Day]]. The [[International Workers Congresses of Paris, 1889|International Workers Congress]] held in Paris in 1889 established the [[Second International]] for labor, socialist, and Marxist parties. It adopted a resolution for a "great international demonstration" in support of working-class demands for the [[eight-hour day]]. The date was chosen by the [[American Federation of Labor]] to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in the [[Haymarket affair]] on 4 May. The demonstration subsequently became a yearly event.<ref name=Foner /> The 1904 [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904|Sixth Conference of the Second International]], called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the [[proletariat]], and for [[world peace|universal peace]]".<ref name=Lunacharsky />

The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a national [[public holiday]] in many countries, in most cases known as "International Workers' Day" or a similar name. Some countries celebrate a [[Labour Day]] on other dates significant to them, such as the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], which celebrate [[Labor Day]] on the first Monday of September.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=International Labour Day 2021: Theme, Quotes, History, Significance|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/international-labor-day/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221112706/https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/international-labor-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1955, the [[Catholic Church]] dedicated 1 May to "[[Saint Joseph]] the Worker". Replacing another feast of St. Joseph, this date was chosen by [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955 as a counterpoint to the communist International Workers' Day celebrations on May Day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Saint Joseph {{!}} Biography, Holy Family, Tradition, Scripture, & Feast Day {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Joseph#ref1133736 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Saint Joseph is the [[patron saint]] of workers and craftsmen, among others.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Saint Joseph" />
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Origin==
Labor celebration days have existed in some European countries since the end of the 18th century<ref name="Ferrand">[[Franck Ferrand]], « L'histoire du 1er mai» on [http://www.europe1.fr/mediacenter/emissions/au-coeur-de-l-histoire/sons/l-integrale-l-histoire-du-1er-mai-1502275 ''europe1.fr''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430182634/http://www.europe1.fr/mediacenter/emissions/au-coeur-de-l-histoire/sons/l-integrale-l-histoire-du-1er-mai-1502275 |date=30 April 2018 }}, May 1st 2013.</ref> – sometimes on January 20th (France, 1793)<ref>See the [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Rapport_sur_le_calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain|Rapport sur le calendrier républicain] on French Wikisource.</ref> or on June 5th (France, 1867).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Maurice Dommanget |date=1972 |page=368 |publisher=Éd. de la Tête de feuilles |title=Histoire du premier mai}}.</ref>

On 21 April 1856, Australian [[stonemasons]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] undertook a mass stoppage as part of the [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workday]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monumentaustralia.org/themes/culture/social/display/32235-eight-hour-day-monument|title=Eight Hour Day Monument | Monument Australia|website=www.monumentaustralia.org.au|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513124232/https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/32235-eight-hour-day-monument|url-status=live}}</ref> It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2016/05/may-day-rosa-luxemburg-haymarket|title=What Are the Origins of May Day?|website=jacobinmag.com|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411094528/https://jacobinmag.com/2016/05/may-day-rosa-luxemburg-haymarket/|url-status=live}}</ref> 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 [[Haymarket affair]] in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/ |title=The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=1 May 2017 |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628180755/https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.ugt.org/ugtpordentro/historia1demayo.htm#LOS+HECHOS|title=UGT: La Historia del 1º de Mayo|website=portal.ugt.org|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621040038/http://portal.ugt.org/ugtpordentro/historia1demayo.htm#LOS+HECHOS|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/571.html|title=Haymarket and May Day|website=www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-date=7 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707115804/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/571.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as a [[miscarriage of justice]].<ref name='the bomb'>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here |access-date=30 December 2017 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621035940/http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|I saw a man, whom I afterwards identified as Fielding{{sic}}, standing on a truck wagon at the corner of what is known as Crane's Alley. I raised my baton and, in a loud voice, ordered them to disperse as peaceable citizens. I also called upon three persons in the crowd to assist in dispersing the mob. Fielding got down from the wagon, saying at the time, "We are peaceable," as he uttered the last word, I heard a terrible explosion behind where I was standing, followed almost instantly by an irregular volley of pistol shots in our front and from the sidewalk on the east side of the street, which was immediately followed by regular and well directed volleys from the police and which was kept up for several minutes. I then ordered the injured men brought to the stations and sent for surgeons to attend to their injuries. After receiving the necessary attention most of the injured officers were removed to the County Hospital and I highly appreciate the manner in which they were received by Warden McGarrigle who did all in his power to make them comfortable as possible.<ref name='William Ward, Capt. 3rd Prect report'>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/manuscripts/m03/M03.htm#M03P060 |title=Letter from Captain William Ward to Inspector John Bonfield |access-date=30 December 2017 |last=Ward |first=William |date=24 May 1886 |work=Haymarket Affair Digital Collection |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621041107/http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/manuscripts/m03/M03.htm#M03P060 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The following day on 5 May, in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], the [[Wisconsin National Guard|state militia]] fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinlaborhistory.org/resources/bay-view|title=Bay View Tragedy|date=6 November 2009|website=Wisconsin Labor History Society|language=en-US|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502041345/https://www.wisconsinlaborhistory.org/resources/bay-view/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Walter-crane-1889-solidiarty-of-labour.jpg|thumb|upright|1889 design by [[Walter Crane]] celebrating International Workers' Day]]
In 1889, the first [[International Workers Congresses of Paris, 1889|meeting]] of the [[Second International]] was held in [[Paris]], following a proposal by {{ill|Raymond Lavigne (syndicalist)|lt=Raymond Lavigne|fr|Raymond Lavigne (syndicaliste)}} that called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.<ref name=Foner>{{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip S. |author-link=Philip S. Foner |title= May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |year=1986 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/41 41–43] }}</ref> On 1 May 1890, demonstrations took place in the United States and most countries in Europe.<ref name="andy">{{cite journal |last1=McInerney |first1=Andy |title=May Day, The Worker's Day, born in the struggle for the eight-hour day |journal=The Constitution |date=June 2003 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=92–100 |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA15955753_276 |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621040015/https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA15955753_276 |url-status=live }}</ref> Demonstrations were also held in Chile and Peru.<ref name="andy" /> International Workers' Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International's [[International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels, 1891|second congress]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip S. |author-link=Philip S. Foner |title= May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |year=1986 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/65 65] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hobsbawm |first1=Eric |author-link1=Eric Hobsbawm |title=Birth of a Holiday: The First of May - Eric Hobsbawm |url=https://libcom.org/history/birth-holiday-first-may |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=libcom.org |date=10 Jul 2009 |language=en |quote=In fact, the question was to be formally discussed at the Brussels International Socialist Congress of 1891, with the British and Germans opposing the French and Austrians on this point, and being outvoted. |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621040021/https://libcom.org/history/birth-holiday-first-may |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, the [[May Day riots of 1894]] occurred. The [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904]] called on "all [[Social Democratic Party]] organisations and [[trade union]]s of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace."<ref name=Lunacharsky /> The congress made it "mandatory upon the [[proletarian]] organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers."<ref name=Lunacharsky>''From the diary of [[Anatoly Lunacharsky|Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky]]; 1 May 1918; Petrograd''</ref>

In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or [[Labour Day]], was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, [[Matthew Maguire (labor activist)|Matthew Maguire]], a [[machinist]], first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September{{refn|group=nb|"In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed"<ref name="labordept">{{cite web |url= http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/laborday.htm |title= United States Department of Labor: The History of Labor Day |access-date= 2 September 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110903051707/http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/laborday.htm |archive-date= 3 September 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>}} while serving as secretary of the [[Central Labor Union]] (CLU) of New York.<ref name="labordept" /> Others argue that it was first proposed by [[Peter J. McGuire]] of the [[American Federation of Labor]] in May 1882,<ref name="Bridgemens1921">{{cite book|title=The Bridgemen's magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443|access-date=4 September 2011|year=1921|publisher=International Association of Bridge. Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers|pages=443–44|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501050929/https://books.google.com/books?id=bIFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443|url-status=live}}</ref> after witnessing the annual [[Labour Day#Canada (country)|labour festival]] held in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]].<ref name="origins">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/origins-of-labour-day-feature|title=The Canadian Encyclopedia: Origins of Labour Day|access-date=5 September 2011|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028085442/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/origins-of-labour-day-feature/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1887, [[Oregon]] was the first state of the United States to make it an official [[public holiday]]. By the time it became an official [[federal holiday]] in 1894, thirty [[US state]]s officially celebrated Labor Day.<ref name="Bridgemens1921" /> Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September,<ref name="Knights of Labor">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082656/http://progressivehistorians.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=2041 Knights of Labor]. Progressive Historians (3 September 2007).</ref> not on 1 May.

[[File:IICCR G005 May 1st rally in Bucharest.jpg|thumb|left|A 1 May rally in [[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], 1967]]

International Workers' Day has also been a focal point for [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstrations]] by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups since the Second International. It is one of the most important holidays in communist countries such as [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Cuba]], [[Laos]], [[North Korea]], and the former [[Soviet Union]] countries. Celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers.

In 1955, the [[Catholic Church]] dedicated 1 May to "[[Saint Joseph]] the Worker". Saint Joseph is the [[patron saint]] of workers and craftsmen, among others.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Lori |first1=William E. |title=Celebrating St. Joseph the Worker - and all workers |url=https://catholicreview.org/celebrating-st-joseph-the-worker-and-all-workers/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=[[The Catholic Review]] |date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513124231/https://catholicreview.org/celebrating-st-joseph-the-worker-and-all-workers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name='Saint Joseph'>{{cite web|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-joseph/|title=Saint Joseph|date=28 November 2008|access-date=5 July 2010|archive-date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307035229/http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-joseph/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Today, the majority of countries around the world celebrate a workers' day on 1 May.

===Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc under socialist governments===
[[File:RIAN archive 697507 May 1st demonstration in Moscow.jpg|thumb|upright|International Workers' Day rally in [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]], 1960]]
[[Eastern Bloc]] countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and [[eastern Europe]] that were under the rule of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] governments held official Workers' Day celebrations in every town and city, during which party leaders greeted the crowds. Workers carried banners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular socialist country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party. During the [[Cold War]], International Workers' Day became the occasion for large [[military parade]]s in [[Red Square]] by the [[Soviet Union]] and attended by the top leaders of the [[Kremlin]], especially the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]], atop [[Lenin's Mausoleum]]. It became an enduring symbol of that period. In [[Poland]], since 1982, party leaders led the official parades. In [[Hungary]], International Workers' Day was officially celebrated under the communist rule, and remains a public holiday. Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around designated "May trees".<ref>{{cite web|date=30 April 2007|title=Mayday traditions and events in Hungary|url=http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/mayday_tradi/?cHash=53dca10da6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104804/http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/mayday_tradi/?cHash=53dca10da6|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=1 May 2011|publisher=Caboodle.hu}}</ref> Some factories in socialist countries were named in honour of International Workers' Day, such as [[1 Maja Coal Mine]] in {{lang|pl|Wodzisław Śląski|italic=no}}, Poland. In [[East Germany]], the holiday was officially known as ''{{lang|de|Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen für Frieden und Sozialismus}}'' ("International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers for Peace and Socialism"); similar names were used in other Eastern Bloc countries.

==By country==
[[File:Observance of International Workers' Day RGBY.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.4|Countries and dependencies coloured by observance of International Workers' Day or [[Labour Day]]:
{{legend|#dd3333|Labour Day falls or may fall on 1 May}}
{{legend|#ffcc33|Another public holiday on 1 May}}
{{legend|#00af89|No public holiday on 1 May, but Labour Day on a different date}}
{{legend|#cccccc|No public holiday on 1 May or Labour Day}}]]

===Africa===
====Algeria====
In [[Algeria]], 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Worker's Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade union leaders commend President of the Republic's decisions in favor of workers |url=https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/52068-trade-union-leaders-commend-president-of-the-republic-s-decisions-in-favor-of-workers |website=APS |access-date=1 May 2025 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Practical information to go on holidays to Algier with Travel by Air France |url=https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/algiers/practical-information |website=AirFrance |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119091750/https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/algiers/practical-information |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Angola====
1 May is recognized as public holiday in [[Angola]] and called Workers' Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201305010715.html|title=Angola: World Marks International Workers' Day}}</ref>

====Egypt====
[[File:DSC 1498 (5676929076).jpg|thumb|Egyptian Communist Party flags in [[Tahrir Square]]]]
In [[Egypt]], 1 May is known as Labour Day and is considered a [[annual leave|paid holiday]]. The [[President of Egypt]] traditionally presides over the celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sisi attends Labor Day celebration in Alex |url=http://sis.gov.eg/Story/139744/Sisi-attends-Labor-Day-celebration-in-Alex?lang=en-us |website=sis.gov.eg |access-date=8 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512010452/http://sis.gov.eg/Story/139744/Sisi-attends-Labor-Day-celebration-in-Alex?lang=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Ethiopia====

In [[Ethiopia]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Worker's Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia: Upholding Workers' Right to Unionization, Bargain |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201805010445.html |work=The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414212709/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805010445.html |url-status=live }}</ref> May day was most often celebrated under the previous government of the [[Derg]] and the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]].

====Ghana====
1 May is a holiday in [[Ghana]]. It is a day to celebrate all workers across the country. It is celebrated with a parade by trade unions and labour associations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanatuc.org/mayday.html|title=May Day|website=ghanatuc.org|language=en|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224182637/https://www.ghanatuc.org/mayday.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The parades are normally addressed by the Secretary General of the trade union congress and by regional secretaries in the regions.<ref name=":1" /> Workers from different workplaces through banners and T-shirts identify their companies.<ref name=":1" />

====Kenya====
In [[Kenya]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the workers' umbrella union body – the [[Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya)|Central Organisation of Trade Unions]] (COTU). The Cabinet Secretary in charge of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (and occasionally the president) address the workers. Each year, the government approves (and increases) the [[minimum wage]] on Labour Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kwach |first1=Julie |title=History of Labour Day in Kenya |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/270175-labour-day-history-kenya.html#270175 |access-date=6 May 2019 |work=Tuko.co.ke – Kenya news. |date=1 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308150905/https://www.tuko.co.ke/270175-labour-day-history-kenya.html#270175 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Libya====
In [[Libya]], International Workers' Day was declared a national public holiday by the [[National Transitional Council]] in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120515081013/https://www.pm.gov.ly/news/621.html The transitional government on Tuesday announced a public holiday in all parts of Libya on the occasion of International Workers' Holiday]. The Libyan government transition – Prime Minister's Office (in Arabic).</ref> On 1 May 1978, then [[Libya]]n leader [[Muammar Gaddafi|Colonel Mu'ammar Al-Qaddafi]] addressed the nation in the capital city of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] calling for [[Administration (law)|administrative]] and also economic [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Reforms (1977–1980)|reforms across Libya]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224852/http://mathaba.net/info/demindust.htm Address to the nation and call for reforms by Muammar Qaddafi, marking celebrations of International Workers' Day on 1 May 1982]}} Mathaba News Network – Archive: Democracy in Industry. Retrieved 1 May 2012.</ref>

====Mauritius====
In [[Mauritius]], 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. It was celebrated for the first time in Mauritius on 1 May 1938, and for the first time as an official public holiday on 1 May 1950. This was thanks largely to the efforts of Guy Rozemont, Dr. Maurice Curé, Pandit Sahadeo and Emmanuel Anquetil, as a day of special significance for Mauritian workers who for many years had struggled for their social, political and economic rights.<ref>''[http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/labour-day Labour Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425021501/http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/labour-day |date=25 April 2022 }}'' Mauritius Times article by TP Saran|</ref>

====Morocco====
In [[Morocco]], 1 May is recognized as a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Practical information to go on holiday to Marrakech – Travel by Air France |url=https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/marrakech/practical-information#af-tbaf-content |website=AirFrance |language=en |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163040/https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/marrakech/practical-information#af-tbaf-content |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mozambique====
[[Mozambique]] celebrates International Workers' Day on 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mozambique: Workers March On May Day |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201805020824.html |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique (Maputo) |date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508182815/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805020824.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Namibia====
1 May is recognized as public holiday in [[Namibia]] and celebrated as Workers' Day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reporter |first1=New Era |title=May Day distress over Workers' Day |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/day-distress-workers-day |website=New Era Live |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en-ZA |date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507220406/https://neweralive.na/posts/day-distress-workers-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Nigeria====
Since 1981, 1 May is a public holiday in [[Nigeria]]. On the day, people gather while, traditionally, the president of the [[Nigeria Labour Congress]] and other politicians address workers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=May Day: APC, PDP, others felicitate with Nigerian workers |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/266752-may-day-apc-pdp-others-felicitate-with-nigerian-workers.html |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507201953/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/266752-may-day-apc-pdp-others-felicitate-with-nigerian-workers.html |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref>

====Somalia====
In [[Somalia]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day Statement issued by the Federation of Somali Trade Unions |url=http://www.festu.org/labour-day-statement-issued-by-the-federation-of-somali-trade-unions/ |website=FESTU |date=1 May 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507220623/http://www.festu.org/labour-day-statement-issued-by-the-federation-of-somali-trade-unions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====South Africa====
In [[South Africa]], Workers' Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1995.<ref>{{cite news |title=Workers' Day 2019: A brief history |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/workers-day-2019-brief-history-1-may/ |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=The South African |date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509003438/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/workers-day-2019-brief-history-1-may/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers' Day started to get more attention by African workers in 1928, which saw thousands of workers in a mass march. In 1950, the [[South African Communist Party]] called for a strike on 1 May in response to the [[Suppression of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]] declaring it illegal. Police violence caused the death of 18 people across Soweto. It has its origins within the historical struggles of workers and their trade unions internationally for solidarity between working people in their struggles to win fair employment standards and more importantly, to establish a culture of human and worker rights and to ensure that these are enshrined in international law and the national law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akwasi |first1=Tiffany |title=Why do we celebrate workers day South Africa 2019? |url=https://briefly.co.za/27711-why-celebrate-workers-day-south-africa-2019.html |work=Briefly |date=9 April 2019 |language=en |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509002505/https://briefly.co.za/27711-why-celebrate-workers-day-south-africa-2019.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1986, the hundredth anniversary of the [[Haymarket affair]], the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] (COSATU) called for the government to establish an official holiday on 1 May. It also called for workers to stay home from work that day.<ref name=SABC>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/l-politics-sas-may-day/ |title=The Politics of SA's May Day |first=Nthakoana |last=Ngatane |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=[[SABC News]] |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509064112/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/l-politics-sas-may-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> COSATU was joined by a number of prominent anti-[[apartheid]] organizations, including the [[Internal resistance to apartheid#National Education Crisis Committee|National Education Crisis Committee]] and the [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)]].<ref name=SAHO>{{cite web |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-may-day-south-africa |title=The History of May Day in South Africa |date=25 April 2012 |publisher=[[South African History Online]] |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509003451/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-may-day-south-africa |url-status=live }}</ref> The call was also supported by a number of organizations regarded as conservative, such as the [[African Teachers' Association of South Africa]], the [[National African Federated Chamber of Commerce]], and the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa, an organization that represented employers in the metal industries.<ref name=SAHO/> More than 1,500,000 workers observed the call and stayed home, as did thousands of students, taxi drivers, vendors, shopkeepers, domestic workers, and self-employed people.<ref name=SAHO/> In the following years, 1 May became a popular, if not official, holiday.<ref name=SABC/> As a result of the killings on 1 May 1950 and the success of COSATU's call in 1986, 1 May became associated with resistance to the apartheid government. After its [[1994 South African general election|first universal election in 1994]], 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995.<ref name=SABC/> On its website, the city of [[Durban]] states that the holiday "celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa's apartheid regime".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Government/mayor_council/City_Mayor/Mayor_Blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=102 |title=20th Anniversary of the Adoption of the Constitution |date=5 December 2016 |publisher=The Official Website of the [[Durban|eThekwini]] Municipality |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415043558/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Government/mayor_council/City_Mayor/Mayor_Blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=102 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Tanzania====
In [[Tanzania]], it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated as Worker's Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanzania: Magufuli Arrives for Labour Day Celebration |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201705010436.html |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]] |first=Janeth |last=Joseph |archive-date=1 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501163555/http://allafrica.com/stories/201705010436.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Tunisia====
[[File:1st of May protest, Tunis, Tunisia.jpg|thumb|Labour Day rally in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]]]

1 May is recognized as Labour Day in [[Tunisia]], and is a paid public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia: Celebration in Tunis of Labour Day |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201305010643.html |access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>

====Uganda====
In [[Uganda]], Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=As it happened: Labour Day celebrations in Agago |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1499550/live-labour-day-celebrations |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=newvision.co.ug |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508183246/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1499550/live-labour-day-celebrations |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Zimbabwe====
1 May is recognized as a public holiday in [[Zimbabwe]] and called Workers' Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Little to celebrate for Zimbabwe workers on Workers' Day |url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/05/01/little-to-celebrate-for-zimbabwe-workers-on-workers-day |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=ewn.co.za |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508183441/https://ewn.co.za/2019/05/01/little-to-celebrate-for-zimbabwe-workers-on-workers-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Americas===

====Antigua and Barbuda====
In [[Antigua and Barbuda]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda Public Holidays |url=https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=4 |website=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

====Argentina====
In [[Argentina]], Workers' Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities. The first Workers' Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations in [[Buenos Aires]] and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the first time.<ref name="ElHistoriador">[http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/republica_liberal/primero_de_mayo_en_la_argentina.php "Primero de Mayo en la Argentina"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510074036/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/republica_liberal/primero_de_mayo_en_la_argentina.php |date=10 May 2012 }}. Elhistoriador.com.ar. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by the [[Radical Civic Union]] president [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]]. The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government of [[Juan Domingo Perón]] (1946–55).<ref>[http://tradibajor.blogspot.de/2010/09/dia-del-trabajador.html Día del Trabajador y día de la Tradición: Dia del trabajador] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140541/http://tradibajor.blogspot.de/2010/09/dia-del-trabajador.html |date=25 May 2013 }}. Tradibajor.blogspot.de. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office.

====Barbados====

In [[Barbados]], International Workers' Day is a public holiday celebrated on 1 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=May Day - Public Holiday |url=https://events.totallybarbados.com/barbados/detail/22/1714536000000 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=events.totallybarbados.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

====Bolivia====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday.<ref>[http://www.la-razon.com/index.php?_url=/sociedad/Memoria-Bolivia-festejo-mayo-consolido_0_2262973734.html En Bolivia, el festejo del 1 de mayo se consolidó en 1907] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429051414/http://www.la-razon.com/index.php?_url=/sociedad/Memoria-Bolivia-festejo-mayo-consolido_0_2262973734.html |date=29 April 2017 }}. La Razón (1 May 2016). Retrieved on 1 May 2017.</ref> By custom, it is usually the day on which wage increases (e.g., the national minimum wage) and other labour improvements are announced by the Government. In recent years it was also the day chosen by the Bolivian government to announce the (re)nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy (e.g. hydrocarbons in 2006, telecommunications in 2008, electricity in 2010, etc.).

====Brazil====
In [[Brazil]], "Workers' Day" is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2013/04/dia-do-trabalho-conheca-como-surgiu-o-feriado-do-dia-1o-de-maio |title=Dia do Trabalhador: saiba como surgiu o feriado do dia 1° de maio |website=Empresa Brasileira de Comunicação |language=pt-br |first=Edgard |last=Matsuki |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219130414/http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2013/04/dia-do-trabalho-conheca-como-surgiu-o-feriado-do-dia-1o-de-maio |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Canada====

In Canada, [[Labour Day]] is celebrated in September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister [[John Sparrow David Thompson]] declared the first Monday in September as Canada's official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day.

International Workers' Day is however marked by unions and leftists on 1 May. It is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of [[Quebec]] (though not a provincial [[public holidays in Canada|statutory holiday]]). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or "International Workers' Day"; {{langx|fr|Journée internationale des travailleurs}}) in [[Montreal]] goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On the 1973 Labour Day, the first contemporary demonstration was organized by the major trade union confederations; over 30,000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the customary date on which the [[Minimum wage in Canada|minimum wage]] rises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/actualites/actualite/actualites_121219_salaire-minimum/?lang=en |title=Québec's minimum wage will exceed the $10 an hour mark on May 1, 2013 : Québec Portal |publisher=Gouv.qc.ca |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224653/http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/actualites/actualite/actualites_121219_salaire-minimum/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2019, the Labour May Day Committee has organized the International Workers' Day march with a rally at [[Nathan Phillips Square]] on either May 1 or the closest Saturday.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBC Thousands march in Toronto on May Day to highlight issues impacting workers May 1, 2022 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-labour-day-may-2-2022-1.6437803 |access-date=August 24, 2025 |work=CBC News |date=May 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAVE THE DATE: International Workers Day! |url=https://ofl.ca/event/international-workers-day2025/ |website=Ontario Federation of Labour |access-date=August 24, 2025}}</ref> The Mayworks Festival of Working People & the Arts has been held annually in Toronto since 1985 throughout the month of May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayworks Festival 2025 |url=https://mayworks.ca/2025-festival/ |website=Mayworks |date=19 February 2025 |publisher=Mayworks Festival}}</ref>

====Chile====

President General of the Army [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]] decreed 1 May a national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers.<ref>[http://www.feriadoschilenos.cl/#DiaNacionalDelTrabajo Días Feriados en Chile (in Spanish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225100219/http://www.feriadoschilenos.cl/#DiaNacionalDelTrabajo |date=25 December 2017 }}. feriadoschilenos.cl. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> All stores and public services must close for the entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, represented in the national organization [[Workers' United Center of Chile]] (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organize rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the major left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on the issues of the day concerning workers' rights.

====Colombia====
1 May has long been recognized as Labour Day and almost all workers respect it as a national holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=El origen proletario del 1 de mayo |url=https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/cultura/el-origen-proletario-del-1-de-mayo-articulo-691763 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=ELESPECTADOR.COM |date=30 April 2017 |language=ES |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507154225/https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/cultura/el-origen-proletario-del-1-de-mayo-articulo-691763 |url-status=live }}</ref> As in many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Día Internacional del trabajo |url=http://colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-159133.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202043803/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-159133.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2008 |website=Colombia Aprende }}</ref>

====Costa Rica====
First celebrated in 1913,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pereda |first1=Otto |title=May 1st International Workers Day |url=https://thecostaricanews.com/may-1st-international-workers-day/ |website=The Costa Rica News |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507155840/https://thecostaricanews.com/may-1st-international-workers-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> labor day is a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day, the [[President of Costa Rica]] gives a speech to the citizens and the [[legislature of Costa Rica]] about the duties that were undertaken through the previous year. The president of the legislature is also chosen by its members.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why May 1 is much more than Labor Day for Costa Rica's government |url=https://ticotimes.net/2015/05/01/why-may-1-is-much-more-than-labor-day-for-costa-ricas-government |work=The Tico Times Costa Rica |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707134046/https://ticotimes.net/2015/05/01/why-may-1-is-much-more-than-labor-day-for-costa-ricas-government |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cuba====
This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march in the streets, showing their support to the [[Communist Party of Cuba|Cuban Communist]] government and the [[Cuban Revolution]] during the whole morning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Legon |first1=Elio Delgado |title=International Workers Day 2018 in Cuba |url=https://havanatimes.org/?p=132606 |website=Havana Times |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509004837/https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=132606 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Dominica====
In [[Dominica]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Society of Dominica |url=https://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/americas/dominica/society/ |website=Commonwealth Governance |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

====Dominican Republic====
1 May is a national holiday known as Labour Day and celebrated by festivities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=Sarah |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dominican_Republic_Footprint_Focus_Guide/OMD9AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Dominican+Republic%22+%22Labour+Day%22&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover |title=Dominican Republic Footprint Focus Guide |date=2013-08-30 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-909268-30-2 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref>

====Ecuador====
In Ecuador, 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. People do not go to work and spend time with their relatives or gather for demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecuador.com {{!}} Ecuador Official, National and Public Holidays |url=https://www.ecuador.com/travel/about-ecuador/official-holidays/ |website=ecuador.com |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016030656/https://www.ecuador.com/travel/about-ecuador/official-holidays/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====El Salvador====
1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 {{!}} U.S. Embassy in El Salvador |url=https://sv.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in El Salvador |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016030308/https://sv.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Guatemala====
1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 |url=https://gt.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Guatemala |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016030040/https://gt.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Haiti====
1 May is an official public holiday known as Agriculture and Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://ht.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Haiti |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016025647/https://ht.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Honduras====
1 May is an official holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Honduras.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 |url=https://hn.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Honduras |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016031054/https://hn.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mexico====
1 May is a public holiday.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Europa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/South_America_Central_America_and_the_Ca/kw5W8m87FpkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mexico+%22Labour+day%22&pg=PA537&printsec=frontcover |title=South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-85743-138-4 |pages=537 |language=en}}</ref>

====Panama====
1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Panama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://pa.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116032502/https://pa.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2018 |website=U.S. Embassy in Panama }}</ref>

====Paraguay====
1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Paraguay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://py.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Paraguay |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016024952/https://py.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Peru====
1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Peru.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kirsten |first1=Tim |title=Labor Day – Dia de los Trabajadores |url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/peru-information/peruvian-public-holidays-and-festivities/labor-day-dia-de-los-trabajadores |website=PeruTelegraph |language=en |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016024658/https://www.perutelegraph.com/peru-information/peruvian-public-holidays-and-festivities/labor-day-dia-de-los-trabajadores |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Saint Kitts and Nevis====
In [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day - first Monday in May |url=https://www.historicstkitts.kn/events/labour-day-first-monday-in-may-2 |website=Historic St Kitts |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

====United States====
{{Main|Labor Day}}

[[File:Socialists in Union Square, N.Y.C. (cropped).jpg|thumb|Socialists in Union Square, New York City, on 1 May 1912]]
In the U.S. starting in 1887, a "Labor Day" celebrated on the first Monday in September was given increasing state recognition.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Labor Day |access-date=August 22, 2025 |url=https://www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor }}</ref> Then in 1894, in the wake of the nationwide [[Pullman Strike]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKeever |first=Amy |date=September 4, 2020 |title=Labor Day's surprisingly radical origins |url-status=dead |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/holidays/history-labor-day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907150911/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/holidays/history-labor-day/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jaffe |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Jaffe (journalist) |title=Op-Ed: How Labor Day sprang from state violence |date=September 5, 2016 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-jaffe-labor-day-state-violence-20160905-snap-story.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[United States Congress|Congress]] and President [[Grover Cleveland]] passed a law declaring Labor Day a [[federal holiday]].<ref name="Knights of Labor"/>

Efforts to recognize 1 May as a holiday have not been successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=California Assembly rejects bill allowing school districts to observe socialist holiday |url=https://www.ocregister.com/california-assembly-rejects-bill-allowing-school-districts-to-observe-socialist-holiday/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1947, 1 May was established as [[Loyalty Day]] by the U.S. [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] as a way to counter communist influence and recruitment at International Workers' Day rallies.<ref name=CredoLoyalty>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Loyalty Day|publisher=Omnigraphics, Inc.|location=Detroit, MI|year=2018|edition=6|isbn=9780780816190|editor=Jaikumar, Pearline|encyclopedia=Cultural Studies: Holidays Around the World}}</ref> Loyalty Day was celebrated across the country with patriotic parades and ceremonies, however the growing conflict over U.S. involvement in Vietnam detracted from the popularity of these celebrations.<ref name=CredoLoyalty /> In 1958, the [[American Bar Association]] campaigned to have 1 May designated as [[Law Day (United States)|Law Day]], which was acknowledged in 1961 by a joint resolution of Congress.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Law Day|publisher=Omnigraphics, Inc.|location=Detroit, MI|year=2018|edition=6|isbn=9780780816190|editor=Jaikumar, Pearline|encyclopedia=Cultural Studies: Holidays Around the World}}</ref> Law Day exercises, such as mock trials and courthouse tours, are often sponsored by the American Bar Association.

Unions and Political organizations including [[American Left|anarchist groups and socialist and communist parties]] have kept the International Workers' Day tradition alive with rallies and demonstrations. In 1919 especially large demonstrations took place, and violence greeted the normally peaceful parades in [[Boston]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Cleveland]] and [[May Day Riots of 1919|a number of people were killed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Socialists' May Day Parade|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340608.2.106.12?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|access-date=2 May 2017|issue=134|publisher=Auckland Star|date=8 June 1934|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010053332/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340608.2.106.12?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chicago's Bombs|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330503.2.72?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|access-date=2 May 2017|volume=LXIV|issue=102|publisher=AUCKLAND STAR|date=3 May 1933|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054258/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330503.2.72?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|url-status=live}}</ref> In Milwaukee, an annual commemoration takes place at the site of the [[Bay View Massacre|killing of seven workers during a march for the 8-hour workday]].<ref name=":0" /> Some of the largest examples of this occurred during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, when hundreds of thousands of workers marched in International Workers' Day [[parade]]s in New York's [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]], while cities like [[Chicago]] and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] saw large demonstrations organized by the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]].

[[File:San Jose May Day 01.jpg|thumb|[[San Jose, California]], Workers' Day March, 1 May 2006]]
In 2006, 1 May was chosen by mostly [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] [[immigrant]] groups in the United States as the day for the [[Great American Boycott]], a [[general strike]] of undocumented immigrant workers and supporters to protest [[Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005|H.R. 4437]], immigration reform legislation that they felt was draconian.
From 10 April to 1 May of that year, immigrant families in the U.S. called for immigrant rights, workers' rights and amnesty for undocumented workers. They were joined by socialist and other leftist organizations on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heckman|first1=Candace|title=Protest du Jour: May Day is rally day in Seattle|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2008/05/01/protest-du-jour-may-day-is-rally-day-in-seattle/|website=Seattle's Big Blog – Seattle P-I|publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|access-date=27 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918115528/http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2008/05/01/protest-du-jour-may-day-is-rally-day-in-seattle/|archive-date=18 September 2012|location=Seattle|language=en-us|date=1 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-02-me-mayday2-story.html |title=March smaller, but festive |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521074439/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/02/local/me-mayday2 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 May 2007, a mostly peaceful demonstration in [[Los Angeles]] in support of undocumented immigrant workers ended with a widely televised [[Los Angeles May Day mêlée|dispersal by police officers]]. In March 2008, the [[International Longshore and Warehouse Union]] announced that [[stevedore|dockworkers]] will move no [[cargo]] at any [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] ports on 1 May 2008, as a protest against the continuation of the [[Iraq War]] and the diversion of resources from domestic needs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Longshoremen-to-close-ports-on-West-Coast-to-3218746.php |title=Longshoremen to close ports on West Coast to protest war |first=Jack |last=Heyman |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511004045/https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Longshoremen-to-close-ports-on-West-Coast-to-3218746.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 May 2012, members of [[Occupy Wall Street]] and labor unions held protests together in a number of cities in the United States and Canada to commemorate International Workers' Day and to protest the state of the economy and economic inequality.<ref>[http://maydaynyc.org/ May Day 2013 NYC {{!}} Another World is Possible] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526045605/http://maydaynyc.org/ |date=26 May 2012 }}. Maydaynyc.org (5 January 2013). Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.occupymay1st.org/ de beste bron van informatie over occupymay1st. Deze website is te koop!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419080720/http://www.occupymay1st.org/ |date=19 April 2012 }}. occupymay1st.org. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref>

[[File:International Workers Day march in Minneapolis (4570066628).jpg|thumbnail|upright=1|alt=refer to caption|An [[Industrial Workers of the World]] group marching in [[Minneapolis]] on 1 May 2010]]

On 1 May 2017, immigrants' rights advocates, labor unions and leftists held protests against the immigration and economic policies of President [[Donald Trump]] in cities throughout the US, Chicago and Los Angeles having some of the largest marches.<ref name="wapo-1may2017">{{cite news|last1=Peoples|first1=Steve|last2=Taxin|first2=Amy|title=Thousands of people in US rally for workers, against Trump|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/immigrants-unions-march-in-us-for-rights-against-trump/2017/05/01/ab76c332-2e26-11e7-a335-fa0ae1940305_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501080015/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/immigrants-unions-march-in-us-for-rights-against-trump/2017/05/01/ab76c332-2e26-11e7-a335-fa0ae1940305_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2017|access-date=1 May 2017|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="nytimes-1may2017">{{cite news|last1=Yee|first1=Vivian|title=On May Day, Protesters Take to the Streets Nationwide|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/may-day-loyalty-day-protests-trump.html|access-date=1 May 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 May 2017|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216143927/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/may-day-loyalty-day-protests-trump.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 May 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], "workers at [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Whole Foods Market|Whole Foods]], [[Instacart]], [[Walmart]], [[FedEx]], [[Target Corporation|Target]], and [[Shipt]] say they will walk off the job ... to protest their employers' failure to provide basic protections for frontline workers who are risking and losing their lives at work."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon, Whole Foods, Instacart Workers Organize a Historic Mass Strike|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/amazon-whole-foods-instacart-workers-organize-a-historic-mass-strike/|last=Gurley|first=Lauren Kaori|date=29 April 2020|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501040234/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/n7j8zw/amazon-whole-foods-instacart-workers-organize-a-historic-mass-strike|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, on the same day, there will be a [[rent strike]], the largest in nearly a century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With Millions Unable to Pay for Housing Next Month, Organizers Plan the Largest Rent Strike in Nearly a Century|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/04/25/coronavirus-rent-strike-may/|last=Lennard|first=Natasha|date=25 April 2020|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429223955/https://theintercept.com/2020/04/25/coronavirus-rent-strike-may/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 May 2021, [[black bloc]] protesters clashed with police in Oakland and Portland. Numerous other activities occurred across the country.<ref name="Its Going Down">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Anarchist And Autonomous Groups Hit Streets; Hold Public Events On May Day 2021|url=https://itsgoingdown.org/may-day-2021/|access-date=13 September 2021|newspaper=Its Going Down|date=3 May 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913202312/https://itsgoingdown.org/may-day-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1 May 2026, May Day protests were held across the United States in support of workers’ rights, union protections, and public education funding. Labor unions, teachers, immigrant-rights organizations, and community groups organized rallies and marches in a number of cities. Some demonstrations were associated with the slogan “No School, No Work, No Shopping”, which promoted consumer and workplace boycotts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirschfeld |first=Andy |title=May Day rallies sweep US, demanding reforms for working-class rights |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/5/1/may-day-rallies-sweep-us-demanding-reforms-for-working-class-rights |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Santa Cruz County hits the streets for May Day |url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2026/05/01/santa-cruz-county-hits-the-streets-for-may-day/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Santa Cruz Sentinel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What to Know About the May Day Protests Bringing Out Demonstrators Around the U.S. |url=https://time.com/article/2026/05/01/may-day-international-workers-day-protests-rallies-marches-us/}}</ref>

The protests focused on issues including wages, labor protections, economic inequality, and opposition to anti-union policies. Some reports also noted concerns over rising living costs and reduced purchasing power in the context of higher global energy prices and geopolitical tensions, including the [[2026 Iran war|Iran war]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McMenamin |first=Lex |date=2026-05-01 |title=Thousands in US join ‘no school, no work, no shopping’ May Day protest and economic blackout |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/may/01/may-day-strong-economic-protests |access-date=2026-05-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailyherald.com/20260501/news/the-real-labor-day-people-around-the-suburbs-rally-for-workers-rights-on-may-day/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=www.dailyherald.com|title=‘The real Labor Day’: People around the suburbs rally for workers’ rights on May Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Corbet |first=-Sylvie |last2=Corbet |first2=Associated Press Sylvie |last3=Press |first3=Associated |date=2026-05-01 |title=What to know about May Day as workers face rising costs due to Iran war |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/what-to-know-about-may-day-as-workers-face-rising-costs-due-to-iran-war |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No School, No Work, No Shopping”: Workers, Immigrants to Lead Thousands of May Day Protests |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2026/5/1/may_day_stacy_davisgates_pedro_trujillo |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref>

Protesters voiced opposition to a series of government policies and economic conditions that they argued systematically favored wealthy individuals while neglecting the working class. Central to their grievances was the perceived erosion of basic labor rights, including the difficulty or inability of federal employees to appeal wrongful dismissals—a consequence of policies that reclassified many workers as "at-will" employees. Demonstrators also expressed concern over repeated budget cuts to workplace safety programs, which they believed directly endangered the lives of public sector workers such as nurses and teachers. Additionally, protesters highlighted the stagnation of the federal minimum wage, which had remained unchanged at $7.25 per hour for more than fifteen years—a duration that, in their view, reflected a broader pattern of inattention to the worsening living standards of ordinary workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirschfeld |first=Andy |title=May Day rallies sweep US, demanding reforms for working-class rights |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/5/1/may-day-rallies-sweep-us-demanding-reforms-for-working-class-rights |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

====Uruguay====
In Uruguay, 1 May – Workers' Day – is an official holiday. Even when it is associated with labour unions, almost all workers tend to respect it. Since the late 1990s, the main event takes place at the [[First of May Square, Montevideo|First of May Square]] in Montevideo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plaza Primero de Mayo |url=https://municipioc.montevideo.gub.uy/node/69 |website=Municipio C |publisher=Gobierno de Montevideo |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

====Venezuela====
In [[Venezuela]], Workers' Day ({{lang|es|El Día del Trabajador}}) is celebrated on 1 May since 1936, but from 1938 to 1945 it was held on 24 July, by an order of [[Eleazar López Contreras]]. However, [[Isaías Medina Angarita]] changed it back to 1 May in 1945.<ref>[http://www.magazine.com.ve/cultura/index.php?id=6897&idSec=13&accion=detalle Día del Trabajador en Venezuela – Magazine Digital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903103604/http://www.magazine.com.ve/cultura/index.php?id=6897&idSec=13&accion=detalle |date=3 September 2012 }}. Magazine.com.ve (30 July 2007). Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref>

===East Asia===

==== Mainland China ====
[[File:1952-05 1952年5月五一劳动节.png|thumb|International Workers' Day celebration in Beijing on 1 May 1952]]
1 May is a statutory holiday in the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. It was a three-day holiday before 2008, but was only one day from 2008 onward.<ref>{{cite news |title=China scraps one of three Golden Week holidays |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/life-china-holidays-dc-idUKPEK14649920071216 |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=16 December 2007 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053106/https://www.reuters.com/article/life-china-holidays-dc-idUKPEK14649920071216 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=调与休：黄金周长假的变迁|trans-title=Reconcile and rest: the change of Golden Week vacation|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1127/c70731-23676181.html|date=2013-11-27|access-date=13 April 2022|language=Chinese|work=[[People's Daily]]|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|quote=从2000年国庆放假开始，对国庆、春节和劳动节这三个节的休假时间进行了统一调整，移动节日前后的两个周末四天和法定假期三天集中休假，这样共计7天时间[……]2008年，五一法定假期从3天改为1天，意味着五一黄金周被取消。|trans-quote=Starting from the National Day holiday in 2000, the vacation time of the three festivals, National Day, Spring Festival and Labor Day, was adjusted, moving the two weekends before and after the holiday for four days and the legal holiday for three days to focus on vacation, so that a total of 7 days [...] In 2008, the May Day legal holiday was changed from 3 days to 1 day, meaning that the May Day Golden Week was cancelled.|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413052529/http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1127/c70731-23676181.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During a [[Golden Week (China)|Golden Week]], surrounding weekends are rescheduled so that workers have seven continuous days off before 2009 and four to five continuous days after 2018.<ref>{{cite news|date=2019-11-28|title="五一"假期延长至5天解读黄金周背后的假如|trans-title="May Day" holiday extended to 5 days: Explaining the assumptions behind the Golden Week|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-11/28/c_1125283926.htm|language=Chinese|work=[[Xinhuanet]]|publisher=Chengdu Business News|quote=2020年则是在延续2019年“五一”休假安排的基础上，进一步拓展，通过调休再多增加了一天节日休假时间，从而形成了5天的“小长假”。|trans-quote=In 2020, on the basis of the continuation of the "May Day" vacation arrangement in 2019, it further expands by adding one more day of holiday vacation time through the transfer, thus forming a 5-day "mini vacation".|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413052532/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-11/28/c_1125283926.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Hong Kong ====
In [[Hong Kong]], 1 May is known as Labour Day and has been considered a public holiday since 1999.<ref>{{cite news|date=2012-07-01|title=新闻背景：香港回归15年大事记|trans-title=News Background: Events in the 15 years since Hong Kong's return to China |url=https://www.chinanews.com/ga/2012/07-01/3998742.shtml|language=Chinese|publisher=[[China News Service]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702000613/http://www.chinanews.com/ga/2012/07-01/3998742.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=僱傭條例簡明指南 - 第四章：休息日、法定假日及有薪年假|last=香港勞工署|url=https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/public/pdf/wcp/ConciseGuide/04.pdf|access-date=2022-04-30|archive-date=2022-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112065423/https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/public/pdf/wcp/ConciseGuide/04.pdf}}</ref>

==== Macau ====
In [[Macau]], it is a public holiday and is officially known as {{lang|pt|Dia do Trabalhador}} ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "Workers' Day").<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 |url=https://www.gov.mo/pt/public-holidays/year-2023/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Portal do Governo da RAE de Macau |language=pt-PT |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501123231/https://www.gov.mo/pt/public-holidays/year-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Taiwan====
1 May is known as Labor Day in [[Taiwan]]. Originally, students and teachers did not have this day off.<ref>{{cite web |title=台灣國定假日與節日 – 2019年年曆 |url=https://holidays-calendar.net/calendar_zh_tw/taiwan_zh_tw.html |website=holidays-calendar.net |language=zh |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501163806/https://holidays-calendar.net/calendar_zh_tw/taiwan_zh_tw.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Labor Day was later upgraded as a full national holiday and extends beyond workers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Taiwan legislature approves 5 public national holidays |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/6106534 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=taiwannews.com.tw |language=en}}</ref>

====Japan====
[[File:NUGW May Day 2011.jpg|thumb|2011 [[National Trade Union Council (Japan)|National Trade Union Council (''Zenrokyo'')]] May Day march, Tokyo]]
{{See also|Labor Thanksgiving Day}}

International Workers' Day is not officially designated by the Japanese government as a national holiday, but as it lies between other national holidays, it is a day off work for the vast majority of Japanese workers. Many employers give it as a day off, and otherwise workers take it as "paid leave". 1 May occurs during "[[Golden Week (Japan)|Golden Week]]", together with 29 April ("[[Shōwa Day]]"), 3 May ("[[Constitution Memorial Day]]"), 4 May ("[[Greenery Day]]") and 5 May ("[[Kodomo no hi|Children's Day]]").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2282.html |title=Golden Week |publisher=Japan-guide.com |date=13 May 2009 |access-date=5 February 2010 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016170859/http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2282.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers generally take the day off work not so much to join street rallies or labour union gatherings, but more to go on holiday for several consecutive days (in Japanese corporate culture, taking weekdays off for personal pleasure is widely frowned upon).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beigel |first=Allan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Past_Present_And_Future_Of_Psychiatry_Ix/UOGiCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Japan+karoshi+%22day+off%22&pg=PA817&printsec=frontcover |title=Past, Present And Future Of Psychiatry - Ix World Congress Of Psychiatry (In 2 Volumes) |last2=Silva |first2=Jorge Alberto Costa E. |last3=Jr |first3=Juan J. Lopez-ibor |date=1994-09-27 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4663-32-8 |pages=817 |language=en}}</ref>

Some major labour unions organize rallies and demonstrations in [[Tokyo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=全労連メーデーもオンライン中継「希望ある未来を切り開こう」 |trans-title=Zenroren also broadcast May Day live online: "Let's Create A Future Of Hope." |url=https://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/articles/-/557241 |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Kyoto Shimbun]] |language=ja |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413054404/https://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/articles/-/557241 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Osaka]], and [[Nagoya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=メーデー：大阪、名古屋でも集会 |trans-title=Rallies in Osaka and Nagoya |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170501/k00/00e/040/211000c |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |language=ja |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413054256/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170501/k00/00e/040/211000c |url-status=live }}</ref> Japan has a long history of labour activism and has had a communist and socialist party in the [[Japanese Diet|Diet]] since 1945. In 2008, the National Confederation of Trade Unions (''[[Zenrōren]]'') held a rally in [[Yoyogi Park]] attended by 44,000 participants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Press Weekly @JapanPress_wky |url=https://www.japan-press.co.jp/s/news/index.php?id=4792 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=www.japan-press.co.jp}}</ref> In 2026, ''[[RENGO|Rengō]]'', the largest Japanese trade union, held its International Workers' Day rally on April 29th with the Prime Minister attending.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takaichi Attends Rengo’s May Day Event in Apparent Attempt at Repairing Ties |url=https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20260430-325183/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=japannews.yomiuri.co.jp}}</ref>

====North Korea====
In the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]], 1 May is known as International Workers' Day, and is a public holiday. Celebrations, local meetings and rallies are held every year throughout the country to honor the holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ah |first1=Seol Song |title=May Day in North Korea exposes new class divisions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/may-day-north-korea-exposes-class-divisions |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507174339/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/may-day-north-korea-exposes-class-divisions |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Rungnado May Day Stadium]] in the capital of [[Pyongyang]] is named in honor of the holiday.

====South Korea====
In the [[Republic of Korea]], 1 May is known simply as "Workers' Day". It is a public holiday since 2026 by the [[s:ko:대한민국 근로자의날제정에관한법률|Designation of Workers' Day Act]].{{refn|group=nb|''5월 1일을 근로자의 날로 하고 이 날을 "근로기준법"에 의한 유급휴일로 한다.'' ("The first day of May each year shall be designated as Workers' Day, which shall be a paid holiday under the '[[Labor Standards Act (South Korea)|Labor Standards Act]]'.)"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=40244&lang=ENG |title=Designation Of Workers' Day Act |website=Statutes of Republic of Korea |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501050936/https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=40244&lang=ENG |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===Europe===
====Albania====
Labour Day ({{langx|sq|Dita e punëtorëve}}) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May and thus schools and most businesses are closed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://al.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Albania |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017221544/https://al.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Armenia====
Labour Day ({{langx|hy|Աշխատանքի օր}}, {{lang|hy-Latn|ashxatanki or}}) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Armenia |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017233752/https://am.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Austria====
[[File:Wien - SPÖ-Maiaufmarsch (a).JPG|thumb|1st of May demonstration of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]] at Rathausplatz in [[Vienna]]]]
Labour Day ({{lang|de|Tag der Arbeit}}), officially called {{lang|de|Staatsfeiertag}} (state's holiday), is a [[public holidays in Austria|public holiday in Austria]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melzer |first=Nora |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Labour_Law_in_Austria/pZ2vEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Labour+Day+Austria+holiday&pg=PT70&printsec=frontcover |title=Labour Law in Austria |date=2023-01-20 |publisher=Kluwer Law International B.V. |isbn=978-94-035-2596-9 |language=en}}</ref> Left parties, especially social democrats and democratic socialists organize celebrations with marches and speeches in all major cities.

====Belgium====
In Belgium, Labour Day ({{langx|nl|Dag van de Arbeid}}, {{lang|nl|Feest van de Arbeid}}, {{langx|fr|Journée des travailleurs}}, {{lang|fr|Fête du travail}}), is observed on 1 May and is an [[Public holidays in Belgium|official holiday]] since 1948.<ref>{{cite web |last1=BE |first1=Admin |title=Labour day: Why do we celebrate? |url=https://brussels-express.eu/labour-day-why-do-we-celebrate/ |website=Brussels Express |access-date=7 May 2019 |date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507184628/https://brussels-express.eu/labour-day-why-do-we-celebrate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Various socialist and communist organizations hold parades and other events in different cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fête du travail {{!}} Dag van de Arbeid {{!}} |url=http://www.fetedutravail.be/ |website=Fête du travail {{!}} Dag van de Arbeid |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=fr-BE |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507184628/http://www.fetedutravail.be/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Bosnia and Herzegovina====
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 and 2 May ([[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] and {{langx|sr-Latn|Prvi Maj}} / {{lang|sr-Cyrl|Први Mај}}, {{langx|hr|Prvi Svibanj}}) are an official holiday and day-off for public bodies<ref>{{Cite web |last=syzejna |date=2026-04-24 |title=Non-working Days in BiH on the International Labor Day |url=https://sarajevotimes.com/non-working-days-in-bih-on-the-international-labor-day/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Sarajevo Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and schools at the national level. Most people celebrate this holiday by visiting natural parks and resorts. Additionally, in some places public events are organized.

====Bulgaria====
Labour Day is one of the [[public holidays in Bulgaria]], where it is known as ''Labour Day and International Workers' Solidarity Day'' ({{langx|bg|Ден на труда и на международната работническа солидарност}}) and celebrated annually on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.bg/bg/24|title=Народно събрание на Република България – Български официални празници|publisher=Parliament of Bulgaria|language=bg|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427172928/https://parliament.bg/bg/24|url-status=live}}</ref> The first attempt to celebrate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical Association. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an official holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] began to celebrate the holiday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be an official and public holiday, but state authorities are not committed to the organization of mass events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=The Sofia Globe |date=2018-05-01 |title=May 1 Labour Day in Bulgaria: Socialists demand government’s resignation |url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/05/01/may-1-labour-day-in-bulgaria-socialists-demand-governments-resignation/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Sofia Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Croatia====
In Croatia, 1 May is a national holiday, Labour Day. Many public events are organized and held all over the country where bean soup is given out to all people as a symbol of a real workers' dish. Red carnations are also handed out to symbolise the origin of the day. In [[Zagreb]], the capital, a major gathering is in [[Maksimir Park]], which is located in the east part of Zagreb. In Split, city on the coast, people go to Marjan, a park-forest at the western end of Split peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia Celebrates May Day |url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-celebrates-may-day/ |website=Croatia Week |date=May 2015 |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507182650/https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-celebrates-may-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cyprus====
In Cyprus, 1 May ({{langx|el|Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά}}) is considered as an official Public Holiday (Labour Day). In general, all stores remain closed in public and private sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=May 1 a public holiday, minister insists |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/04/25/may-1-a-public-holiday-minister-insists |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}</ref> The Labor Union and Syndicates celebrate with various festivals and events across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Our View: Labour Day rhetoric ignores modern economic reality |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/05/01/our-view-labour-day-rhetoric-ignores-modern-economic-reality |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Czech Republic====
In the Czech Republic, 1 May is an official and national holiday known as Labour Day ({{langx|cs|Svátek práce}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=RTE Customer's area – Public holidays in Europe |url=http://clients.rte-france.com/lang/an/visiteurs/vie/vie_jours_feries.jsp |website=clients.rte-france.com |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813075923/https://clients.rte-france.com/lang/an/visiteurs/vie/vie_jours_feries.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Denmark====
In [[Denmark]], 1 May is not an official holiday, but a variety of individuals, mostly in the public sector, construction industry, and production industry, get a half or a whole day off. It was first celebrated in [[Copenhagen]] in 1890. The location of the first celebration, the [[Fælledparken]], still plays an important part today with speeches by politicians and trade unionists to mark the occasion. Many other events are also held around the country to commemorate the day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labour Day: your guide to May 1st in Denmark |url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20190501/labour-day-in-denmark-why-is-it-so-special |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=thelocal.dk |date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507052016/https://www.thelocal.dk/20190501/labour-day-in-denmark-why-is-it-so-special |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Estonia====
In [[Estonia]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as part of May Day (Kevadpüha). It also coincides with Walpurgis Day (volbripäev).<ref>{{Cite web |last=ERR |first=Aili Vahtla, ERR News {{!}} |date=2024-04-30 |title=Tartu volber explained: Walpurgis the Estonian fraternity and sorority way |url=https://news.err.ee/1609322040/tartu-volber-explained-walpurgis-the-estonian-fraternity-and-sorority-way |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=ERR |language=en}}</ref>

====Finland====
[[File:Vappu2005kuvaPK.jpg|thumb|A Workers' Day rally in [[Helsinki]], Finland]]
In Finland, 1 May is an official and national holiday. It is mainly celebrated as a feast of students, and spring, called {{lang|fi|[[vappu]]}} or Walpurgis Night.<ref>{{cite web |title=Finland shows carnival colours on May Day |url=https://finland.fi/life-society/finland-shows-carnival-colours-on-may-day/ |website=thisisFINLAND |date=18 January 2015 |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013181105/https://finland.fi/life-society/finland-shows-carnival-colours-on-may-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Finland also celebrates Workers' Day (officially: {{lang|fi|suomalaisen työn päivä}}, "day of Finnish labour") on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Finnish celebrations and parties {{!}} Visit Finland |url=https://www.visitfinland.com/en/articles/traditional-finnish-celebrations-and-parties/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.visitfinland.com |language=en}}</ref>

====France====
[[File:Wpi france.jpg|thumb|Workers' Day demonstration in [[Lyon]], France]]
In France, 1 May is a public holiday called Workers' Day ({{langx|fr|Fête des Travailleurs}}). It is, in fact, the only day of the year when employees are legally obliged to be given leave, save professions that cannot be interrupted due to their nature (such as workers in hospitals and public transport).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.service-public.fr/actualites/00790.html |title=Fêtes légales et jours fériés|date=24 April 2012 |access-date=1 May 2012 |publisher=Government of France |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503210415/http://service-public.fr/actualites/00790.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref> Demonstrations and marches are a Labour Day tradition in France, where trade unions organize parades in major cities to defend workers' rights.
It is also customary to offer a [[lily of the valley]] to friends or family. This custom dates back to 1561, when king [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]], aged 10, waiting for his accession to the throne, gave a lily of the valley to all ladies present. Today, the fiscal administration exempts individuals and workers' organizations from any tax or administrative duties related to the sales of lilies of the valley, provided they are gathered from the wild, and not bought to be resold.

====Germany====
In April 1933, the recently installed [[Nazi Germany|Nazi government]] declared 1 May the "Day of National Work", an official state holiday, and announced that all celebrations were to be organized by the government. Any separate celebrations by [[Communist Party of Germany|Communists]], [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] or [[trade union|labour unions]] were banned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Szejnmann |first=Claus-Christian W. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nazism_in_Central_Germany/wexBEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1933+Day+of+National+Work+separate+celebrations+banned&pg=PA160&printsec=frontcover |title=Nazism in Central Germany: The Brownshirts in 'Red' Saxony |date=1999-06-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-80073-492-0 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref> After [[World War II]], 1 May remained a state holiday in both [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]]. In communist [[East Germany]], workers were ''de facto'' required to participate in large state-organized parades on International Workers' Day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Molly Wilkinson |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Training_Socialist_Citizens/pOT4arumP_YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22East+Germany%22+%22International+Workers'+Day%22+parade+required&pg=PA74&printsec=frontcover |title=Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16957-9 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> Today in Germany it is simply called "Labour Day" ({{lang|de|Tag der Arbeit}}), and there are numerous demonstrations and celebrations by independent workers' organizations. Today, [[Berlin]] witnesses yearly demonstrations on Labour Day, the largest organised by labour unions, political parties, the [[far left]] and the leftist {{lang|de|[[Autonomism|Autonomen]]}}.

[[File:1. Mai 2013 in Hannover. Gute Arbeit. Sichere Rente. Soziales Europa. Umzug vom Freizeitheim Linden zum Klagesmarkt. Menschen und Aktivitäten (168).jpg|thumb|Labour Day rally in [[Hanover]], Germany, 1 May 2013]]
Since 1987, Labour Day has also become known for riots in some districts of Berlin. After police actions against radical leftists in that year's annual demonstrations, the [[Autonomism|Autonomen]] scattered and sought cover at the ongoing annual street fair in [[Kreuzberg]]. Three years prior to the [[reunification of Germany]], violent protests would only take place in the former [[West Berlin]]. The protesters began tipping over police cars, violently resisting arrest, and began building [[barricade]]s after the police withdrew due to the unforeseen resistance. Cars were set on fire, shops plundered and burned to the ground. The police eventually ended the riots the following night. These violent forms of protests by the radical left later increasingly involved participants without political motivation.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2005|title=Geschichte des Kreuzberger 1. Mai|url=https://www.gegeninformationsbuero.de/mai/mai2005_zeitung.pdf|journal=Mai Zeitung|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003447/https://www.gegeninformationsbuero.de/mai/mai2005_zeitung.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Annual street fairs have proven an effective way to prevent riots, and Labour Day in 2005 and 2006 have been among the most peaceful known to Berlin in nearly 25 years. [[neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and other groups on the [[far right]], such as the [[National Democratic Party of Germany]], have used May Day to schedule public demonstrations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-01 |title=German top court hears plea to ban far-right NPD |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35695210 |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Labour Day violence flared up again in 2010. After an approved far-right demonstration was blocked by leftists, a parade by an estimated 10,000 leftists and anarchists turned violent and resulted in an active response by the [[Berlin Police]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5529267,00.html |title=Police battle rioters in May Day clashes |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=6 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506072353/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5529267,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Greece====
In Greece, 1 May is an optional public holiday, but is treated by workers as a strike. The [[Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Greece)|Ministry of Labour]] retains the right to classify it as an official public holiday on an annual basis, and it customarily does so.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrations and Public Holidays |url=http://www.eaed.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2415:2009-11-13-11-19-57&catid=244:-2009&Itemid=285 |publisher=IKA Review of Insurance and Labour Law |access-date=1 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525141803/http://www.eaed.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2415:2009-11-13-11-19-57&catid=244:-2009&Itemid=285 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The day is called {{lang|el-Latn|Ergatikí Proto-magiá}} ({{lang|el|Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά}}, {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "Workers' 1 May") and celebrations are marked by demonstrations in which left-wing political parties, anti-authority groups, and workers' unions participate.
On Workers' Day in 2010, there were major protests all over Greece, most notably [[Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki]], by many left, anarchist and communist supporters and some violent clashes with [[riot police]] who were sent out to contain the protesters. They opposed economic reforms, an end to job losses and wage cuts in the face of the government's proposals of massive public spending cuts. These reforms are to fall in line with the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]-[[European Union|EU]]-[[European Central Bank|ECB]] loan proposals, which demand that Greece liberalize its economy and cut its public spending and private sector wages, which many believe will decrease living standards.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8655711.stm | work=BBC News | title=Protesters confront Greek police | date=1 May 2010 | access-date=2 May 2010 | archive-date=7 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507104348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8655711.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Hungary====
Hungary celebrates 1 May as a national holiday, Workers' Day ({{langx|hu|A munka ünnepe}}), with open-air festivities and fairs all over the country. Many towns raise May poles and festivals with various themes are organized around the holiday. Left-wing parties and trade unions hold public rallies commemorating Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Hungary – Hungarians celebrate Labor Day |url=http://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/hungarians-celebrate-labor-day/ |website=abouthungary.hu |date=May 2019 |language=en |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211005641/https://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/hungarians-celebrate-labor-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Iceland====
In Iceland, Labour Day ({{langx|is|Baráttudagur verkalýðsins}}) is a public holiday. The first demonstration for workers rights in Iceland occurred in 1923. A parade composed of trade unions and other groups marches through towns and cities across the country and speeches are delivered.<ref>{{citation|title=Schedule for May 1 Labour Day march and two rival meetings in downtown Reykjavík {{!}} However many stores nowadays are open and pay higher salaries to the workers instead on this day.}}</ref> However, some private businesses are open, mainly in the capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public holidays in Iceland : When are holidays in Iceland : Iceland Travel Guide |url=https://iceland.nordicvisitor.com/travel-guide/information/public-holidays/ |website=iceland.nordicvisitor.com |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017230139/https://iceland.nordicvisitor.com/travel-guide/information/public-holidays/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Ireland====
[[File:May Day, Belfast, April 2011 (077).JPG|thumb|International Workers' Day parade in [[Belfast]], 2011]]
The [[Irish Congress of Trade Unions]] (ICTU) marks International Workers' Day with rallies in [[Belfast]] and [[Dublin]] and other events such as lectures, concerts and film screenings also take place around a wider International Workers' Day festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day Celebrated in Dublin {{!}} Century Ireland |url=https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/blog/labour-day-celebrated-in-dublin |website=rte.ie |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017232136/https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/blog/labour-day-celebrated-in-dublin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where to enjoy May Day in Northern Ireland this year! |url=https://www.belfasttimes.co.uk/where-to-enjoy-may-day-in-northern-ireland-this-year/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427115200/http://www.belfasttimes.co.uk/where-to-enjoy-may-day-in-northern-ireland-this-year/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2016 |website=Belfast Times |date=27 April 2016 }}</ref> The first Monday in May has been a [[public holiday in the Republic of Ireland]] since 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1993/si/91/made/en/print|title=S.I. No. 91/1993 – Holidays (Employees) Act, 1973 (Public Holiday) Regulations, 1993.|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225122537/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1993/si/91/made/en/print|url-status=live}}</ref> and in Northern Ireland since 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bt.com/|title=Fibre Broadband, TV Packages, BT Sport & Mobile Deals | BT|website=www.bt.com|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406154822/https://www.bt.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Republic the public holiday was demanded by the ICTU<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0429/697515-may-day-why-not-a-holiday/|title=RTÉ Archives: May Day Why Not A Holiday?|date=29 April 2015|work=[[RTÉ.ie]]|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185501/http://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0429/697515-may-day-why-not-a-holiday/|url-status=live}}</ref> and proposed by the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] in negotiating [[23rd Government of Ireland|its 1992–94 coalition government]] with [[Fianna Fáil]], and marked the centenary of the ICTU's predecessor, the [[Irish Trades Union Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1993070900061#N451 |quote=The Programme for a Partnership Government also committed the Government to appoint the first Monday in May to be a public holiday with effect from 1994, in recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Irish Trades Union Congress. In deciding to introduce a new public holiday, the Government also took account of the fact ... that nine of our EC partners have a public holiday early in May. |title=Vote 44: An Chomhairle Ealaíon |last=Quinn |first=Ruairí |date=9 July 1993 |work=Dáil Éireann Debates |publisher=Oireachtas |pages=Vol.433 No.8 p.61 c.2084 |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185226/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1993070900061#N451 |url-status=live }}</ref> The public holiday has no official designation, as "Workers' Day" or otherwise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html|title=Public holidays|date=20 March 2018|publisher=Citizens Information Board|access-date=8 May 2018|location=Dublin|archive-date=17 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117072632/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Labour's [[Ruairi Quinn]] condemned an alleged Fianna Fáil proposal to replace the May holiday with one on 24 April commemorating the [[1916 Rising]] as a slight to workers. The proposal was, in actuality, for an extra holiday – rather than a replacement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/fianna-fail-denies-plan-to-axe-bank-holiday-226910.html|title=Fianna Fáil denies plan to axe bank holiday|date=24 October 2005|work=Irish Examiner|access-date=9 May 2018|archive-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051336/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/fianna-fail-denies-plan-to-axe-bank-holiday-226910.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Italy====
[[File:Rome concert 1-5-2007 crowd 2.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional 1 May Concert in St. John Lateran square, [[Rome]]]]
The first International Workers' Day celebration in [[Italy]] took place in 1890. Industrialists threatened to fire absent workers, so most industrial workers showed up to work. The event succeeded due to artisan and craft support.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=Margaret |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Radical_Space/_pRlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Italy%22+%22International+Workers'+Day%22+1890&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover |title=Radical Space: Building the House of the People |date=2018-08-06 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-3174-7 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> It was abolished under the [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Fascist regime]] and immediately restored after the [[Second World War]]. (During the fascist period, a "Holiday of the Italian Labour" ({{lang|it|Festa del lavoro italiano}}) was celebrated on 21 April, the date of {{lang|it|[[Natale di Roma]]}}, when [[Rome]] was allegedly founded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Planet |first=Lonely |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lonely_Planet_Rome/_QnBDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Holiday+21+April+Rome+founded&pg=PT437&printsec=frontcover |title=Lonely Planet Rome |last2=Garwood |first2=Duncan |last3=Averbuck |first3=Alexis |last4=Maxwell |first4=Virginia |date=2019-12-01 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-78868-678-5 |language=en}}</ref>) In 1947, following an unexpected electoral victory of the [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|Popular Democratic Front]] in [[Sicily]], local secessionists and pro-USA mafia hitmen killed 14 and injured 27 firing machine guns at an International Workers' Day celebration in the [[Portella della Ginestra massacre|Portella della Ginestra Massacre]].
International Workers' Day is now an important celebration in Italy and is a national holiday regardless of what day of the week it falls. The {{lang|it|Concerto del Primo Maggio}} ("1st of May Concert"), organized by Italian labour unions in Rome in [[Porta San Giovanni (Rome)|Piazza di Porta San Giovanni]] has become an important event in recent years. Every year the concert is attended by a large audience of mostly young people and involves the participation of many famous bands and songwriters, lasting from 15:00 until midnight. The concert is usually broadcast live on [[Rai 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rai: In tv, alla radio e sul web un Primo Maggio per il lavoro |url=https://www.rai.it/ufficiostampa/articoli/2023/04/Rai-In-tv-alla-radio-e-sul-web-un-Primo-Maggio-per-il-lavoro-d87beb39-5021-4d5e-8075-b43f4170b871.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=RAI Ufficio Stampa |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707134500/https://www.rai.it/ufficiostampa/assets/template/us-articolo.html?ssiPath=/articoli/2023/04/Rai-In-tv-alla-radio-e-sul-web-un-Primo-Maggio-per-il-lavoro-d87beb39-5021-4d5e-8075-b43f4170b871-ssi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A second big concert is organised in the city of [[Taranto]] and it is transmitted locally by [[TGR|TGR Apulia]].

====Lithuania====
In Lithuania, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as International Work Day ({{langx|lt|Tarptautinė darbo diena}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Events, fiestas and entertainments in Lithuania |url=https://www.migration.lt/events-fiestas-and-entertainments-in-lithuania |website=migration.lt |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017224807/https://www.migration.lt/events-fiestas-and-entertainments-in-lithuania |url-status=live }}</ref> Celebrations for workers' day were mandatory during the [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]], and carry a negative connotation as a result today. As Lithuania [[act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania|restored its independence]] in 1990, Work Day lost its public holiday status, but regained it in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=May Day holiday returns to Lithuania |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/6353/ |website=baltictimes.com |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017224920/https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/6353/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day: how the celebrations look like in Vilnius? (PHOTO) |url=http://l24.lt/en/society/item/10157-labour-day-how-the-celebrations-look-like-in-vilnius |website=l24.lt |language=en-gb |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017224759/http://l24.lt/en/society/item/10157-labour-day-how-the-celebrations-look-like-in-vilnius |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Latvia====
In Latvia, Labour Day is an official public holiday celebrated as Convocation of the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of Latvia, Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Holidays |url=https://www.latvia.eu/history/national-holidays |website=[Latvia.eu] |language=en |date=3 February 2015 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904025833/https://www.latvia.eu/history/national-holidays |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Luxembourg====
In Luxembourg, 1 May, called the {{lang|lb|Dag vun der Aarbecht}} ("Labour Day"), is a legal holiday traditionally associated with large demonstrations by trade unions in Luxembourg City and other cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day in Luxembourg |url=https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/festivals-and-traditions/meekranz-labour-day.html |website=luxembourg.public.lu |language=en |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418133005/https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/festivals-and-traditions/meekranz-labour-day.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Malta====
In Malta, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as "Workers' Day",<ref name="maltagov">{{cite web|url=https://gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Public%20Holidays/Pages/Public-Holidays-in-MAlta.aspx|title=Public Holidays in Malta|year=2018|publisher=Government of Malta|access-date=9 May 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201144548/https://www.gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Public%20Holidays/Pages/Public-Holidays-in-Malta.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> together with the [[religious feast]] of [[Saint Joseph|Saint Joseph the Worker]]. ([[Saint Joseph's Day]], 19 March, the saint's main feast, is also a public holiday in Malta).<ref name="maltagov"/> A [[Labour Party (Malta)|Labour]] mass meeting takes place on 1 May. [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalists]] celebrate [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|accession to the European Union]] on 1 May 2004.

====Montenegro====
In Montenegro, 1 May is an official public holiday and a day off work and a day out of school. It is the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 |url=https://me.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Montenegro |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016022730/https://me.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Netherlands====
In the Netherlands, 1 May or Labour Day ({{langx|nl|Dag van de Arbeid}}) is not an official holiday. This is due in part to its proximity to the national holiday, [[Koningsdag]], which was celebrated on the day before until 2013. Labour movements also did not see the need to agitate for an extra day off during the [[Post–World War II economic expansion|Post–World War II recovery efforts]]. [[Liberalism|Liberals]] who joined the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] in this same period also wanted to distance themselves from the [[Soviet Union]] because of [[Cold War]] sentiments.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2019-05-01|title=Waarom 1 mei in Nederland maar geen vrije dag is|trans-title=Why 1 May isn't a day off in the Netherlands|url=https://www.ad.nl/ad-werkt/waarom-1-mei-in-nederland-maar-geen-vrije-dag-is~a52f4967/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|language=nl|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707094222/https://www.ad.nl/ad-werkt/waarom-1-mei-in-nederland-maar-geen-vrije-dag-is~a52f4967/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A small number of public servants has the day off, as well as bank employees and financial traders as the European banking system is not open that day.

====North Macedonia====
[[File:Prvomajska proslava vo Skopje, 1909.jpg|thumb|right|First Workers' Day celebration of the [[North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman period]] in [[Skopje]], 1909]]

In North Macedonia, 1 May ({{langx|mk|Ден на Трудот}}, {{lang|mk-Latn|Den na Trudot}}) is an official public holiday. Before 2007, 2 may was also a public holiday. People celebrate with friends and family at traditional picnics across the country, accompanied by the usual outdoor games, various grilled meats and beverages. Left organizations and some trade unions organize protests on 1 May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dmwc.org.mk/2017/04/30/international-workers-day-1st-of-may-in-macedonia/|title=International Workers' Day, 1st of May in Macedonia • Dobredojde Macedonia Welcome Centre|date=30 April 2017|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016024045/https://www.dmwc.org.mk/2017/04/30/international-workers-day-1st-of-may-in-macedonia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Norway====
[[File:Jens stoltenberg1.jpg|thumb|Norway's then Prime Minister [[Jens Stoltenberg]] gives his 1 May speech in 2009 in [[Oslo]], Norway.]]

In Norway, Labour Day ({{langx|no|Arbeidernes Dag}}) is celebrated 1 May and has been an official public holiday since 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://snl.no/F%C3%B8rste_mai|title=Første mai|first1=Åsmund Borgen|last1=Gjerde|first2=Bjørn|last2=Thingsaker|work=Store norske leksikon |date=2 May 2021|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504175939/https://snl.no/F%C3%B8rste_mai|url-status=live|language = Norwegian}}</ref> It was first introduced by the workers movement in 1890,<ref>{{cite book |last=Terjesen|first=Einar A.|date=1990|title=Maidagen : 1. mai-feiringens historie i Norge|url=https://www.nb.no/maken/item/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007112200072/open|trans-title=May Day: The history of the celebration of the 1st of May in Norway|language=Norwegian|location=Norway|publisher=Tiden Norsk Forlag|page=29|isbn=8210032895|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> and recognized as an official flag day in 1935.<ref>{{cite book |last=Terjesen|first=Einar A.|date=1990|title=Maidagen : 1. mai-feiringens historie i Norge|url=https://www.nb.no/maken/item/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007112200072/open|trans-title=May Day: The history of the celebration of the 1st of May in Norway|language=Norwegian|location=Norway|publisher=Tiden Norsk Forlag|pages=104–105|isbn=8210032895|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> The program for the day is presented by local unions and labour organizations.

====Poland====
[[File:Wodzisław KWK 1 Maja.JPG|thumb|[[1 Maja Coal Mine|1 May Coal Mine]] in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland]]
In Poland, since the fall of communism, 1 May is officially celebrated as [[Public holidays in Poland|Labour Day]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.anglopolish.com/index.php/en/archive/29-polish-tradition/155-international-workers-day-may-day | title=May Day in Poland | access-date=1 May 2013 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815142641/http://anglopolish.com/index.php/en/archive/29-polish-tradition/155-international-workers-day-may-day | archive-date=15 August 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/poland/tp/polandholidays.htm | title=Poland's Holidays | access-date=1 May 2013 | archive-date=13 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050301/http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/poland/tp/polandholidays.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is customary for labour activists to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland. The holiday is also commonly referred to as "Labour Day" ({{langx|pl|Święto Pracy}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Steven |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Poland’s Complex Relationship with Labor Day |url=https://www.krakowpost.com/19012/2018/05/polands-complex-relationship-with-labor-day |website=The Krakow Post}}</ref>

In Poland, Labour Day is closely followed by [[May 3rd Constitution Day]]. These two dates combined often result in a [[long weekend]] called {{lang|pl|Majówka}}, which may last for up to 9 days from 28 April to 6 May, at the cost of taking only 3 days off. People often travel, and {{lang|pl|Majówka}} is unofficially considered the start of barbecuing season in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Experts warn against excessive alcohol consumption in Poland |url=https://tvpworld.com/77220532/poland-experts-warn-of-excessive-alcohol-consumption-as-may-holidays-near |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=tvpworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Between these two, on 2 May, there is a patriotic holiday, the Day of the Polish Flag ({{lang|pl|[[:pl:Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej]]}}), introduced by a parliamentary act of 20 February 2004. The day, however, does not force paid time off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland’s Day of the Flag - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland - Gov.pl website |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/polands-day-of-the-flag |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In Soviet times, streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were frequently named in honor of International Workers' Day, such as [[1 Maja Coal Mine]] in {{lang|pl|[[Wodzisław Śląski]]|italic=no}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eckart |first=Karl |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Social_Economic_and_Cultural_Aspects_in/2DIRP6TYRXgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1+Maja+Coal+Mine+Wodzis%C5%82aw+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski&pg=PA168&printsec=frontcover |title=Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects in the Dynamic Changing Process of Old Industrial Regions: Ruhr District (Germany), Upper Silesia (Poland), Ostrava Region (Czech Republic) |date=2003 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-6784-3 |pages=168 |language=en}}</ref>.

====Portugal====
In Portugal, Workers' Day ({{langx|pt|Dia do Trabalhador}}) on 1 May was suppressed during the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] dictatorship. The first workers' day demonstration was held a week after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 25 April 1974. It is still the largest demonstration in the history of Portugal. It is used as an opportunity for workers and workers' groups to voice their discontent over working conditions in demonstrations across Portugal, the largest being held in Lisbon. It is an official public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why is May 1st a holiday in Portugal? |url=https://algarvedailynews.com/news/11578-why-is-may-1st-a-holiday-in-portugal |website=algarvedailynews.com |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |language=en-gb |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016005520/https://algarvedailynews.com/news/11578-why-is-may-1st-a-holiday-in-portugal |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Romania====
[[File:002 State and party leaders celebrating May 1.jpg|thumb|Delegates of the [[Romanian Communist Party]] on 1 May 1965]]
In Romania, 1 May, known as the "International Labour Day" ({{langx|ro|Ziua internațională a muncii}}), the "International Workers' Day" ({{lang|ro|Ziua internațională a muncitorilor}}), or simply "1/First of May" ({{lang|ro|1/Întâi Mai}}), is an official [[public holidays in Romania|public holiday]]. During the [[Communist Romania|communist regime]], like in all former Eastern Bloc countries, the day was marked by large state-organized parades in most towns and cities. After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], 1 May continues to be an official public holiday, but without any state organized events or parades. Most people celebrate together with friends and family, organising [[picnic]]s and [[barbecue]]s. It is also the first day of the year when people, especially those from the southeastern part of the country including the capital [[Bucharest]], go to spend the day in one of the [[Romanian Black Sea resorts]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-14 |title=Summer special: Seaside resorts in Romania |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/summer-special-seaside-resorts-in-romania |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Romania Insider |language=en}}</ref>

====Russia====
[[File:Колонна РКРП-РПК на первомайской демонстрации.jpg|thumb|[[Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Workers' Party]] demonstration on 1 May 2008 in [[Izhevsk]]]]
In [[Russia]], the "Day of International Workers Solidarity, the 1st of May" ({{Langx|ru|День международной солидарности трудящихся Первое ма́я}}) was celebrated illegally in the country until the [[February Revolution]] enabled the first legal celebration in 1917. The following year, after the [[Bolshevik]] [[October Revolution|seizure of power]], the International Workers' Day celebrations were boycotted by [[Mensheviks]], [[Left Socialist Revolutionaries]] and [[anarchism in Russia|anarchists]]. It became an important official holiday of the Soviet Union, celebrated with elaborate popular parade in the centre of the major cities. The biggest celebration was traditionally organized in [[Red Square]], where the [[General Secretary of the CPSU]] and other party and government leaders stood atop [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] and waved to the crowds. The holiday was marked by [[military parade]]s in [[Red Square]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murrell |first=Kathleen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/DK_Eyewitness_Books_Russia/d_iaB_5u59oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1+May+1969+military+parades+Russia&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover |title=DK Eyewitness Books: Russia: Discover the Turbulent Past of This Vast Land—from Empire and Communist Superpower to Today's Federation |date=2000-05-31 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-7566-6809-9 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> The following was the order of the march past:

* Parade commander holding the appointment of commanding officer of the [[Moscow Military District]]
* Corps of Drums of the [[Moscow Military Music College]]
* [[Frunze Military Academy]]
* [[Lenin Military-Political Academy|V.I. Lenin Military Political Academy]]
* [[Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy]]
* [[Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy|Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky]]
* Military Engineering Academy
* [[NBC Protection Military Academy|Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control]]
* Yuri [[Gagarin Air Force Academy]]
* Prof. Nikolai [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy]]
* Delegation of naval officer cadets from the [[Soviet Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.ric.mil.ru/Stati/item/117649/|title=ПО БРУСЧАТКЕ КРАСНОЙ ПЛОЩАДИ|website=history.ric.mil.ru|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721194046/http://history.ric.mil.ru/Stati/item/117649/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[98th Guards Airborne Division]]
* [[Moscow Border Institute of the FSB of the Russian Federation|Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB "Moscow City Council"]]
* [[Separate Operational Purpose Division]]
* [[336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade|336th Marine Brigade]] of the [[Baltic Fleet]]
* [[Suvorov Military School]] and [[Nakhimov Naval School]]s
* [[Moscow Higher Military Command School|Moscow Military Combined Arms Command Training School "Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"]]
* Mobile Column
** [[2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division]]
** 4th Guards Tank Division
** Missile Troops and Artillery of the Moscow Military District
** 1st Aerospace Defense Army
** [[Northern Fleet]] and [[Baltic Fleet]] Coastal Defense, Surface and Submarine Forces (until 1974)
* [[Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union|Massed Bands of the Moscow Military District]] (parade finale)

The first of these parades were held [[1918 May 1 Parade|1918]], when [[Vladimir Lenin]] presided over a ceremony at [[Khodynka Field]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cont.ws/@staromodnyiej/932301|title=1 мая 1918 г. на Ходынском поле состоялся первый военный парад Красной Армии – Старомодница – КОНТ|website=cont.ws|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102341/https://cont.ws/@staromodnyiej/932301|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable parades included the parade of 1941 (which saw the presence of a [[Wehrmacht]] delegation led by [[Ernst August Köstring]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ройбу|first=Зиновий|date=2010-04-30|title=1 Мая 1941 года в Москве: до начала Великой Отечественной войны оставался только 51 день|url=https://ava.md/2010/04/30/1-maya-1941-goda-v-moskve-do-nachala-velikoy/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=AVA.MD|language=ru|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102628/https://ava.md/2010/04/30/1-maya-1941-goda-v-moskve-do-nachala-velikoy/|url-status=live}}</ref>) and 1963 (where Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]] was a guest). The only parades on 1 May to be cancelled were the parades scheduled during the years of the [[Second World War]] and the 1965 parade (this was cancelled to make way for the [[1965 Moscow Victory Day Parade]] nine days later). In 1979, ten years after the last annual parade, a brief [[exhibition drill]] and [[military tattoo]] of the forces of the Moscow Garrison took place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtwHowkf0y4|title=Демонстрация 1 мая 1979 года|date=22 September 2019|publisher= ПравДа.Ру(б)|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416175707/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtwHowkf0y4|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1991, which preceded the last year that demonstrations were held in Red Square, International Workers' Day grew into high-spirited political action. Around 50,000 people participated in a rally in Red Square in 1991 after which the tradition was interrupted for 13 years. In the early post-Soviet period the holiday turned into massive political gatherings of supporters of radically minded politicians. For instance, an action dubbed as "a rally of communist-oriented organisations" was held in Red Square in 1992. The rally began with performance of the Soviet Union anthem and raising the [[Red flag (politics)|Red Flag]] and ended with appeals from the leader of opposition movement Working Moscow, [[Viktor Anpilov]], "for early dismissal of President [[Boris Yeltsin]], ousting [[Moscow Mayor]] [[Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov|Gavriil Popov]] from power and putting the latter on trial". Since 1992, International Workers' Day is officially called "Spring and Labor Day", and remains a major holiday in present-day Russia.

[[File:anarchistsmayday2010moscow.JPG|thumb|250px|Labour Day 2010 in [[Moscow]]: anarchist demonstration]]
[[File:Верной дорогой идёте, товарищи!.JPG|thumb|250px|Labour Day 2009 in [[Severodvinsk]]: red flags and social slogans visible]]
[[File:Колонна демократических левых на первомайском шествии 2011 года в Москве.jpg|thumb|250px|Column of "democratic left" at the 2011 Labor Day march in Moscow: LevSD, [[Committee for a Workers' International (1974)|Committee for a Workers' International]], [[LGBT]], feminists]]

In 1993, a Moscow Labor Day rally followed by a procession organized by the [[National Salvation Front (Russia)|National Salvation Front]], Labor Moscow, and the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]] turned into clashes between demonstrators and riot police near houses 30 and 37 along [[Leninsky Avenue, Moscow|Leninsky Avenue]].<ref name=memo93>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161214005538/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/moscow93/may93.htm Предварительный отчёт о массовых беспорядках, имевших место в Москве 1 мая 1993 года.] // [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]], official website.</ref><ref group="note">The clashes were preceded by two circumstances: "the organizers deviated from the route allowed by the mayor's office," and the Moscow authorities decided to "obstruct the movement of the column along Leninsky Avenue." Subsequently, the authorities failed to rationally justify such a decision: the movement took place in the direction ''from'' the city center. The version that "the demonstrators are going to smash Gorbachev's dacha" remained unconfirmed. The demonstrators, who were moving along Leninsky Avenue from Oktyabrskaya Square, noticing the truck barriers, as well as the cordon of police officers and OMON, reorganized, putting forward a vanguard of 500–600 people, the most organized part of which was the squad of the National Salvation Front. A few tens of meters before the cordon, the column stepped up and almost immediately broke through the cordon. See the cited report by [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]].</ref>

After the demonstrators broke through the cordon, OMON went on a counterattack near house 37 along Leninsky Avenue. "The demonstrators fought fiercely using banner poles." To overcome the barriers, the demonstrators used trucks as rams. One of the rams resulted in severe injuries to OMON Sergeant Vladimir Tolokneyev, who died four days later. Media reports on the number of victims varied: the initial figure of 150 people soon quadrupled.<ref name=memo93/>

1 May is celebrated annually by communists, anarchists, and other organizations as the Day of International Solidarity of Workers. These events are accompanied by the promotion of sharp social and political slogans ("Government of bankrupts – resign!", "WE do not want to pay for YOUR crisis!", "Self-organization! Self-government! Self-defense!" etc.).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kprf.ru/actions/65662.html |title=Лозунги 1 мая 2009 |trans-title=Slogans, 1 May 2009 |access-date=2010-01-04 |archive-date=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522161557/http://kprf.ru/actions/65662.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kprf.ru/party_live/56715.html |title=Лозунги 1 мая 2008 |trans-title=Slogans, 1 May 2008 |access-date=2010-01-04 |archive-date=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522161707/http://kprf.ru/party_live/56715.html}}</ref>

The Spring and Labor Day, celebrated as a state holiday, is usually used for political actions under independent slogans by trade unions, parties, and movements of various orientations, from the left to the far right: [[United Russia]] (together with the [[Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia]] and the [[Young Guard of United Russia]]), [[A Just Russia]], the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], [[Yabloko]], [[Solidarnost]], the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]], and [[Autonomous Action]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ud.mos.ru/main/58-pervomajjskie-demonstracii-i-mitingi.html |title=Первомайские демонстрации и митинги |trans-title=1 May demonstrations and meetings |access-date=2010-01-04 |archive-date=2012-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120202649/http://ud.mos.ru/main/58-pervomajjskie-demonstracii-i-mitingi.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vkrizis.ru/news.php?type=rus&lenta=1&arc=0&news=10526 |title=В первомайских демонстрациях и митингах в Москве приняли участие около 30 тыс. человек |trans-title=About 30,000 people took part in May Day demonstrations and rallies in Moscow |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928155414/http://vkrizis.ru/news.php?type=rus&lenta=1&arc=0&news=10526 |archivedate=2011-09-28}}</ref>

The slogans of official events organized by the authorities are far from the historical roots of the Labour Day demonstrations: "Putin's plan is a plan for Victory!", "Bonuses for pensioners", "Three kids in a family is the norm!".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uao.mos.ru/textform.aspx?docid=25263&treepath=348,22568,22569,25263 |title=Официальный портал префектуры Южного административного округа города Москвы |trans-title=Official portal of the prefecture of the Southern Administrative District of Moscow |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120202629/http://www.uao.mos.ru/textform.aspx?docid=25263&treepath=348,22568,22569,25263 |archivedate=2012-11-20}}</ref>

A more radical attitude to the holiday in 2009 was expressed by the head of the metropolitan branch of the [[Right Cause]] party, Igor Trunov: "To be honest, I didn't really want to celebrate 1 May, because I don't stand in solidarity with the workers of Chicago, where this holiday came from".<ref>{{cite web |last=Zakatnova |first=Anna |date=2009-04-29 |url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/04/29/pervomay-site-anons.html |title=Москву 1 мая наглухо перекроют около 17 митингов, шествий и демонстраций |trans-title=Moscow on 1 May will be tightly blocked by about 17 rallies, marches and demonstrations |publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |accessdate=2010-08-14 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814223812/http://www.rg.ru/2009/04/29/pervomay-site-anons.html}}</ref>

On 1 May 2013, several hundred thousand workers took to the streets of Russian cities. More than 100,000 people took part in the Labour Day demonstration in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://runews24.ru/society/demonstration-of-1-may.shtml |title=На первомайскую демонстрацию в Москве вышли 100 тыс. человек |work=Runews24 |trans-title=100 thousand people came to the May Day demonstration in Moscow |accessdate=2013-05-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522172100/http://runews24.ru/society/demonstration-of-1-may.shtml |archivedate=2015-05-22}}</ref>

Since 2014 a national civil parade has been held on 1 May on Red Square, with similar events held in major cities and regional capitals.

In 2016, the celebration of Easter and Labour Day overlapped,<ref name="РИА_010516">[http://ria.ru/spravka/20160501/1423389297.html День святой Пасхи] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506111917/http://ria.ru/spravka/20160501/1423389297.html |date=6 May 2016 }} // [[RIA Novosti]], 1 May 2016</ref> which led to the abandonment of Labour Day events in some regions.<ref name="Эхо_210416">[http://echo.msk.ru/news/1751934-echo.html В Калуге отменили первомайское шествие из-за Пасхи] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422041625/http://echo.msk.ru/news/1751934-echo.html |date=22 April 2016 }} // [[Echo of Moscow]], 21 April 2016</ref>

====Serbia====
In Serbia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work and a day out of school. It is one of the major popular holidays, and the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated. People celebrate it all over the country. By tradition 1 May is celebrated by countryside picnics and outdoor barbecues. May is marked by warm weather in Serbia. In [[Belgrade]], the capital, most people go to {{lang|sr|[[Avala]]|italic=no}} or {{lang|sr|[[Košutnjak]]|italic=no}}, which are parks located in {{lang|sr|Rakovica|italic=no}} and {{lang|sr|Čukarica|italic=no}}. People go around the country to enjoy nature. A major religious holiday of {{lang|sr|[[Djurdjevdan]]|italic=no}} is on 6 May so quite often days off work are given to connect these two holidays and weekend, creating a small spring break. 1 May is celebrated by most of the population regardless of political views.

====Slovakia====
In Slovakia, 1 May is an official holiday. Celebrations are held surrounding workers' day but are also connected with the commemoration of the [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|entry of the Slovak Republic into the European Union]] (1 May 2004).<ref>{{cite web |last1=a.s |first1=Petit Press |title=May Day celebrated in style |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20005065/may-day-celebrated-in-style.html |website=spectator.sme.sk |language=en |date=7 May 2007 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016010053/https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20005065/may-day-celebrated-in-style.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Slovenia====
In Slovenia, 1 May and 2 May are public holidays. There are many official events all over the country to celebrate workers' day. In [[Ljubljana]], the capital, the main celebration is held on [[Rožnik (hill)|Rožnik Hill]] in the city. On the night of 30 April, bonfires are traditionally burned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovenia celebrating Labour Day |url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-celebrating-labour-day |website=sloveniatimes.com |date=May 2016 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016010648/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-celebrating-labour-day |url-status=live |author1=w3Bstudio }}</ref>

====Spain====
{{Main|Labor Day in Spain}}

[[File:Manifestacio barcelona primer de maig alternatiu 2009.JPG|thumb|Labor Day rally in [[Barcelona]], Spain]]

In Spain, the first Workers' Day ({{Lang|es|Día del Trabajador}}) was celebrated in 1889 but only became a public holiday with the beginning of the [[Spanish Second Republic]] in 1931. It was banned afterwards by the [[Francoist Spain|Franco regime]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |title=Esta ha sido la evolución del Día del Trabajo en España |url=https://www.revistagq.com/noticias/politica/articulos/evolucion-1-de-mayo-dia-del-trabajo-espana/25991 |website=GQ España |language=es-ES |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140041/https://www.revistagq.com/noticias/politica/articulos/evolucion-1-de-mayo-dia-del-trabajo-espana/25991 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The year after it was decreed that the "Fiesta de la Exaltación del Trabajo," or Labor Festival, be held on 18 July, the anniversary of the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Francoist]] [[Spanish coup of July 1936|military coup]], instead.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Montagut |first1=Eduardo |title=1º de Mayo durante el franquismo |url=https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/primero-mayo-franquismo/20150427101518115189.html |website=Nuevatribuna |date=29 April 2015 |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140040/https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/primero-mayo-franquismo/20150427101518115189.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of [[Francisco Franco]] in 1975 and the move towards democracy, the first large rallies on 1 May began again in 1977. It was re-introduced as a public holiday in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Millán |first1=Agustín |title=Fuerte represión en el primero de mayo de 1977 |url=https://diario16.com/fuerte-represion-primero-mayo-1977/ |website=Diario16 |language=es |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140037/https://diario16.com/fuerte-represion-primero-mayo-1977/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Commonly, peaceful demonstrations and parades occur in major and minor cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labor Day Demonstration |url=https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/events/labor-day-demonstration-2019/ |website=(barcelona-metropolitan.com) |language=en-us |date=25 April 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140039/https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/events/labor-day-demonstration-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thousands join May Day march against corruption in Madrid |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20170501/thousands-march-in-madrid-against-corruption |website=thelocal.es |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140040/https://www.thelocal.es/20170501/thousands-march-in-madrid-against-corruption |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sweden====
[[File:1maj2006soc.dem.sthlm.jpg|thumb|[[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] at International Workers' Day demonstration in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], in 2006. The party has dominated Swedish politics for nearly a century. The [[Swedish Trade Union Confederation|trade union palace]] in Stockholm is seen at the end of the picture.]]

1 May has been an important part of Swedish history since the late 19th century. The day was made a [[public holiday]] in 1938 but had been celebrated by the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] and the [[vänsterpartiet|left]] since 1890. The first International Workers' Day celebration gathered more than 50,000 people in central Stockholm. The crowd went to hear speeches by the leading figures in the [[Swedish labour movement]] such as [[Hjalmar Branting]] (later [[prime minister]]), [[August Palm]] and [[Hinke Bergegren]]. During [[World War I]] the demonstrations mainly had a peace message and the [[Liberal People's Party (Sweden)|Liberal Party]] also joined the demonstrations. The [[8-hour working day|eight-hour working day]] and [[women's suffrage]] were the principal themes during the troubled times after World War I.

Recognizing the central contributions of workers and international worker solidarity in Swedish social, economic, political and cultural development, International Workers' Day demonstrations are an important part of Swedish politics and culture for social democrats and democratic socialists. In Stockholm the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]] always marches towards [[Norra Bantorget]], the historical, physical centre of the Swedish labour movement, where they hold speeches in front of the headquarters of the [[Swedish Trade Union Confederation]], while the smaller [[Vänsterpartiet|Left Party]] marches in larger numbers<ref>[http://storstockholm.vansterpartiet.se/2012/jonas-sjostedt-talar-pa-sveriges-storsta-forsta-maj-firande/ Jonas Sjöstedt talar på Sveriges största första maj-firande {{!}} Vänsterpartiet Storstockholm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501050932/https://storstockholm.vansterpartiet.se/2012/03/15/jonas-sjostedt-talar-pa-sveriges-storsta-forsta-maj-firande/ |date=1 May 2023 }}. Storstockholm.vansterpartiet.se. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> towards [[Kungsträdgården]].

Since 1967, the [[Communist Party (Sweden)|Communist Party]] and its [[youth wing]], [[Revolutionary Communist Youth (Sweden)|Revolutionary Communist Youth]], have held their own International Workers' Day march, known as {{lang|sv|Röd Front}} ('Red Front').<ref>{{cite news |title=Röd Front 40 år |url=http://www.proletaren.se/ledare/rod-front-40-ar |access-date=26 April 2017 |publisher=Proletären |date=24 April 2007 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003926/http://www.proletaren.se/ledare/rod-front-40-ar |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Röd Front marches were held at 33 locations across the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Röd Front 2016 i bilder |url=http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2016/05/rod-front-2016 |website=Kommunistiska Partiet |date=May 2016 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427004136/http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2016/05/rod-front-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest Röd Front marches are usually held in the industrial and financial port town of [[Gothenburg]], Sweden's second-largest city and one of the party's strongholds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Röd Front runt om i landet |url=http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2014/05/rod-front-runt-om-i-landet |website=Kommunistiska Partiet |date=May 2014 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427004226/http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2014/05/rod-front-runt-om-i-landet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rothelius |first1=Lars |title=Röd front 1 maj 2015 |url=http://www.proletaren.se/rod-front-1-maj-2015 |access-date=26 April 2017 |publisher=Proletären |date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100556/http://www.proletaren.se/rod-front-1-maj-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Parade of the May 1 demonstrations (70-ies). (6984904464).jpg|thumb|International Workers' Day in the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]] in the 1970s]]

====Switzerland====
In Switzerland, the status of 1 May differs depending on the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] and sometimes on the municipality. Labour Day is known as {{lang|de|Tag der Arbeit}} in German-speaking cantons, as {{lang|fr|Fête du travail}} in the French-speaking cantons, and as {{lang|it|Festa del lavoro}} in the Italian-speaking canton of {{lang|it|[[Ticino]]|italic=no}}.
* In the cantons of {{lang|de|[[Basel-Landschaft]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Basel-Stadt]]|italic=no}}, [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], {{lang|fr|[[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]]|italic=no}}, and {{lang|de|[[Canton of Zurich|Zürich]]|italic=no}}, Labour Day is an official public holiday equal to Sundays, based on federal law ({{lang|de|Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel}}, article 20a).
* In the cantons of {{lang|de|[[Canton of Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Thurgau]]|italic=no}}, and {{lang|it|Ticino|italic=no}}, Labour Day is an official "day off" ({{lang|de|Ruhetag}}). This is equal in practice to an official public holiday, but is not based on federal law and cantonal regulations may differ in details.
* In the canton of [[Canton of Solothurn|Solothurn]] it is an official half-day holiday (starting at 12 noon).
* In the canton of {{lang|fr|[[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]]|italic=no}}, public servants get the afternoon off, many companies follow this practice.
* In the canton of {{lang|de|[[Aargau]]|italic=no}} it is not an official holiday, but most employees get the afternoon off.
* In the municipalities of {{lang|de|[[Hildisrieden]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|de|[[Schüpfheim]]|italic=no}} (both in the canton of [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]]) as well as in {{lang|de|[[Muotathal]]|italic=no}} (canton of {{lang|de|[[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]]|italic=no}}), 1 May is an official public holiday, but as commemoration day of the local [[patron saint]], not as Labour Day. In the other parts of the cantons of Lucerne and {{lang|de|Schwyz|italic=no}}, 1 May is a regular work day.
* In all other cantons, 1 May is a regular work day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wo der 1. Mai in der Schweiz ein Feiertag ist |url=https://www.t-online.de/leben/familie/id_73457972/wo-der-1-mai-in-der-schweiz-ein-feiertag-ist.html |website=t-online.de |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=6 May 2019 |language=de |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907053226/https://www.t-online.de/leben/familie/id_73457972/wo-der-1-mai-in-der-schweiz-ein-feiertag-ist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The largest Labour Day celebrations in Switzerland are held in the city of {{lang|de|[[Zürich]]|italic=no}}. Each year, {{lang|de|Zürich|italic=no}}'s 1 May committee, together with the [[Swiss Federation of Trade Unions]], organizes a festival and 1 May rally. It is the largest rally held on a regular basis in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |title=1. Mai in Zürich: So viele Teilnehmer wie seit Jahren nicht mehr |url=https://www.nzz.ch/zuerich/1-mai-in-zuerich-so-viele-teilnehmer-wie-seit-jahren-nicht-mehr-ld.1478690 |access-date=6 May 2019 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502203926/https://www.nzz.ch/zuerich/1-mai-in-zuerich-so-viele-teilnehmer-wie-seit-jahren-nicht-mehr-ld.1478690 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Turkey====
[[File:May day clashes in 2013.jpg|thumb|Istanbul May Day clashes in 2013]]
[[File:Istanbul May Day 2012.JPG|thumb|Workers marching to [[Taksim Square]], 1 May 2012]]
1 May is an official holiday celebrated in Turkey. It was a holiday as "Spring Day" until 1981 when it was canceled after the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 coup d'état]]. In 2009, the Turkish government restored the holiday after some casualties and demonstrations. [[Taksim Square]] is the centre of the celebrations due to the [[Taksim Square massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istanbul police confront protesters |url=https://www.dw.com/en/police-confront-may-day-protesters-in-istanbuls-taksim-square/a-38651303 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

Workers' Day was first celebrated in 1912 in [[Istanbul]] and in 1899 in [[İzmir]]. After the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the celebrations continued. In 1924, it was forbidden by a decree of the [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemalist government]] in both 1924 and 1925, demonstrations were intervened by arm floats. In 1935, The National Assembly declared 1 May as "Spring Day" to be a public holiday.<ref name="marksist.com">[http://www.marksist.com/utku_kizilok/isgunu_mucadelesi_ve_1_mayis_in_dogusu.htm İşgünü Mücadelesi ve 1 Mayıs'ın Doğuşu {{!}} sınıf mücadelesinde Marksist Tutum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002434/http://www.marksist.com/utku_kizilok/isgunu_mucadelesi_ve_1_mayis_in_dogusu.htm |date=28 September 2007}}. Marksist.com. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref>

During the events leading to the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, a massacre occurred on 1 May 1977 (Taksim Square massacre), in which unknown people ([[agent provocateur|agents provocateurs]]) opened fire on the crowd. The crowd was the biggest in Turkish workers' history with the number of people approximating 500,000. In the next two years, provocations and confusion continued and peaked before the 1980 coup d'état. The 1 May holiday was cancelled after the coup d'état. Still, demonstrations continued with small crowds, and in 1996, three people were killed by police bullets, and a plain-clothes man who spied in the crowd was revealed and lynched by workers. On the same evening, a video broadcast on TV showed that two participants in the demonstration were lynched by far right-wing nationalist groups and this lynching occurred in front of police forces who were watching the scene with happy faces. Thus, 1 May 1996 has been remembered by workers' movements.<ref name="marksist.com"/>

In 2007, the 30th anniversary of the Taksim Square Massacre, leftist workers' unions wanted to commemorate the massacre in [[Taksim Square]]. Since the government would not let them into the square, 580–700 people were stopped and 1 person died under police control. After these events, the government declared 1 May as "Work and Solidarity Day" but not as a holiday. In the next year, the day was declared as a holiday, but people were still not allowed to gather in Taksim Square.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531134748/http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2009/04/20090427-1.htm Ulusal bayram ve genel tati̇ller hakkında kanunda]. rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr (22 April 2009).</ref> The year 2008 was remembered with police violence in Istanbul. Police fired tear gas grenades among the crowds, and into hospitals and a primary school. Workers pushed forward so that thousands gathered in Taksim in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pearse |first=Damien |date=2011-05-01 |title=May Day protests take place globally |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/02/may-day-protests-world |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

After three years of peaceful meetings in 2013, meetings in Taksim Square were forbidden by the government. Clashes occurred between police and workers; [[water cannon]] and [[tear gas]] have been widely used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/05/01/may-day-clashes-in-turkey/ |title=Clashes mar International Workers' Day in Turkey | euronews, world news |publisher=Euronews.com |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217222252/http://www.euronews.com/2013/05/01/may-day-clashes-in-turkey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Ukraine====
International Workers' Day is a public holiday in Ukraine, inherited from the Soviet era. The 1st May as a day of workers' solidarity in Kyiv began as early as 1894.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kp.ua/kiev/392092-kyevskyi-pervomai|title=История современности: в Киеве Первомай отмечают с 1894 года|website=kp.ua|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206235358/https://kp.ua/kiev/392092-kyevskyi-pervomai|url-status=live}}</ref> Until 2018, 2 May was also a public holiday (as in the Soviet era), instead in 2017 [[Western Christianity]]'s [[Christmas]] celebrated 25 December became a new Ukrainian public holiday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.digitaljournal.com/news/world/ukraine-seeks-distance-from-moscow-with-new-christmas-holiday/article/507753|title=Ukraine seeks distance from Moscow with new Christmas holiday|website=m.digitaljournal.com|date=16 November 2017|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065016/http://m.digitaljournal.com/news/world/ukraine-seeks-distance-from-moscow-with-new-christmas-holiday/article/507753|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBCU42008437b">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-42008437|script-title=uk:Рада зробила 25 грудня вихідним днем|date=16 November 2017|work=BBC Україна|access-date=16 November 2017|language=uk|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230065213/http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-42008437|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1 May International Workers' Day remained a Ukrainian public holiday, although it was renamed (also in 2017) from "Day of International Solidarity of Workers" to "Labour Day".<ref name="BBCU42008437b"/>

In 2015, the [[Communist Party of Ukraine|Communist Party's]] Labor Day rallies were banned in [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]].<ref>"[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-court-bans-communist-march-rally-on-may-1-387066.html Kharkiv court bans Communist march, rally on May 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427231514/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-court-bans-communist-march-rally-on-may-1-387066.html |date=27 April 2015 }}". [[Kyiv Post]]. 24 April 2015.</ref>

Late May 2015 [[Decommunization in Ukraine|laws that ban communist symbols]] came into effect in Ukraine, thus banning communist symbols, singing the Soviet national hymn or the Internationale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/21/ukraine-bans-soviet-symbols-criminalises-sympathy-for-communism |title=Ukraine bans Soviet symbols and criminalises sympathy for communism |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222123954/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/21/ukraine-bans-soviet-symbols-criminalises-sympathy-for-communism |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Interior Minister [[Arsen Avakov]] during the 2016 International Workers' Day rallies in some major cities the number of [[National Police of Ukraine|police officers]] far outnumbered the number of rally participants.<ref name="mptrmd16U"/> With in [[Dnipro]] 193 policemen protecting 25 rally participants.<ref name="mptrmd16U">{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7107361/ Avakov: "May Day rallies" passed without incident and noise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504164446/http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7107361/ |date=4 May 2016 }}, [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (1 May 2016)</ref>

====United Kingdom====
A public bank holiday in the [[United Kingdom]] was created in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of May Day |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/discover/history/the-history-of-may-day |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=National Trust |language=en}}</ref> It is called the "Early May bank holiday" and is held on the first Monday in May each year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Early May bank holiday opening times for Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda and Aldi |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/may-day-bank-holiday-supermarket-opening-times-b2069684.html |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UK bank holidays">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=UK bank holidays |url=https://www.gov.uk/bank-holidays |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

===Oceania===
====Australia====
{{See also|Labour Day#Australia}}
[[File:Labourday1.jpg|thumb|The Labour Day March in [[Brisbane, Queensland]], is the largest rally in [[Australia]].]]
While unofficial activities and commemorations associated with International Workers' Day occur on 1 May in Australia, [[Labour Day]] in the various states and territories generally falls on other days. In the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Queensland]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day / May Day: 4-6 May 2024 |url=https://ieuqnt.org.au/labourday/#:~:text=In%201901%20the%20first%20Monday,in%20May%20of%20each%20year. |website=[[Independent Education Union of Australia]] |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> In Australia, one of the first Labour Day marches occurred in Queensland on 1 May 1891.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/arabic/en/article/2017/05/01/when-did-australia-first-celebrate-labour-day|title=When did Australia first celebrate Labour Day?|website=SBS Your Language|language=en|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501155407/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/arabic/en/article/2017/05/01/when-did-australia-first-celebrate-labour-day|url-status=live}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
[[New Zealand]] workers were among the first in the world to claim the right for an eight-hour working day when, in 1840, the carpenter [[Samuel Duncan Parnell|Samuel Parnell]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/samuel-parnell|title=Samuel Parnell {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174246/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/samuel-parnell|url-status=live}}</ref> won an eight-hour day in [[Wellington]]. Labour Day was first celebrated in New Zealand on 28 October 1890.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/labour-day|title=Labour Day {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174229/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/labour-day|url-status=live}}</ref> Labour Day falls every year on the fourth Monday of October.

===South Asia===
====Bangladesh====
In Bangladesh, 1 May is a public holiday and called International Workers' Solidarity Day. A parade and other events are held on the day to commemorate the occasion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Historic May Day being observed across the country |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/05/01/historic-may-day-being-observed-across-the-country |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504124212/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/05/01/historic-may-day-being-observed-across-the-country |url-status=live }}</ref>

====India====
[[File:Triumph of Labour at Marina Beach.jpg|thumb|''[[Triumph of Labour]]'' at the [[Marina Beach]] in [[Chennai]]]]
In India, Labour Day is a not a public holiday on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/holidaymatrixdisplay.aspx |title=Holidays – Reserve Bank of India |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032040/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/holidaymatrixdisplay.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The International Workers' Day is tied to labour movements for communist and socialist political parties. Labour Day is known as "Uzhaipalar dhinam" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and was first celebrated in [[Chennai|Madras]], "Kamgar Din" in [[Hindi]], "Karmikara Dinacharane" in [[Kannada]], "Karmika Dinotsavam" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], "Kamgar Divas" in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], "Thozhilaali Dinam" in [[Malayalam]] and "Shromik Dibosh" in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Since Labour day is not a national holiday, Labour day is observed as public holiday at [[State governments of India|State Government]]'s discretion. Many parts especially in [[North India|North Indian States]] it is not a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-you-may-or-may-not-have-worked-on-may-day/article18347887.ece |title=Why you may (or may not) have worked on May Day |author=Somesh Jha |date=1 May 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501111453/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-you-may-or-may-not-have-worked-on-may-day/article18347887.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first celebration in [[India]] was organized in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) by the [[Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan]] on 1 May 1923.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singaravelar.com/achievements.htm |title=Achievements |publisher=Singaravelar |access-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421062618/http://www.singaravelar.com/achievements.htm |archive-date=21 April 2011 }}</ref> This was also the first time the [[red flag (politics)|red flag]] was used in India.<ref name="rao1">M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 110</ref> The party leader [[Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar|Singaravelu Chettiar]] made arrangements to celebrate International Workers' Day in two places in 1923. One meeting was held at the beach opposite to the [[Madras High Court]]; the other meeting was held at the [[Triplicane]] beach. ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper, published from Madras reported,<ref>Report of May Day Celebrations 1923, and Formation of a New Party ''The Hindu'' quoted in Murugesan, K., Subramanyam, C.S. ''Singaravelu, First Communist in South India''. [[New Delhi]]: People's Publishing House, 1975. p. 169</ref>

<blockquote>The Labour Kisan party has introduced May Day celebrations in Madras. Comrade Singaravelar presided over the meeting. A resolution was passed stating that the government should declare May Day as a holiday. The president of the party explained the non-violent principles of the party. There was a request for financial aid. It was emphasised that workers of the world must unite to achieve independence.</blockquote>

1 May is also celebrated as "[[Maharashtra Day]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/01/india-observes-international-labor-day/ |title=India Observes International Labor Day – India Real Time |publisher=Wall Street Journal (Blogs.wsj.com) |date=1 May 2012 |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221010/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/01/india-observes-international-labor-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and "[[Gujarat Day]]" to mark the date in 1960, when the two western states attained statehood after the erstwhile [[Bombay State]] was divided on linguistic lines. Maharashtra Day is held at [[Shivaji]] Park in central [[Mumbai]]. Schools and offices in Maharashtra remain closed on 1 May. A similar parade is held to celebrate [[Gujarat Day]] in [[Gandhinagar]].

[[Vaiko]] (Vai Gopalsamy), General Secretary of [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], appealed to the then Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] to declare 1 May as a national holiday, to which the PM heeded and from then on it became a national holiday to celebrate International Labour Day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Worker's Day on May 1st: Why do we celebrate this occasion? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/international-workers-day-on-may-1st-why-do-we-celebrate-this-occasion |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

====Maldives====
[[Maldives]] first observed the holiday in 2011, after a declaration by [[President of the Maldives|President]] [[Mohamed Nasheed]]. He noted that this move highlighted the government's commitment as well as efforts of private parties to protect and promote workers' rights in the Maldives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haveeru.com.mv/english/details/36099/Maldives_declares_Labour_Day_a_public_holiday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430003045/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/english/details/36099/Maldives_declares_Labour_Day_a_public_holiday |archive-date=30 April 2011 |title=Haveeru Online – Maldives declares Labour Day a public holiday |publisher=Haveeru.com.mv |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>

====Nepal====
International Workers' Day has been celebrated in [[Nepal]] since 1963.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021107112118/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2002/april/arc379.htm "113th May Day being observed today"]. Nepal news.com (April 2002).</ref> The day became a public holiday in 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021107112118/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/may/may01/news09.php May Day being observed across the country]. Nepal news.com (1 May 2008). It is known as Majdoor Diwas in Nepal</ref>

====Pakistan====
International Labour Day is observed in Pakistan on 1 May to commemorate the social and economic achievements of workers. It is a public and national holiday. Many organized street demonstrations take place on Labour Day (also known as Youm-e-Mazdoor) in which workers and labour unions protest against labour repression and demand more rights, better wages and benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Labour Day |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/311118-the-labour-day |website=thenews.com.pk |date=May 2018 |language=en |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715193530/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/311118-the-labour-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
In Sri Lanka, International Workers' Day was declared a public, bank, and mercantile holiday in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bopage |first1=Lionel |title=Sri Lanka: May Day and workers' rights |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/Sri-Lanka--May-Day-and-workers--rights/4-653917 |publisher=Daily FT |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906141019/http://www.ft.lk/columns/Sri-Lanka--May-Day-and-workers--rights/4-653917 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rallies are held in the capital, [[Colombo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=May Day 2017 around the world |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/2017/05/01/may-day-2017-around-the-world/101153646/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Southeast Asia===
====Cambodia====
In Cambodia, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Leave Laws, Paid Vacation, Holidays Entitlement in Cambodia |url=https://prake.org/labour-law/work-and-holiday |website=Prake.org |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en-kh |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501163705/https://prake.org/labour-law/work-and-holiday |url-status=live }}</ref> No marches for labour day were permitted in Cambodia for several years after the [[2013 Cambodian general election]] and surrounding mass protests. A tightly controlled march on a limited scale was first permitted again in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds march in Cambodia's capital to mark Labour Day after ban lifted |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/hundreds-march-in-cambodias-capital-to-mark-labour-day-after-ban-lifted |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Straits Times |date=1 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507163339/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/hundreds-march-in-cambodias-capital-to-mark-labour-day-after-ban-lifted |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Indonesia====
[[File:Protest march in Jakarta, Indonesia - 20070501.jpg|thumb|[[Anarchism in Indonesia|Anarchist]]s demonstration in Jakarta, 2007]]
International Workers' Day, or Labour Day, in [[Indonesia]] was first observed by ''Kung Tang Hwee'' labour union in Semarang on 1918. The organizations such as [[Sarekat Islam]], [[Boedi Oetomo]], and Insulinde also took parts on strike that day through ''Radicale Concentratie'' alliance. But in 1927 the celebrations banned by the [[Dutch East Indies]] colonial government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yulianti |first=Tya Eka |title=Ada Tragedi di Balik May Day, Ini Sejarah Hari Buruh 1 Mei |url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/jabar-gaskeun/d-7894140/ada-tragedi-di-balik-may-day-ini-sejarah-hari-buruh-1-mei |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=detikjabar |language=id-ID}}</ref>

After independence, the 1 May Labour Day was observed again from 1946, with [[Soekarno]], the first president of the Republic, always attending the celebration. Two years later, he signed Law No. 12 of 1948 concerning workers' rights. The [[Soeharto]] [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] regime banned Labour Day celebrations again from 1967 because of the day's association with Marxist and communist movements. The regime changed Labour Day to 20 February from 1973, marking the day on which all labour unions were merged by the government into the All Indonesian Federation of Workers (now [[Confederation of All Indonesian Workers' Unions]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Darmawan |first1=Aditya Priyatna |last2=Pratiwi |first2=Inten Esti |date=2025-05-01 |title=Hari Buruh di Indonesia, Disambut Soekarno, Dihapus Soeharto, Dikembalikan Habibie dan SBY |url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2025/05/01/050000765/hari-buruh-di-indonesia-disambut-soekarno-dihapus-soeharto-dikembalikan?page=2 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Kompas.com |language=id-ID}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Suharto|fall of the New Order]], the day began celebrated again as a day for protests by labourers and workers. The day was officially made a public holiday in 2014. Every year on the day, labourers and students take over the streets in major cities across the country, voicing their demands for better income and supportive policies from the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/01/workers-need-more-a-holiday-may-day-unions.html |title=Workers need more than a holiday on May Day: Unions |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221032/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/01/workers-need-more-a-holiday-may-day-unions.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Malaysia====
[[Malaysia]] began observing the holiday in 1972 following an announcement by the late [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister]], [[Ismail Abdul Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayahistory.blogspot.com/2008/05/commemorating-labour-day-in-malaysia.html|title=Commemorating Labour Day in Malaysia|date=1 May 2008|work=Malaya History|access-date=6 September 2010|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501194747/http://malayahistory.blogspot.com/2008/05/commemorating-labour-day-in-malaysia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Myanmar====
In Myanmar, 1 May is known as Labour Day ({{langx|my|အလုပ်သမားနေ့}}) and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Myanmar celebrates May Day |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_212171/lang--en/index.htm |language=en |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501195728/https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_212171/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Philippines====
1 May is known as "Labor Day" ({{langx|fil|Araw ng Manggagawa}}, also known as ''Araw ng Paggawa'') and is a [[public holiday in the Philippines]]. On this day, labour organizations and unions hold protests in major cities. On 1 May 1903, during the [[American Colonial Period of the Philippines|American colonial period]] the {{lang|es|[[Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina]]}} (Filipino Democratic Labor Union) held a rally in front of the [[Malacañang Palace]] demanding workers' economic rights and Philippine independence. In 1908, the [[Philippine Assembly]] passed a bill officially recognizing 1 May as a national holiday. In 1913, the first official celebration was held on 1 May 1913 when 36 labour unions convened for a congress in [[Manila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PH's 121st Labor Day: How the day for workers was established |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/1/ph-s-121st-labor-day-how-the-day-for-workers-was-established |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Manila Bulletin |date=May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501185435/https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/1/ph-s-121st-labor-day-how-the-day-for-workers-was-established |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]], a policy was adopted called [[public holidays in the Philippines#"Holiday Economics"|holiday economics]] policy that moved holidays to either a Monday or a Friday to create a [[long weekend]] of three days. In 2002, Labor Day was moved to the Monday nearest to 1 May. Labour groups protested, as they accused the Arroyo administration of belittling the holiday.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1lg1AAAAIBAJ&dq=labor-day%20holiday-economics&pg=1890%2C4586998 |title=Gloria draws flak on holidays |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=12 April 2002 |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120054318/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1lg1AAAAIBAJ&dq=labor-day%20holiday-economics&pg=1890%2C4586998 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2008, Labor Day was excluded in the holiday economics policy, returning the commemorations to 1 May, no matter what day of the week it falls on.<ref name=GMGApr2008>{{cite news |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/89276/news/nation/may-1-not-covered-by-holiday-economics |title=May 1 not covered by 'holiday economics' |work=GMA News Online |date=14 April 2008 |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909005500/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/89276/news/nation/may-1-not-covered-by-holiday-economics |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Singapore====
In Singapore, it is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heng Swee Keat to speak at May Day Rally |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/heng-swee-keat-to-speak-at-may-day-rally |website=The Straits Times |language=en |date=29 April 2019 |last1=Seow |first1=Joanna |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501162854/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/heng-swee-keat-to-speak-at-may-day-rally |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]], who is the leader of the ruling [[People's Action Party]], gives a Labour Day Rally championing the [[tripartism|tripartite relationship]] between government, employers, and employees.

====Thailand====
In Thailand, the day is known in English as National Labour Day, and is one of 17 official [[public holidays in Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 |url=https://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialInstitutions/FIholiday/Pages/2019.aspx |website=bot.or.th |language=en |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501163040/https://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialInstitutions/FIholiday/Pages/2019.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Vietnam ====
In Vietnam, it is known as International Labour Day ({{langx|vi|Ngày Quốc tế Lao động}}) and is a public holiday.<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động">{{cite web|url= https://www.archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/nguoi-lao-dong-viet-nam-duoc-nghi-ngay-1-5-tu-bao-gio.htm|title= Người lao động Việt Nam được nghỉ ngày 1.5 từ bao giờ?|date= 21 January 2018|access-date= 4 February 2022|author= Nguyễn Thu Hoài|publisher= Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) - Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam).|language= vi|archive-date= 16 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220716202717/https://www.archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/nguoi-lao-dong-viet-nam-duoc-nghi-ngay-1-5-tu-bao-gio.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> It was first adopted by the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] on the 11th day of the 9th month of the 16th year of the [[Bảo Đại]] Emperor (30 October 1941) by imperial decree.<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/> Later on 29 April 1946 President [[Hồ Chí Minh]] issued {{Lang|vi|Sắc lệnh số 56}} (Decree No. 56) which adopted the holiday for the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]].<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/>

According to the decree "workers in public offices, private offices and factories throughout the country are entitled to a day off from work. International Labour 1.5 and still receive the same salary as a working day...".<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/> On 1 May 1946 the first International Labour Day of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was held.<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/>

===West Asia===
====Bahrain====
In Bahrain, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahrain Bourse {{!}} Official Holidays |url=https://www.bahrainbourse.com/holidays |website=bahrainbourse.com |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501200344/https://www.bahrainbourse.com/holidays |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Iran====
In [[Iran]], 1 May is known as the International Workers' Day. It is not a public holiday but according to article 63 of [[Iranian labour law]] on top of the official public holidays observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Labour Day shall be considered an official holiday for workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/21843/64830/E90IRN01.HTM#c3|title=Islamic Republic of Iran. Labour Code|website=ilo.org|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918093742/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/21843/64830/E90IRN01.HTM#c3|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Iraq====
In [[Iraq]], it is known as the International Workers' Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraqi top officials vow to support workers on Labor Day – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/01/c_138027680.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501153434/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/01/c_138027680.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2019 |website=xinhuanet.com}}</ref>

====Israel====
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 2571 May First demonstration הפגנת אחד במאי.JPG|thumb|Labour Day march in Israel, 1 May 2007]]

After historically varying popularity of Labour Day, 1 May is not an official holiday in the [[State of Israel]]. In the 1980s there were several large marches in Tel Aviv, numbering as much as 350,000 in 1983 and perhaps even more in 1988, but a steady decline in numbers led to only 5,000 marchers in 2010. During the 1990s businesses began to treat it like a regular working day as the number of Labour Day-related activities decreased.<ref>{{cite news |last= Gilad |first= Elon |title= The Rise and Fall of Israel's May Day |url= https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-05-01/ty-article/.premium/the-rise-and-fall-of-israels-may-day/0000017f-f63a-d460-afff-ff7e8a740000 |access-date= 7 May 2019 |newspaper= Haaretz |date= 1 May 2019 |language= en |archive-date= 7 May 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190507164748/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-rise-and-fall-of-israel-s-may-day-1.7187463 |url-status= live }}</ref>

====Jordan====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jordan marks Labour Day |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-marks-labour-day-0 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=Jordan Times |date=30 April 2018 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507170556/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-marks-labour-day-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Lebanon====
1 May known as the Workers' Day and is a public holiday. Left-wing parties and workers' unions organize marches on 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Workers march against corruption for Labor Day |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/May-01/482235-workers-march-against-corruption-for-labor-day.ashx |work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501192140/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/May-01/482235-workers-march-against-corruption-for-labor-day.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Palestine====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=In the International Labour Day, National Society for Democracy and Law (NSDL) calls for providing the unemployed category with a decent life |work=The National Society for Democracy and Law |date=May 2014 |url=https://www.nsdl.org.ps/site/en/?p=1317 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501201642/https://www.nsdl.org.ps/site/en/?p=1317 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mne.gov.ps/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=4&tabid=9&lng=1|title=وزارة الاقتصاد الوطني|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021071222/http://mne.gov.ps/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=4&tabid=9&lng=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iug.ps/bitstream/handle/20.500.12358/19409/file_1.pdf|website=www.iug.ps|access-date=2 May 2021|title=A Study to Establish Traffic Statistical Records in Gaza City, Palestine|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016182511/http://www.iug.ps/bitstream/handle/20.500.12358/19409/file_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Yemen====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=al-Sabbagh |first1=Hazem |title=International Workers' Day marked with central event at Opera House |url=https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=76070 |website=Syrian Arab News Agency |date=1 May 2016 |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501054226/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=76070 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Official observation by country and territory ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Country/Territory
!International Workers' Day / Labour Day [[public holiday]] on 1 May
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Andorra}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Angola}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{No X|No (date varies by state/territory)}}
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Bahamas}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Barbados}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Belize}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Benin}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Burundi}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|{{No X|No (first Monday in September)}}
|-
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Central African Republic}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Djibouti}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|East Timor}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Eritrea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|{{maybe|[[Public holidays in Estonia|Spring Day]] ({{lang|et|Kevadpüha}}) public holiday on 1 May}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National, public and school holidays |url=https://www.eesti.ee/eraisik/en/artikkel/republic-of-estonia/republic-of-estonia/national-public-and-school-holidays |website=Estonian State Portal |publisher=[[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications]] |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Eswatini}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{maybe|[[May Day]] ({{lang|fi|[[Vappu]]}}) public holiday on 1 May}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Flag days, holidays, and other significant dates in Finland |url=https://esnlpr.fi/articles/flag-days-in-finland/ |website=[[Erasmus Student Network]] - [[Lappeenranta]] |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Gabon}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Gambia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Grenada}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guyana}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Haiti}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Jamaica}}
|{{No X|No (23 May)}}
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{No X|No (23 November)}}
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|{{No X|No (Kazakhstan People's Unity Day celebrated instead; Labour Day falls on last Sunday in September)}}
|-
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kiribati}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Liberia}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Libya}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Liechtenstein}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Malawi}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mali}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Malta}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mauritania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Nauru}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{No X|No (fourth Monday in October)}}
|-
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|North Korea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Palestine}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Suriname}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Togo}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|{{No X|No (19 June)}}
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Tuvalu}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{maybe|Early May bank holiday on first Monday in May}}<ref name="UK bank holidays"/>
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{No X|No (first Monday in September)}}
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Vatican City}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Zambia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|{{Yes C}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Organized labour|Communism|Socialism|Holidays}}
* [[Workers' Memorial Day]]
* [[Pervomaysky (disambiguation)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip Sheldon|author-link=Philip S. Foner |title=May day: a short history of the international workers' holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/index.htm May Day Archive] at the [[Marxists Internet Archive]]
* [https://www.litakelley.com/blog/boston-may-day-coalition-international-workers-day-rally-march/ Boston May Day Coalition International Workers' Day Rally & March ]

{{Public holidays in Algeria}}
{{Public holidays in China}}
{{Public holidays in North Korea}}
{{Public holidays in South Korea}}
{{Public holidays in the Philippines}}
{{Russia Holidays}}
{{Ukraine Holidays}}
{{Public holidays in Vietnam}}
{{Haymarket affair}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

[[Category:May Day protests]]
[[Category:History of anarchism]]
[[Category:Labour movement]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Trade unions]]
[[Category:Protests]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalism]]
[[Category:Industrial Workers of the World]]
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Social democracy]]
[[Category:Democratic socialism]]
[[Category:National days in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Russia]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Sweden]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Public holidays in China]]
[[Category:Labour days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Uruguay]]
[[Category:Finnish flag flying days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Finland]]
[[Category:German flag flying days]]
[[Category:Norwegian flag flying days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Norway]]
[[Category:Public holidays in South Africa]]
[[Category:Swedish flag flying days]]
[[Category:Second International]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Morocco]]

International Workers' Day

2026-09-28T06:10:50Z

Idea: by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Workers%27_Day&action=history

{{short description|Annual celebration of workers and the labour movement}}
{{about|the labour holiday|the traditional European spring holiday|May Day|other labour-related holidays|Labour Day (disambiguation)}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=International Workers' Day|timestamp=20260910123728|year=2026|month=September|day=10|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=merging|target=Labour Day}}


{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = International Workers' Day
| type = International (95 countries)
| image = 1.Mai 2013 (8697603319).jpg
| caption = 2013 International Workers’ Day demonstration in Austria
| official_name = International Workers’ Day
| nickname = [[Labour Day]]; May Day
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| significance = Commemorate the [[Haymarket affair]] in Chicago, 1886
| date = 1 May, or First Monday in May
| celebrations = Various, depending on the country; mostly [[parade]]s, [[marching|marches]], [[barbecue]]s
| relatedto = {{hlist | [[Labor Day]] (United States) | [[Labour Day (Canada)]] | [[Labor Thanksgiving Day]] (Japan) }}
| firsttime = 1 May 1890 ({{age in years and days|1890|5|1}})
}}

'''International Workers' Day''', also called '''Labour Day''' in some countries<ref name=GMGApr2008/> and often referred to as '''May Day''',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rothman|first1=Lily|title=The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers|url=https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/|access-date=2 May 2017|magazine=Time|publisher=Time Magazine|date=1 May 2017|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628180755/https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Grant|first1=Jordan|title=May 1st Day: America's traditional, radical, complicated holiday|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/may-day-americas-traditional-radical-complicated-holiday-part-1|website=The National Museum of American History|date=28 April 2016|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501211426/https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/may-day-americas-traditional-radical-complicated-holiday-part-1|url-status=live}}</ref> is a celebration of [[Wage labour|labourers]], the [[labour movement]] and the [[working class]] that is marked every year on 1 May,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Brief Origins of May Day|url=http://www.iww.org/history/library/misc/origins_of_mayday|work=IWW Historical Archives|publisher=Industrial Workers of the World|access-date=2 May 2014|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107083753/https://www.iww.org/history/library/misc/origins_of_mayday|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Foner /> or the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Penguin Encyclopedia |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=860 |quote=Labour / Labor Day A day of celebration, public demonstrations, and parades by trade unions and labour organizations, held in many countries on 1 May or theheld in many countries on 1 May or the first Monday in May}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labour Day 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/happy-labour-day-2024-best-wishes-messages-quotes-whatsapp-and-facebook-status-to-share-on-may-day-labour-day-wishes/articleshow/109737799.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2024 |quote=International Workers' Day, which is also called Labour Day or May Day, is celebrated in many countries ... In India, Labour Day or May Day is celebrated on May 1 every year; while some countries mark this on the first Monday in May.}}</ref>

Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European [[Spring (season)|spring]] festival of [[May Day]]. The [[International Workers Congresses of Paris, 1889|International Workers Congress]] held in Paris in 1889 established the [[Second International]] for labor, socialist, and Marxist parties. It adopted a resolution for a "great international demonstration" in support of working-class demands for the [[eight-hour day]]. The date was chosen by the [[American Federation of Labor]] to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in the [[Haymarket affair]] on 4 May. The demonstration subsequently became a yearly event.<ref name=Foner /> The 1904 [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904|Sixth Conference of the Second International]], called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the [[proletariat]], and for [[world peace|universal peace]]".<ref name=Lunacharsky />

The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a national [[public holiday]] in many countries, in most cases known as "International Workers' Day" or a similar name. Some countries celebrate a [[Labour Day]] on other dates significant to them, such as the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], which celebrate [[Labor Day]] on the first Monday of September.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=International Labour Day 2021: Theme, Quotes, History, Significance|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/international-labor-day/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221112706/https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/international-labor-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1955, the [[Catholic Church]] dedicated 1 May to "[[Saint Joseph]] the Worker". Replacing another feast of St. Joseph, this date was chosen by [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955 as a counterpoint to the communist International Workers' Day celebrations on May Day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Saint Joseph {{!}} Biography, Holy Family, Tradition, Scripture, & Feast Day {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Joseph#ref1133736 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Saint Joseph is the [[patron saint]] of workers and craftsmen, among others.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Saint Joseph" />
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Origin==
Labor celebration days have existed in some European countries since the end of the 18th century<ref name="Ferrand">[[Franck Ferrand]], « L'histoire du 1er mai» on [http://www.europe1.fr/mediacenter/emissions/au-coeur-de-l-histoire/sons/l-integrale-l-histoire-du-1er-mai-1502275 ''europe1.fr''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430182634/http://www.europe1.fr/mediacenter/emissions/au-coeur-de-l-histoire/sons/l-integrale-l-histoire-du-1er-mai-1502275 |date=30 April 2018 }}, May 1st 2013.</ref> – sometimes on January 20th (France, 1793)<ref>See the [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Rapport_sur_le_calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain|Rapport sur le calendrier républicain] on French Wikisource.</ref> or on June 5th (France, 1867).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Maurice Dommanget |date=1972 |page=368 |publisher=Éd. de la Tête de feuilles |title=Histoire du premier mai}}.</ref>

On 21 April 1856, Australian [[stonemasons]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] undertook a mass stoppage as part of the [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workday]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monumentaustralia.org/themes/culture/social/display/32235-eight-hour-day-monument|title=Eight Hour Day Monument | Monument Australia|website=www.monumentaustralia.org.au|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513124232/https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/32235-eight-hour-day-monument|url-status=live}}</ref> It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2016/05/may-day-rosa-luxemburg-haymarket|title=What Are the Origins of May Day?|website=jacobinmag.com|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411094528/https://jacobinmag.com/2016/05/may-day-rosa-luxemburg-haymarket/|url-status=live}}</ref> 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 [[Haymarket affair]] in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/ |title=The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=1 May 2017 |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628180755/https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.ugt.org/ugtpordentro/historia1demayo.htm#LOS+HECHOS|title=UGT: La Historia del 1º de Mayo|website=portal.ugt.org|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621040038/http://portal.ugt.org/ugtpordentro/historia1demayo.htm#LOS+HECHOS|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/571.html|title=Haymarket and May Day|website=www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-date=7 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707115804/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/571.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as a [[miscarriage of justice]].<ref name='the bomb'>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here |access-date=30 December 2017 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621035940/http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|I saw a man, whom I afterwards identified as Fielding{{sic}}, standing on a truck wagon at the corner of what is known as Crane's Alley. I raised my baton and, in a loud voice, ordered them to disperse as peaceable citizens. I also called upon three persons in the crowd to assist in dispersing the mob. Fielding got down from the wagon, saying at the time, "We are peaceable," as he uttered the last word, I heard a terrible explosion behind where I was standing, followed almost instantly by an irregular volley of pistol shots in our front and from the sidewalk on the east side of the street, which was immediately followed by regular and well directed volleys from the police and which was kept up for several minutes. I then ordered the injured men brought to the stations and sent for surgeons to attend to their injuries. After receiving the necessary attention most of the injured officers were removed to the County Hospital and I highly appreciate the manner in which they were received by Warden McGarrigle who did all in his power to make them comfortable as possible.<ref name='William Ward, Capt. 3rd Prect report'>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/manuscripts/m03/M03.htm#M03P060 |title=Letter from Captain William Ward to Inspector John Bonfield |access-date=30 December 2017 |last=Ward |first=William |date=24 May 1886 |work=Haymarket Affair Digital Collection |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621041107/http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/manuscripts/m03/M03.htm#M03P060 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The following day on 5 May, in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], the [[Wisconsin National Guard|state militia]] fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinlaborhistory.org/resources/bay-view|title=Bay View Tragedy|date=6 November 2009|website=Wisconsin Labor History Society|language=en-US|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502041345/https://www.wisconsinlaborhistory.org/resources/bay-view/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Walter-crane-1889-solidiarty-of-labour.jpg|thumb|upright|1889 design by [[Walter Crane]] celebrating International Workers' Day]]
In 1889, the first [[International Workers Congresses of Paris, 1889|meeting]] of the [[Second International]] was held in [[Paris]], following a proposal by {{ill|Raymond Lavigne (syndicalist)|lt=Raymond Lavigne|fr|Raymond Lavigne (syndicaliste)}} that called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.<ref name=Foner>{{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip S. |author-link=Philip S. Foner |title= May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |year=1986 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/41 41–43] }}</ref> On 1 May 1890, demonstrations took place in the United States and most countries in Europe.<ref name="andy">{{cite journal |last1=McInerney |first1=Andy |title=May Day, The Worker's Day, born in the struggle for the eight-hour day |journal=The Constitution |date=June 2003 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=92–100 |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA15955753_276 |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621040015/https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA15955753_276 |url-status=live }}</ref> Demonstrations were also held in Chile and Peru.<ref name="andy" /> International Workers' Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International's [[International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels, 1891|second congress]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip S. |author-link=Philip S. Foner |title= May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |year=1986 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/65 65] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hobsbawm |first1=Eric |author-link1=Eric Hobsbawm |title=Birth of a Holiday: The First of May - Eric Hobsbawm |url=https://libcom.org/history/birth-holiday-first-may |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=libcom.org |date=10 Jul 2009 |language=en |quote=In fact, the question was to be formally discussed at the Brussels International Socialist Congress of 1891, with the British and Germans opposing the French and Austrians on this point, and being outvoted. |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621040021/https://libcom.org/history/birth-holiday-first-may |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, the [[May Day riots of 1894]] occurred. The [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904]] called on "all [[Social Democratic Party]] organisations and [[trade union]]s of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace."<ref name=Lunacharsky /> The congress made it "mandatory upon the [[proletarian]] organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers."<ref name=Lunacharsky>''From the diary of [[Anatoly Lunacharsky|Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky]]; 1 May 1918; Petrograd''</ref>

In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or [[Labour Day]], was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, [[Matthew Maguire (labor activist)|Matthew Maguire]], a [[machinist]], first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September{{refn|group=nb|"In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed"<ref name="labordept">{{cite web |url= http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/laborday.htm |title= United States Department of Labor: The History of Labor Day |access-date= 2 September 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110903051707/http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/laborday.htm |archive-date= 3 September 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>}} while serving as secretary of the [[Central Labor Union]] (CLU) of New York.<ref name="labordept" /> Others argue that it was first proposed by [[Peter J. McGuire]] of the [[American Federation of Labor]] in May 1882,<ref name="Bridgemens1921">{{cite book|title=The Bridgemen's magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443|access-date=4 September 2011|year=1921|publisher=International Association of Bridge. Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers|pages=443–44|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501050929/https://books.google.com/books?id=bIFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443|url-status=live}}</ref> after witnessing the annual [[Labour Day#Canada (country)|labour festival]] held in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]].<ref name="origins">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/origins-of-labour-day-feature|title=The Canadian Encyclopedia: Origins of Labour Day|access-date=5 September 2011|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028085442/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/origins-of-labour-day-feature/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1887, [[Oregon]] was the first state of the United States to make it an official [[public holiday]]. By the time it became an official [[federal holiday]] in 1894, thirty [[US state]]s officially celebrated Labor Day.<ref name="Bridgemens1921" /> Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September,<ref name="Knights of Labor">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082656/http://progressivehistorians.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=2041 Knights of Labor]. Progressive Historians (3 September 2007).</ref> not on 1 May.

[[File:IICCR G005 May 1st rally in Bucharest.jpg|thumb|left|A 1 May rally in [[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], 1967]]

International Workers' Day has also been a focal point for [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstrations]] by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups since the Second International. It is one of the most important holidays in communist countries such as [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Cuba]], [[Laos]], [[North Korea]], and the former [[Soviet Union]] countries. Celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers.

In 1955, the [[Catholic Church]] dedicated 1 May to "[[Saint Joseph]] the Worker". Saint Joseph is the [[patron saint]] of workers and craftsmen, among others.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Lori |first1=William E. |title=Celebrating St. Joseph the Worker - and all workers |url=https://catholicreview.org/celebrating-st-joseph-the-worker-and-all-workers/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=[[The Catholic Review]] |date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513124231/https://catholicreview.org/celebrating-st-joseph-the-worker-and-all-workers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name='Saint Joseph'>{{cite web|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-joseph/|title=Saint Joseph|date=28 November 2008|access-date=5 July 2010|archive-date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307035229/http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-joseph/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Today, the majority of countries around the world celebrate a workers' day on 1 May.

===Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc under socialist governments===
[[File:RIAN archive 697507 May 1st demonstration in Moscow.jpg|thumb|upright|International Workers' Day rally in [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]], 1960]]
[[Eastern Bloc]] countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and [[eastern Europe]] that were under the rule of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] governments held official Workers' Day celebrations in every town and city, during which party leaders greeted the crowds. Workers carried banners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular socialist country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party. During the [[Cold War]], International Workers' Day became the occasion for large [[military parade]]s in [[Red Square]] by the [[Soviet Union]] and attended by the top leaders of the [[Kremlin]], especially the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]], atop [[Lenin's Mausoleum]]. It became an enduring symbol of that period. In [[Poland]], since 1982, party leaders led the official parades. In [[Hungary]], International Workers' Day was officially celebrated under the communist rule, and remains a public holiday. Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around designated "May trees".<ref>{{cite web|date=30 April 2007|title=Mayday traditions and events in Hungary|url=http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/mayday_tradi/?cHash=53dca10da6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104804/http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/mayday_tradi/?cHash=53dca10da6|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=1 May 2011|publisher=Caboodle.hu}}</ref> Some factories in socialist countries were named in honour of International Workers' Day, such as [[1 Maja Coal Mine]] in {{lang|pl|Wodzisław Śląski|italic=no}}, Poland. In [[East Germany]], the holiday was officially known as ''{{lang|de|Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen für Frieden und Sozialismus}}'' ("International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers for Peace and Socialism"); similar names were used in other Eastern Bloc countries.

==By country==
[[File:Observance of International Workers' Day RGBY.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.4|Countries and dependencies coloured by observance of International Workers' Day or [[Labour Day]]:
{{legend|#dd3333|Labour Day falls or may fall on 1 May}}
{{legend|#ffcc33|Another public holiday on 1 May}}
{{legend|#00af89|No public holiday on 1 May, but Labour Day on a different date}}
{{legend|#cccccc|No public holiday on 1 May or Labour Day}}]]

===Africa===
====Algeria====
In [[Algeria]], 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Worker's Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade union leaders commend President of the Republic's decisions in favor of workers |url=https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/52068-trade-union-leaders-commend-president-of-the-republic-s-decisions-in-favor-of-workers |website=APS |access-date=1 May 2025 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Practical information to go on holidays to Algier with Travel by Air France |url=https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/algiers/practical-information |website=AirFrance |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119091750/https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/algiers/practical-information |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Angola====
1 May is recognized as public holiday in [[Angola]] and called Workers' Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201305010715.html|title=Angola: World Marks International Workers' Day}}</ref>

====Egypt====
[[File:DSC 1498 (5676929076).jpg|thumb|Egyptian Communist Party flags in [[Tahrir Square]]]]
In [[Egypt]], 1 May is known as Labour Day and is considered a [[annual leave|paid holiday]]. The [[President of Egypt]] traditionally presides over the celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sisi attends Labor Day celebration in Alex |url=http://sis.gov.eg/Story/139744/Sisi-attends-Labor-Day-celebration-in-Alex?lang=en-us |website=sis.gov.eg |access-date=8 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512010452/http://sis.gov.eg/Story/139744/Sisi-attends-Labor-Day-celebration-in-Alex?lang=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Ethiopia====

In [[Ethiopia]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Worker's Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia: Upholding Workers' Right to Unionization, Bargain |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201805010445.html |work=The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414212709/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805010445.html |url-status=live }}</ref> May day was most often celebrated under the previous government of the [[Derg]] and the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]].

====Ghana====
1 May is a holiday in [[Ghana]]. It is a day to celebrate all workers across the country. It is celebrated with a parade by trade unions and labour associations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanatuc.org/mayday.html|title=May Day|website=ghanatuc.org|language=en|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224182637/https://www.ghanatuc.org/mayday.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The parades are normally addressed by the Secretary General of the trade union congress and by regional secretaries in the regions.<ref name=":1" /> Workers from different workplaces through banners and T-shirts identify their companies.<ref name=":1" />

====Kenya====
In [[Kenya]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the workers' umbrella union body – the [[Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya)|Central Organisation of Trade Unions]] (COTU). The Cabinet Secretary in charge of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (and occasionally the president) address the workers. Each year, the government approves (and increases) the [[minimum wage]] on Labour Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kwach |first1=Julie |title=History of Labour Day in Kenya |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/270175-labour-day-history-kenya.html#270175 |access-date=6 May 2019 |work=Tuko.co.ke – Kenya news. |date=1 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308150905/https://www.tuko.co.ke/270175-labour-day-history-kenya.html#270175 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Libya====
In [[Libya]], International Workers' Day was declared a national public holiday by the [[National Transitional Council]] in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120515081013/https://www.pm.gov.ly/news/621.html The transitional government on Tuesday announced a public holiday in all parts of Libya on the occasion of International Workers' Holiday]. The Libyan government transition – Prime Minister's Office (in Arabic).</ref> On 1 May 1978, then [[Libya]]n leader [[Muammar Gaddafi|Colonel Mu'ammar Al-Qaddafi]] addressed the nation in the capital city of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] calling for [[Administration (law)|administrative]] and also economic [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Reforms (1977–1980)|reforms across Libya]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224852/http://mathaba.net/info/demindust.htm Address to the nation and call for reforms by Muammar Qaddafi, marking celebrations of International Workers' Day on 1 May 1982]}} Mathaba News Network – Archive: Democracy in Industry. Retrieved 1 May 2012.</ref>

====Mauritius====
In [[Mauritius]], 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. It was celebrated for the first time in Mauritius on 1 May 1938, and for the first time as an official public holiday on 1 May 1950. This was thanks largely to the efforts of Guy Rozemont, Dr. Maurice Curé, Pandit Sahadeo and Emmanuel Anquetil, as a day of special significance for Mauritian workers who for many years had struggled for their social, political and economic rights.<ref>''[http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/labour-day Labour Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425021501/http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/labour-day |date=25 April 2022 }}'' Mauritius Times article by TP Saran|</ref>

====Morocco====
In [[Morocco]], 1 May is recognized as a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Practical information to go on holiday to Marrakech – Travel by Air France |url=https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/marrakech/practical-information#af-tbaf-content |website=AirFrance |language=en |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163040/https://www.airfrance.co.uk/travel-guide/marrakech/practical-information#af-tbaf-content |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mozambique====
[[Mozambique]] celebrates International Workers' Day on 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mozambique: Workers March On May Day |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201805020824.html |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique (Maputo) |date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508182815/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805020824.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Namibia====
1 May is recognized as public holiday in [[Namibia]] and celebrated as Workers' Day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reporter |first1=New Era |title=May Day distress over Workers' Day |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/day-distress-workers-day |website=New Era Live |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en-ZA |date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507220406/https://neweralive.na/posts/day-distress-workers-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Nigeria====
Since 1981, 1 May is a public holiday in [[Nigeria]]. On the day, people gather while, traditionally, the president of the [[Nigeria Labour Congress]] and other politicians address workers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=May Day: APC, PDP, others felicitate with Nigerian workers |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/266752-may-day-apc-pdp-others-felicitate-with-nigerian-workers.html |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507201953/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/266752-may-day-apc-pdp-others-felicitate-with-nigerian-workers.html |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref>

====Somalia====
In [[Somalia]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day Statement issued by the Federation of Somali Trade Unions |url=http://www.festu.org/labour-day-statement-issued-by-the-federation-of-somali-trade-unions/ |website=FESTU |date=1 May 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507220623/http://www.festu.org/labour-day-statement-issued-by-the-federation-of-somali-trade-unions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====South Africa====
In [[South Africa]], Workers' Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1995.<ref>{{cite news |title=Workers' Day 2019: A brief history |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/workers-day-2019-brief-history-1-may/ |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=The South African |date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509003438/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/workers-day-2019-brief-history-1-may/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers' Day started to get more attention by African workers in 1928, which saw thousands of workers in a mass march. In 1950, the [[South African Communist Party]] called for a strike on 1 May in response to the [[Suppression of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]] declaring it illegal. Police violence caused the death of 18 people across Soweto. It has its origins within the historical struggles of workers and their trade unions internationally for solidarity between working people in their struggles to win fair employment standards and more importantly, to establish a culture of human and worker rights and to ensure that these are enshrined in international law and the national law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akwasi |first1=Tiffany |title=Why do we celebrate workers day South Africa 2019? |url=https://briefly.co.za/27711-why-celebrate-workers-day-south-africa-2019.html |work=Briefly |date=9 April 2019 |language=en |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509002505/https://briefly.co.za/27711-why-celebrate-workers-day-south-africa-2019.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1986, the hundredth anniversary of the [[Haymarket affair]], the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] (COSATU) called for the government to establish an official holiday on 1 May. It also called for workers to stay home from work that day.<ref name=SABC>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/l-politics-sas-may-day/ |title=The Politics of SA's May Day |first=Nthakoana |last=Ngatane |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=[[SABC News]] |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509064112/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/l-politics-sas-may-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> COSATU was joined by a number of prominent anti-[[apartheid]] organizations, including the [[Internal resistance to apartheid#National Education Crisis Committee|National Education Crisis Committee]] and the [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)]].<ref name=SAHO>{{cite web |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-may-day-south-africa |title=The History of May Day in South Africa |date=25 April 2012 |publisher=[[South African History Online]] |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509003451/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-may-day-south-africa |url-status=live }}</ref> The call was also supported by a number of organizations regarded as conservative, such as the [[African Teachers' Association of South Africa]], the [[National African Federated Chamber of Commerce]], and the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa, an organization that represented employers in the metal industries.<ref name=SAHO/> More than 1,500,000 workers observed the call and stayed home, as did thousands of students, taxi drivers, vendors, shopkeepers, domestic workers, and self-employed people.<ref name=SAHO/> In the following years, 1 May became a popular, if not official, holiday.<ref name=SABC/> As a result of the killings on 1 May 1950 and the success of COSATU's call in 1986, 1 May became associated with resistance to the apartheid government. After its [[1994 South African general election|first universal election in 1994]], 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995.<ref name=SABC/> On its website, the city of [[Durban]] states that the holiday "celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa's apartheid regime".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Government/mayor_council/City_Mayor/Mayor_Blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=102 |title=20th Anniversary of the Adoption of the Constitution |date=5 December 2016 |publisher=The Official Website of the [[Durban|eThekwini]] Municipality |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415043558/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Government/mayor_council/City_Mayor/Mayor_Blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=102 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Tanzania====
In [[Tanzania]], it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated as Worker's Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanzania: Magufuli Arrives for Labour Day Celebration |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201705010436.html |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]] |first=Janeth |last=Joseph |archive-date=1 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501163555/http://allafrica.com/stories/201705010436.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Tunisia====
[[File:1st of May protest, Tunis, Tunisia.jpg|thumb|Labour Day rally in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]]]

1 May is recognized as Labour Day in [[Tunisia]], and is a paid public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia: Celebration in Tunis of Labour Day |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201305010643.html |access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>

====Uganda====
In [[Uganda]], Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=As it happened: Labour Day celebrations in Agago |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1499550/live-labour-day-celebrations |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=newvision.co.ug |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508183246/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1499550/live-labour-day-celebrations |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Zimbabwe====
1 May is recognized as a public holiday in [[Zimbabwe]] and called Workers' Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Little to celebrate for Zimbabwe workers on Workers' Day |url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/05/01/little-to-celebrate-for-zimbabwe-workers-on-workers-day |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=ewn.co.za |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508183441/https://ewn.co.za/2019/05/01/little-to-celebrate-for-zimbabwe-workers-on-workers-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Americas===

====Antigua and Barbuda====
In [[Antigua and Barbuda]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda Public Holidays |url=https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=4 |website=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

====Argentina====
In [[Argentina]], Workers' Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities. The first Workers' Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations in [[Buenos Aires]] and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the first time.<ref name="ElHistoriador">[http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/republica_liberal/primero_de_mayo_en_la_argentina.php "Primero de Mayo en la Argentina"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510074036/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/republica_liberal/primero_de_mayo_en_la_argentina.php |date=10 May 2012 }}. Elhistoriador.com.ar. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by the [[Radical Civic Union]] president [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]]. The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government of [[Juan Domingo Perón]] (1946–55).<ref>[http://tradibajor.blogspot.de/2010/09/dia-del-trabajador.html Día del Trabajador y día de la Tradición: Dia del trabajador] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140541/http://tradibajor.blogspot.de/2010/09/dia-del-trabajador.html |date=25 May 2013 }}. Tradibajor.blogspot.de. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office.

====Barbados====

In [[Barbados]], International Workers' Day is a public holiday celebrated on 1 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=May Day - Public Holiday |url=https://events.totallybarbados.com/barbados/detail/22/1714536000000 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=events.totallybarbados.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

====Bolivia====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday.<ref>[http://www.la-razon.com/index.php?_url=/sociedad/Memoria-Bolivia-festejo-mayo-consolido_0_2262973734.html En Bolivia, el festejo del 1 de mayo se consolidó en 1907] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429051414/http://www.la-razon.com/index.php?_url=/sociedad/Memoria-Bolivia-festejo-mayo-consolido_0_2262973734.html |date=29 April 2017 }}. La Razón (1 May 2016). Retrieved on 1 May 2017.</ref> By custom, it is usually the day on which wage increases (e.g., the national minimum wage) and other labour improvements are announced by the Government. In recent years it was also the day chosen by the Bolivian government to announce the (re)nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy (e.g. hydrocarbons in 2006, telecommunications in 2008, electricity in 2010, etc.).

====Brazil====
In [[Brazil]], "Workers' Day" is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2013/04/dia-do-trabalho-conheca-como-surgiu-o-feriado-do-dia-1o-de-maio |title=Dia do Trabalhador: saiba como surgiu o feriado do dia 1° de maio |website=Empresa Brasileira de Comunicação |language=pt-br |first=Edgard |last=Matsuki |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219130414/http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2013/04/dia-do-trabalho-conheca-como-surgiu-o-feriado-do-dia-1o-de-maio |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Canada====

In Canada, [[Labour Day]] is celebrated in September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister [[John Sparrow David Thompson]] declared the first Monday in September as Canada's official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day.

International Workers' Day is however marked by unions and leftists on 1 May. It is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of [[Quebec]] (though not a provincial [[public holidays in Canada|statutory holiday]]). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or "International Workers' Day"; {{langx|fr|Journée internationale des travailleurs}}) in [[Montreal]] goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On the 1973 Labour Day, the first contemporary demonstration was organized by the major trade union confederations; over 30,000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the customary date on which the [[Minimum wage in Canada|minimum wage]] rises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/actualites/actualite/actualites_121219_salaire-minimum/?lang=en |title=Québec's minimum wage will exceed the $10 an hour mark on May 1, 2013 : Québec Portal |publisher=Gouv.qc.ca |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224653/http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/actualites/actualite/actualites_121219_salaire-minimum/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2019, the Labour May Day Committee has organized the International Workers' Day march with a rally at [[Nathan Phillips Square]] on either May 1 or the closest Saturday.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBC Thousands march in Toronto on May Day to highlight issues impacting workers May 1, 2022 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-labour-day-may-2-2022-1.6437803 |access-date=August 24, 2025 |work=CBC News |date=May 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAVE THE DATE: International Workers Day! |url=https://ofl.ca/event/international-workers-day2025/ |website=Ontario Federation of Labour |access-date=August 24, 2025}}</ref> The Mayworks Festival of Working People & the Arts has been held annually in Toronto since 1985 throughout the month of May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayworks Festival 2025 |url=https://mayworks.ca/2025-festival/ |website=Mayworks |date=19 February 2025 |publisher=Mayworks Festival}}</ref>

====Chile====

President General of the Army [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]] decreed 1 May a national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers.<ref>[http://www.feriadoschilenos.cl/#DiaNacionalDelTrabajo Días Feriados en Chile (in Spanish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225100219/http://www.feriadoschilenos.cl/#DiaNacionalDelTrabajo |date=25 December 2017 }}. feriadoschilenos.cl. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> All stores and public services must close for the entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, represented in the national organization [[Workers' United Center of Chile]] (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organize rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the major left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on the issues of the day concerning workers' rights.

====Colombia====
1 May has long been recognized as Labour Day and almost all workers respect it as a national holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=El origen proletario del 1 de mayo |url=https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/cultura/el-origen-proletario-del-1-de-mayo-articulo-691763 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=ELESPECTADOR.COM |date=30 April 2017 |language=ES |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507154225/https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/cultura/el-origen-proletario-del-1-de-mayo-articulo-691763 |url-status=live }}</ref> As in many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Día Internacional del trabajo |url=http://colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-159133.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202043803/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-159133.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2008 |website=Colombia Aprende }}</ref>

====Costa Rica====
First celebrated in 1913,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pereda |first1=Otto |title=May 1st International Workers Day |url=https://thecostaricanews.com/may-1st-international-workers-day/ |website=The Costa Rica News |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507155840/https://thecostaricanews.com/may-1st-international-workers-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> labor day is a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day, the [[President of Costa Rica]] gives a speech to the citizens and the [[legislature of Costa Rica]] about the duties that were undertaken through the previous year. The president of the legislature is also chosen by its members.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why May 1 is much more than Labor Day for Costa Rica's government |url=https://ticotimes.net/2015/05/01/why-may-1-is-much-more-than-labor-day-for-costa-ricas-government |work=The Tico Times Costa Rica |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707134046/https://ticotimes.net/2015/05/01/why-may-1-is-much-more-than-labor-day-for-costa-ricas-government |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cuba====
This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march in the streets, showing their support to the [[Communist Party of Cuba|Cuban Communist]] government and the [[Cuban Revolution]] during the whole morning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Legon |first1=Elio Delgado |title=International Workers Day 2018 in Cuba |url=https://havanatimes.org/?p=132606 |website=Havana Times |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509004837/https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=132606 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Dominica====
In [[Dominica]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Society of Dominica |url=https://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/americas/dominica/society/ |website=Commonwealth Governance |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

====Dominican Republic====
1 May is a national holiday known as Labour Day and celebrated by festivities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=Sarah |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dominican_Republic_Footprint_Focus_Guide/OMD9AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Dominican+Republic%22+%22Labour+Day%22&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover |title=Dominican Republic Footprint Focus Guide |date=2013-08-30 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-909268-30-2 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref>

====Ecuador====
In Ecuador, 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. People do not go to work and spend time with their relatives or gather for demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecuador.com {{!}} Ecuador Official, National and Public Holidays |url=https://www.ecuador.com/travel/about-ecuador/official-holidays/ |website=ecuador.com |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016030656/https://www.ecuador.com/travel/about-ecuador/official-holidays/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====El Salvador====
1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 {{!}} U.S. Embassy in El Salvador |url=https://sv.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in El Salvador |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016030308/https://sv.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Guatemala====
1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 |url=https://gt.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Guatemala |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016030040/https://gt.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Haiti====
1 May is an official public holiday known as Agriculture and Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://ht.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Haiti |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016025647/https://ht.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Honduras====
1 May is an official holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Honduras.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 |url=https://hn.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Honduras |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016031054/https://hn.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mexico====
1 May is a public holiday.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Europa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/South_America_Central_America_and_the_Ca/kw5W8m87FpkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mexico+%22Labour+day%22&pg=PA537&printsec=frontcover |title=South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-85743-138-4 |pages=537 |language=en}}</ref>

====Panama====
1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Panama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://pa.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116032502/https://pa.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2018 |website=U.S. Embassy in Panama }}</ref>

====Paraguay====
1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Paraguay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://py.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Paraguay |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016024952/https://py.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Peru====
1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Peru.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kirsten |first1=Tim |title=Labor Day – Dia de los Trabajadores |url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/peru-information/peruvian-public-holidays-and-festivities/labor-day-dia-de-los-trabajadores |website=PeruTelegraph |language=en |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016024658/https://www.perutelegraph.com/peru-information/peruvian-public-holidays-and-festivities/labor-day-dia-de-los-trabajadores |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Saint Kitts and Nevis====
In [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day - first Monday in May |url=https://www.historicstkitts.kn/events/labour-day-first-monday-in-may-2 |website=Historic St Kitts |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

====United States====
{{Main|Labor Day}}

[[File:Socialists in Union Square, N.Y.C. (cropped).jpg|thumb|Socialists in Union Square, New York City, on 1 May 1912]]
In the U.S. starting in 1887, a "Labor Day" celebrated on the first Monday in September was given increasing state recognition.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Labor Day |access-date=August 22, 2025 |url=https://www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor }}</ref> Then in 1894, in the wake of the nationwide [[Pullman Strike]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKeever |first=Amy |date=September 4, 2020 |title=Labor Day's surprisingly radical origins |url-status=dead |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/holidays/history-labor-day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907150911/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/holidays/history-labor-day/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jaffe |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Jaffe (journalist) |title=Op-Ed: How Labor Day sprang from state violence |date=September 5, 2016 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-jaffe-labor-day-state-violence-20160905-snap-story.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[United States Congress|Congress]] and President [[Grover Cleveland]] passed a law declaring Labor Day a [[federal holiday]].<ref name="Knights of Labor"/>

Efforts to recognize 1 May as a holiday have not been successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=California Assembly rejects bill allowing school districts to observe socialist holiday |url=https://www.ocregister.com/california-assembly-rejects-bill-allowing-school-districts-to-observe-socialist-holiday/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1947, 1 May was established as [[Loyalty Day]] by the U.S. [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] as a way to counter communist influence and recruitment at International Workers' Day rallies.<ref name=CredoLoyalty>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Loyalty Day|publisher=Omnigraphics, Inc.|location=Detroit, MI|year=2018|edition=6|isbn=9780780816190|editor=Jaikumar, Pearline|encyclopedia=Cultural Studies: Holidays Around the World}}</ref> Loyalty Day was celebrated across the country with patriotic parades and ceremonies, however the growing conflict over U.S. involvement in Vietnam detracted from the popularity of these celebrations.<ref name=CredoLoyalty /> In 1958, the [[American Bar Association]] campaigned to have 1 May designated as [[Law Day (United States)|Law Day]], which was acknowledged in 1961 by a joint resolution of Congress.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Law Day|publisher=Omnigraphics, Inc.|location=Detroit, MI|year=2018|edition=6|isbn=9780780816190|editor=Jaikumar, Pearline|encyclopedia=Cultural Studies: Holidays Around the World}}</ref> Law Day exercises, such as mock trials and courthouse tours, are often sponsored by the American Bar Association.

Unions and Political organizations including [[American Left|anarchist groups and socialist and communist parties]] have kept the International Workers' Day tradition alive with rallies and demonstrations. In 1919 especially large demonstrations took place, and violence greeted the normally peaceful parades in [[Boston]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Cleveland]] and [[May Day Riots of 1919|a number of people were killed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Socialists' May Day Parade|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340608.2.106.12?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|access-date=2 May 2017|issue=134|publisher=Auckland Star|date=8 June 1934|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010053332/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19340608.2.106.12?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chicago's Bombs|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330503.2.72?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|access-date=2 May 2017|volume=LXIV|issue=102|publisher=AUCKLAND STAR|date=3 May 1933|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054258/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19330503.2.72?query=%22may%20day%22%20%22new%20york%22|url-status=live}}</ref> In Milwaukee, an annual commemoration takes place at the site of the [[Bay View Massacre|killing of seven workers during a march for the 8-hour workday]].<ref name=":0" /> Some of the largest examples of this occurred during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, when hundreds of thousands of workers marched in International Workers' Day [[parade]]s in New York's [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]], while cities like [[Chicago]] and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] saw large demonstrations organized by the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]].

[[File:San Jose May Day 01.jpg|thumb|[[San Jose, California]], Workers' Day March, 1 May 2006]]
In 2006, 1 May was chosen by mostly [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] [[immigrant]] groups in the United States as the day for the [[Great American Boycott]], a [[general strike]] of undocumented immigrant workers and supporters to protest [[Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005|H.R. 4437]], immigration reform legislation that they felt was draconian.
From 10 April to 1 May of that year, immigrant families in the U.S. called for immigrant rights, workers' rights and amnesty for undocumented workers. They were joined by socialist and other leftist organizations on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heckman|first1=Candace|title=Protest du Jour: May Day is rally day in Seattle|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2008/05/01/protest-du-jour-may-day-is-rally-day-in-seattle/|website=Seattle's Big Blog – Seattle P-I|publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|access-date=27 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918115528/http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2008/05/01/protest-du-jour-may-day-is-rally-day-in-seattle/|archive-date=18 September 2012|location=Seattle|language=en-us|date=1 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-02-me-mayday2-story.html |title=March smaller, but festive |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521074439/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/02/local/me-mayday2 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 May 2007, a mostly peaceful demonstration in [[Los Angeles]] in support of undocumented immigrant workers ended with a widely televised [[Los Angeles May Day mêlée|dispersal by police officers]]. In March 2008, the [[International Longshore and Warehouse Union]] announced that [[stevedore|dockworkers]] will move no [[cargo]] at any [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] ports on 1 May 2008, as a protest against the continuation of the [[Iraq War]] and the diversion of resources from domestic needs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Longshoremen-to-close-ports-on-West-Coast-to-3218746.php |title=Longshoremen to close ports on West Coast to protest war |first=Jack |last=Heyman |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511004045/https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Longshoremen-to-close-ports-on-West-Coast-to-3218746.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 May 2012, members of [[Occupy Wall Street]] and labor unions held protests together in a number of cities in the United States and Canada to commemorate International Workers' Day and to protest the state of the economy and economic inequality.<ref>[http://maydaynyc.org/ May Day 2013 NYC {{!}} Another World is Possible] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526045605/http://maydaynyc.org/ |date=26 May 2012 }}. Maydaynyc.org (5 January 2013). Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.occupymay1st.org/ de beste bron van informatie over occupymay1st. Deze website is te koop!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419080720/http://www.occupymay1st.org/ |date=19 April 2012 }}. occupymay1st.org. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref>

[[File:International Workers Day march in Minneapolis (4570066628).jpg|thumbnail|upright=1|alt=refer to caption|An [[Industrial Workers of the World]] group marching in [[Minneapolis]] on 1 May 2010]]

On 1 May 2017, immigrants' rights advocates, labor unions and leftists held protests against the immigration and economic policies of President [[Donald Trump]] in cities throughout the US, Chicago and Los Angeles having some of the largest marches.<ref name="wapo-1may2017">{{cite news|last1=Peoples|first1=Steve|last2=Taxin|first2=Amy|title=Thousands of people in US rally for workers, against Trump|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/immigrants-unions-march-in-us-for-rights-against-trump/2017/05/01/ab76c332-2e26-11e7-a335-fa0ae1940305_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501080015/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/immigrants-unions-march-in-us-for-rights-against-trump/2017/05/01/ab76c332-2e26-11e7-a335-fa0ae1940305_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2017|access-date=1 May 2017|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="nytimes-1may2017">{{cite news|last1=Yee|first1=Vivian|title=On May Day, Protesters Take to the Streets Nationwide|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/may-day-loyalty-day-protests-trump.html|access-date=1 May 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 May 2017|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216143927/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/may-day-loyalty-day-protests-trump.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 May 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], "workers at [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Whole Foods Market|Whole Foods]], [[Instacart]], [[Walmart]], [[FedEx]], [[Target Corporation|Target]], and [[Shipt]] say they will walk off the job ... to protest their employers' failure to provide basic protections for frontline workers who are risking and losing their lives at work."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon, Whole Foods, Instacart Workers Organize a Historic Mass Strike|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/amazon-whole-foods-instacart-workers-organize-a-historic-mass-strike/|last=Gurley|first=Lauren Kaori|date=29 April 2020|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501040234/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/n7j8zw/amazon-whole-foods-instacart-workers-organize-a-historic-mass-strike|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, on the same day, there will be a [[rent strike]], the largest in nearly a century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With Millions Unable to Pay for Housing Next Month, Organizers Plan the Largest Rent Strike in Nearly a Century|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/04/25/coronavirus-rent-strike-may/|last=Lennard|first=Natasha|date=25 April 2020|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429223955/https://theintercept.com/2020/04/25/coronavirus-rent-strike-may/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 May 2021, [[black bloc]] protesters clashed with police in Oakland and Portland. Numerous other activities occurred across the country.<ref name="Its Going Down">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Anarchist And Autonomous Groups Hit Streets; Hold Public Events On May Day 2021|url=https://itsgoingdown.org/may-day-2021/|access-date=13 September 2021|newspaper=Its Going Down|date=3 May 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913202312/https://itsgoingdown.org/may-day-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1 May 2026, May Day protests were held across the United States in support of workers’ rights, union protections, and public education funding. Labor unions, teachers, immigrant-rights organizations, and community groups organized rallies and marches in a number of cities. Some demonstrations were associated with the slogan “No School, No Work, No Shopping”, which promoted consumer and workplace boycotts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirschfeld |first=Andy |title=May Day rallies sweep US, demanding reforms for working-class rights |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/5/1/may-day-rallies-sweep-us-demanding-reforms-for-working-class-rights |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Santa Cruz County hits the streets for May Day |url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2026/05/01/santa-cruz-county-hits-the-streets-for-may-day/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Santa Cruz Sentinel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What to Know About the May Day Protests Bringing Out Demonstrators Around the U.S. |url=https://time.com/article/2026/05/01/may-day-international-workers-day-protests-rallies-marches-us/}}</ref>

The protests focused on issues including wages, labor protections, economic inequality, and opposition to anti-union policies. Some reports also noted concerns over rising living costs and reduced purchasing power in the context of higher global energy prices and geopolitical tensions, including the [[2026 Iran war|Iran war]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McMenamin |first=Lex |date=2026-05-01 |title=Thousands in US join ‘no school, no work, no shopping’ May Day protest and economic blackout |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/may/01/may-day-strong-economic-protests |access-date=2026-05-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailyherald.com/20260501/news/the-real-labor-day-people-around-the-suburbs-rally-for-workers-rights-on-may-day/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=www.dailyherald.com|title=‘The real Labor Day’: People around the suburbs rally for workers’ rights on May Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Corbet |first=-Sylvie |last2=Corbet |first2=Associated Press Sylvie |last3=Press |first3=Associated |date=2026-05-01 |title=What to know about May Day as workers face rising costs due to Iran war |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/what-to-know-about-may-day-as-workers-face-rising-costs-due-to-iran-war |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No School, No Work, No Shopping”: Workers, Immigrants to Lead Thousands of May Day Protests |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2026/5/1/may_day_stacy_davisgates_pedro_trujillo |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref>

Protesters voiced opposition to a series of government policies and economic conditions that they argued systematically favored wealthy individuals while neglecting the working class. Central to their grievances was the perceived erosion of basic labor rights, including the difficulty or inability of federal employees to appeal wrongful dismissals—a consequence of policies that reclassified many workers as "at-will" employees. Demonstrators also expressed concern over repeated budget cuts to workplace safety programs, which they believed directly endangered the lives of public sector workers such as nurses and teachers. Additionally, protesters highlighted the stagnation of the federal minimum wage, which had remained unchanged at $7.25 per hour for more than fifteen years—a duration that, in their view, reflected a broader pattern of inattention to the worsening living standards of ordinary workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirschfeld |first=Andy |title=May Day rallies sweep US, demanding reforms for working-class rights |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/5/1/may-day-rallies-sweep-us-demanding-reforms-for-working-class-rights |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

====Uruguay====
In Uruguay, 1 May – Workers' Day – is an official holiday. Even when it is associated with labour unions, almost all workers tend to respect it. Since the late 1990s, the main event takes place at the [[First of May Square, Montevideo|First of May Square]] in Montevideo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plaza Primero de Mayo |url=https://municipioc.montevideo.gub.uy/node/69 |website=Municipio C |publisher=Gobierno de Montevideo |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

====Venezuela====
In [[Venezuela]], Workers' Day ({{lang|es|El Día del Trabajador}}) is celebrated on 1 May since 1936, but from 1938 to 1945 it was held on 24 July, by an order of [[Eleazar López Contreras]]. However, [[Isaías Medina Angarita]] changed it back to 1 May in 1945.<ref>[http://www.magazine.com.ve/cultura/index.php?id=6897&idSec=13&accion=detalle Día del Trabajador en Venezuela – Magazine Digital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903103604/http://www.magazine.com.ve/cultura/index.php?id=6897&idSec=13&accion=detalle |date=3 September 2012 }}. Magazine.com.ve (30 July 2007). Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref>

===East Asia===

==== Mainland China ====
[[File:1952-05 1952年5月五一劳动节.png|thumb|International Workers' Day celebration in Beijing on 1 May 1952]]
1 May is a statutory holiday in the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. It was a three-day holiday before 2008, but was only one day from 2008 onward.<ref>{{cite news |title=China scraps one of three Golden Week holidays |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/life-china-holidays-dc-idUKPEK14649920071216 |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=16 December 2007 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053106/https://www.reuters.com/article/life-china-holidays-dc-idUKPEK14649920071216 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=调与休：黄金周长假的变迁|trans-title=Reconcile and rest: the change of Golden Week vacation|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1127/c70731-23676181.html|date=2013-11-27|access-date=13 April 2022|language=Chinese|work=[[People's Daily]]|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|quote=从2000年国庆放假开始，对国庆、春节和劳动节这三个节的休假时间进行了统一调整，移动节日前后的两个周末四天和法定假期三天集中休假，这样共计7天时间[……]2008年，五一法定假期从3天改为1天，意味着五一黄金周被取消。|trans-quote=Starting from the National Day holiday in 2000, the vacation time of the three festivals, National Day, Spring Festival and Labor Day, was adjusted, moving the two weekends before and after the holiday for four days and the legal holiday for three days to focus on vacation, so that a total of 7 days [...] In 2008, the May Day legal holiday was changed from 3 days to 1 day, meaning that the May Day Golden Week was cancelled.|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413052529/http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1127/c70731-23676181.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During a [[Golden Week (China)|Golden Week]], surrounding weekends are rescheduled so that workers have seven continuous days off before 2009 and four to five continuous days after 2018.<ref>{{cite news|date=2019-11-28|title="五一"假期延长至5天解读黄金周背后的假如|trans-title="May Day" holiday extended to 5 days: Explaining the assumptions behind the Golden Week|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-11/28/c_1125283926.htm|language=Chinese|work=[[Xinhuanet]]|publisher=Chengdu Business News|quote=2020年则是在延续2019年“五一”休假安排的基础上，进一步拓展，通过调休再多增加了一天节日休假时间，从而形成了5天的“小长假”。|trans-quote=In 2020, on the basis of the continuation of the "May Day" vacation arrangement in 2019, it further expands by adding one more day of holiday vacation time through the transfer, thus forming a 5-day "mini vacation".|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413052532/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-11/28/c_1125283926.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Hong Kong ====
In [[Hong Kong]], 1 May is known as Labour Day and has been considered a public holiday since 1999.<ref>{{cite news|date=2012-07-01|title=新闻背景：香港回归15年大事记|trans-title=News Background: Events in the 15 years since Hong Kong's return to China |url=https://www.chinanews.com/ga/2012/07-01/3998742.shtml|language=Chinese|publisher=[[China News Service]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702000613/http://www.chinanews.com/ga/2012/07-01/3998742.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=僱傭條例簡明指南 - 第四章：休息日、法定假日及有薪年假|last=香港勞工署|url=https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/public/pdf/wcp/ConciseGuide/04.pdf|access-date=2022-04-30|archive-date=2022-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112065423/https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/public/pdf/wcp/ConciseGuide/04.pdf}}</ref>

==== Macau ====
In [[Macau]], it is a public holiday and is officially known as {{lang|pt|Dia do Trabalhador}} ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "Workers' Day").<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 |url=https://www.gov.mo/pt/public-holidays/year-2023/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Portal do Governo da RAE de Macau |language=pt-PT |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501123231/https://www.gov.mo/pt/public-holidays/year-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Taiwan====
1 May is known as Labor Day in [[Taiwan]]. Originally, students and teachers did not have this day off.<ref>{{cite web |title=台灣國定假日與節日 – 2019年年曆 |url=https://holidays-calendar.net/calendar_zh_tw/taiwan_zh_tw.html |website=holidays-calendar.net |language=zh |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501163806/https://holidays-calendar.net/calendar_zh_tw/taiwan_zh_tw.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Labor Day was later upgraded as a full national holiday and extends beyond workers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Taiwan legislature approves 5 public national holidays |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/6106534 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=taiwannews.com.tw |language=en}}</ref>

====Japan====
[[File:NUGW May Day 2011.jpg|thumb|2011 [[National Trade Union Council (Japan)|National Trade Union Council (''Zenrokyo'')]] May Day march, Tokyo]]
{{See also|Labor Thanksgiving Day}}

International Workers' Day is not officially designated by the Japanese government as a national holiday, but as it lies between other national holidays, it is a day off work for the vast majority of Japanese workers. Many employers give it as a day off, and otherwise workers take it as "paid leave". 1 May occurs during "[[Golden Week (Japan)|Golden Week]]", together with 29 April ("[[Shōwa Day]]"), 3 May ("[[Constitution Memorial Day]]"), 4 May ("[[Greenery Day]]") and 5 May ("[[Kodomo no hi|Children's Day]]").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2282.html |title=Golden Week |publisher=Japan-guide.com |date=13 May 2009 |access-date=5 February 2010 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016170859/http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2282.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers generally take the day off work not so much to join street rallies or labour union gatherings, but more to go on holiday for several consecutive days (in Japanese corporate culture, taking weekdays off for personal pleasure is widely frowned upon).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beigel |first=Allan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Past_Present_And_Future_Of_Psychiatry_Ix/UOGiCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Japan+karoshi+%22day+off%22&pg=PA817&printsec=frontcover |title=Past, Present And Future Of Psychiatry - Ix World Congress Of Psychiatry (In 2 Volumes) |last2=Silva |first2=Jorge Alberto Costa E. |last3=Jr |first3=Juan J. Lopez-ibor |date=1994-09-27 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4663-32-8 |pages=817 |language=en}}</ref>

Some major labour unions organize rallies and demonstrations in [[Tokyo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=全労連メーデーもオンライン中継「希望ある未来を切り開こう」 |trans-title=Zenroren also broadcast May Day live online: "Let's Create A Future Of Hope." |url=https://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/articles/-/557241 |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Kyoto Shimbun]] |language=ja |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413054404/https://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/articles/-/557241 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Osaka]], and [[Nagoya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=メーデー：大阪、名古屋でも集会 |trans-title=Rallies in Osaka and Nagoya |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170501/k00/00e/040/211000c |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |language=ja |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413054256/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170501/k00/00e/040/211000c |url-status=live }}</ref> Japan has a long history of labour activism and has had a communist and socialist party in the [[Japanese Diet|Diet]] since 1945. In 2008, the National Confederation of Trade Unions (''[[Zenrōren]]'') held a rally in [[Yoyogi Park]] attended by 44,000 participants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Press Weekly @JapanPress_wky |url=https://www.japan-press.co.jp/s/news/index.php?id=4792 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=www.japan-press.co.jp}}</ref> In 2026, ''[[RENGO|Rengō]]'', the largest Japanese trade union, held its International Workers' Day rally on April 29th with the Prime Minister attending.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takaichi Attends Rengo’s May Day Event in Apparent Attempt at Repairing Ties |url=https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20260430-325183/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=japannews.yomiuri.co.jp}}</ref>

====North Korea====
In the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]], 1 May is known as International Workers' Day, and is a public holiday. Celebrations, local meetings and rallies are held every year throughout the country to honor the holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ah |first1=Seol Song |title=May Day in North Korea exposes new class divisions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/may-day-north-korea-exposes-class-divisions |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507174339/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/may-day-north-korea-exposes-class-divisions |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Rungnado May Day Stadium]] in the capital of [[Pyongyang]] is named in honor of the holiday.

====South Korea====
In the [[Republic of Korea]], 1 May is known simply as "Workers' Day". It is a public holiday since 2026 by the [[s:ko:대한민국 근로자의날제정에관한법률|Designation of Workers' Day Act]].{{refn|group=nb|''5월 1일을 근로자의 날로 하고 이 날을 "근로기준법"에 의한 유급휴일로 한다.'' ("The first day of May each year shall be designated as Workers' Day, which shall be a paid holiday under the '[[Labor Standards Act (South Korea)|Labor Standards Act]]'.)"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=40244&lang=ENG |title=Designation Of Workers' Day Act |website=Statutes of Republic of Korea |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501050936/https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=40244&lang=ENG |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===Europe===
====Albania====
Labour Day ({{langx|sq|Dita e punëtorëve}}) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May and thus schools and most businesses are closed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://al.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Albania |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017221544/https://al.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Armenia====
Labour Day ({{langx|hy|Աշխատանքի օր}}, {{lang|hy-Latn|ashxatanki or}}) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Armenia |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017233752/https://am.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Austria====
[[File:Wien - SPÖ-Maiaufmarsch (a).JPG|thumb|1st of May demonstration of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]] at Rathausplatz in [[Vienna]]]]
Labour Day ({{lang|de|Tag der Arbeit}}), officially called {{lang|de|Staatsfeiertag}} (state's holiday), is a [[public holidays in Austria|public holiday in Austria]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melzer |first=Nora |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Labour_Law_in_Austria/pZ2vEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Labour+Day+Austria+holiday&pg=PT70&printsec=frontcover |title=Labour Law in Austria |date=2023-01-20 |publisher=Kluwer Law International B.V. |isbn=978-94-035-2596-9 |language=en}}</ref> Left parties, especially social democrats and democratic socialists organize celebrations with marches and speeches in all major cities.

====Belgium====
In Belgium, Labour Day ({{langx|nl|Dag van de Arbeid}}, {{lang|nl|Feest van de Arbeid}}, {{langx|fr|Journée des travailleurs}}, {{lang|fr|Fête du travail}}), is observed on 1 May and is an [[Public holidays in Belgium|official holiday]] since 1948.<ref>{{cite web |last1=BE |first1=Admin |title=Labour day: Why do we celebrate? |url=https://brussels-express.eu/labour-day-why-do-we-celebrate/ |website=Brussels Express |access-date=7 May 2019 |date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507184628/https://brussels-express.eu/labour-day-why-do-we-celebrate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Various socialist and communist organizations hold parades and other events in different cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fête du travail {{!}} Dag van de Arbeid {{!}} |url=http://www.fetedutravail.be/ |website=Fête du travail {{!}} Dag van de Arbeid |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=fr-BE |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507184628/http://www.fetedutravail.be/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Bosnia and Herzegovina====
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 and 2 May ([[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] and {{langx|sr-Latn|Prvi Maj}} / {{lang|sr-Cyrl|Први Mај}}, {{langx|hr|Prvi Svibanj}}) are an official holiday and day-off for public bodies<ref>{{Cite web |last=syzejna |date=2026-04-24 |title=Non-working Days in BiH on the International Labor Day |url=https://sarajevotimes.com/non-working-days-in-bih-on-the-international-labor-day/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Sarajevo Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and schools at the national level. Most people celebrate this holiday by visiting natural parks and resorts. Additionally, in some places public events are organized.

====Bulgaria====
Labour Day is one of the [[public holidays in Bulgaria]], where it is known as ''Labour Day and International Workers' Solidarity Day'' ({{langx|bg|Ден на труда и на международната работническа солидарност}}) and celebrated annually on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.bg/bg/24|title=Народно събрание на Република България – Български официални празници|publisher=Parliament of Bulgaria|language=bg|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427172928/https://parliament.bg/bg/24|url-status=live}}</ref> The first attempt to celebrate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical Association. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an official holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] began to celebrate the holiday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be an official and public holiday, but state authorities are not committed to the organization of mass events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=The Sofia Globe |date=2018-05-01 |title=May 1 Labour Day in Bulgaria: Socialists demand government’s resignation |url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/05/01/may-1-labour-day-in-bulgaria-socialists-demand-governments-resignation/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Sofia Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Croatia====
In Croatia, 1 May is a national holiday, Labour Day. Many public events are organized and held all over the country where bean soup is given out to all people as a symbol of a real workers' dish. Red carnations are also handed out to symbolise the origin of the day. In [[Zagreb]], the capital, a major gathering is in [[Maksimir Park]], which is located in the east part of Zagreb. In Split, city on the coast, people go to Marjan, a park-forest at the western end of Split peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia Celebrates May Day |url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-celebrates-may-day/ |website=Croatia Week |date=May 2015 |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507182650/https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-celebrates-may-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cyprus====
In Cyprus, 1 May ({{langx|el|Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά}}) is considered as an official Public Holiday (Labour Day). In general, all stores remain closed in public and private sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=May 1 a public holiday, minister insists |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/04/25/may-1-a-public-holiday-minister-insists |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}</ref> The Labor Union and Syndicates celebrate with various festivals and events across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Our View: Labour Day rhetoric ignores modern economic reality |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/05/01/our-view-labour-day-rhetoric-ignores-modern-economic-reality |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Czech Republic====
In the Czech Republic, 1 May is an official and national holiday known as Labour Day ({{langx|cs|Svátek práce}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=RTE Customer's area – Public holidays in Europe |url=http://clients.rte-france.com/lang/an/visiteurs/vie/vie_jours_feries.jsp |website=clients.rte-france.com |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813075923/https://clients.rte-france.com/lang/an/visiteurs/vie/vie_jours_feries.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Denmark====
In [[Denmark]], 1 May is not an official holiday, but a variety of individuals, mostly in the public sector, construction industry, and production industry, get a half or a whole day off. It was first celebrated in [[Copenhagen]] in 1890. The location of the first celebration, the [[Fælledparken]], still plays an important part today with speeches by politicians and trade unionists to mark the occasion. Many other events are also held around the country to commemorate the day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labour Day: your guide to May 1st in Denmark |url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20190501/labour-day-in-denmark-why-is-it-so-special |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=thelocal.dk |date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507052016/https://www.thelocal.dk/20190501/labour-day-in-denmark-why-is-it-so-special |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Estonia====
In [[Estonia]], 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as part of May Day (Kevadpüha). It also coincides with Walpurgis Day (volbripäev).<ref>{{Cite web |last=ERR |first=Aili Vahtla, ERR News {{!}} |date=2024-04-30 |title=Tartu volber explained: Walpurgis the Estonian fraternity and sorority way |url=https://news.err.ee/1609322040/tartu-volber-explained-walpurgis-the-estonian-fraternity-and-sorority-way |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=ERR |language=en}}</ref>

====Finland====
[[File:Vappu2005kuvaPK.jpg|thumb|A Workers' Day rally in [[Helsinki]], Finland]]
In Finland, 1 May is an official and national holiday. It is mainly celebrated as a feast of students, and spring, called {{lang|fi|[[vappu]]}} or Walpurgis Night.<ref>{{cite web |title=Finland shows carnival colours on May Day |url=https://finland.fi/life-society/finland-shows-carnival-colours-on-may-day/ |website=thisisFINLAND |date=18 January 2015 |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013181105/https://finland.fi/life-society/finland-shows-carnival-colours-on-may-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Finland also celebrates Workers' Day (officially: {{lang|fi|suomalaisen työn päivä}}, "day of Finnish labour") on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Finnish celebrations and parties {{!}} Visit Finland |url=https://www.visitfinland.com/en/articles/traditional-finnish-celebrations-and-parties/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.visitfinland.com |language=en}}</ref>

====France====
[[File:Wpi france.jpg|thumb|Workers' Day demonstration in [[Lyon]], France]]
In France, 1 May is a public holiday called Workers' Day ({{langx|fr|Fête des Travailleurs}}). It is, in fact, the only day of the year when employees are legally obliged to be given leave, save professions that cannot be interrupted due to their nature (such as workers in hospitals and public transport).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.service-public.fr/actualites/00790.html |title=Fêtes légales et jours fériés|date=24 April 2012 |access-date=1 May 2012 |publisher=Government of France |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503210415/http://service-public.fr/actualites/00790.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref> Demonstrations and marches are a Labour Day tradition in France, where trade unions organize parades in major cities to defend workers' rights.
It is also customary to offer a [[lily of the valley]] to friends or family. This custom dates back to 1561, when king [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]], aged 10, waiting for his accession to the throne, gave a lily of the valley to all ladies present. Today, the fiscal administration exempts individuals and workers' organizations from any tax or administrative duties related to the sales of lilies of the valley, provided they are gathered from the wild, and not bought to be resold.

====Germany====
In April 1933, the recently installed [[Nazi Germany|Nazi government]] declared 1 May the "Day of National Work", an official state holiday, and announced that all celebrations were to be organized by the government. Any separate celebrations by [[Communist Party of Germany|Communists]], [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] or [[trade union|labour unions]] were banned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Szejnmann |first=Claus-Christian W. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nazism_in_Central_Germany/wexBEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1933+Day+of+National+Work+separate+celebrations+banned&pg=PA160&printsec=frontcover |title=Nazism in Central Germany: The Brownshirts in 'Red' Saxony |date=1999-06-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-80073-492-0 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref> After [[World War II]], 1 May remained a state holiday in both [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]]. In communist [[East Germany]], workers were ''de facto'' required to participate in large state-organized parades on International Workers' Day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Molly Wilkinson |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Training_Socialist_Citizens/pOT4arumP_YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22East+Germany%22+%22International+Workers'+Day%22+parade+required&pg=PA74&printsec=frontcover |title=Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16957-9 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> Today in Germany it is simply called "Labour Day" ({{lang|de|Tag der Arbeit}}), and there are numerous demonstrations and celebrations by independent workers' organizations. Today, [[Berlin]] witnesses yearly demonstrations on Labour Day, the largest organised by labour unions, political parties, the [[far left]] and the leftist {{lang|de|[[Autonomism|Autonomen]]}}.

[[File:1. Mai 2013 in Hannover. Gute Arbeit. Sichere Rente. Soziales Europa. Umzug vom Freizeitheim Linden zum Klagesmarkt. Menschen und Aktivitäten (168).jpg|thumb|Labour Day rally in [[Hanover]], Germany, 1 May 2013]]
Since 1987, Labour Day has also become known for riots in some districts of Berlin. After police actions against radical leftists in that year's annual demonstrations, the [[Autonomism|Autonomen]] scattered and sought cover at the ongoing annual street fair in [[Kreuzberg]]. Three years prior to the [[reunification of Germany]], violent protests would only take place in the former [[West Berlin]]. The protesters began tipping over police cars, violently resisting arrest, and began building [[barricade]]s after the police withdrew due to the unforeseen resistance. Cars were set on fire, shops plundered and burned to the ground. The police eventually ended the riots the following night. These violent forms of protests by the radical left later increasingly involved participants without political motivation.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2005|title=Geschichte des Kreuzberger 1. Mai|url=https://www.gegeninformationsbuero.de/mai/mai2005_zeitung.pdf|journal=Mai Zeitung|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003447/https://www.gegeninformationsbuero.de/mai/mai2005_zeitung.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Annual street fairs have proven an effective way to prevent riots, and Labour Day in 2005 and 2006 have been among the most peaceful known to Berlin in nearly 25 years. [[neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and other groups on the [[far right]], such as the [[National Democratic Party of Germany]], have used May Day to schedule public demonstrations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-01 |title=German top court hears plea to ban far-right NPD |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35695210 |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Labour Day violence flared up again in 2010. After an approved far-right demonstration was blocked by leftists, a parade by an estimated 10,000 leftists and anarchists turned violent and resulted in an active response by the [[Berlin Police]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5529267,00.html |title=Police battle rioters in May Day clashes |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=6 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506072353/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5529267,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Greece====
In Greece, 1 May is an optional public holiday, but is treated by workers as a strike. The [[Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Greece)|Ministry of Labour]] retains the right to classify it as an official public holiday on an annual basis, and it customarily does so.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrations and Public Holidays |url=http://www.eaed.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2415:2009-11-13-11-19-57&catid=244:-2009&Itemid=285 |publisher=IKA Review of Insurance and Labour Law |access-date=1 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525141803/http://www.eaed.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2415:2009-11-13-11-19-57&catid=244:-2009&Itemid=285 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The day is called {{lang|el-Latn|Ergatikí Proto-magiá}} ({{lang|el|Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά}}, {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "Workers' 1 May") and celebrations are marked by demonstrations in which left-wing political parties, anti-authority groups, and workers' unions participate.
On Workers' Day in 2010, there were major protests all over Greece, most notably [[Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki]], by many left, anarchist and communist supporters and some violent clashes with [[riot police]] who were sent out to contain the protesters. They opposed economic reforms, an end to job losses and wage cuts in the face of the government's proposals of massive public spending cuts. These reforms are to fall in line with the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]-[[European Union|EU]]-[[European Central Bank|ECB]] loan proposals, which demand that Greece liberalize its economy and cut its public spending and private sector wages, which many believe will decrease living standards.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8655711.stm | work=BBC News | title=Protesters confront Greek police | date=1 May 2010 | access-date=2 May 2010 | archive-date=7 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507104348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8655711.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Hungary====
Hungary celebrates 1 May as a national holiday, Workers' Day ({{langx|hu|A munka ünnepe}}), with open-air festivities and fairs all over the country. Many towns raise May poles and festivals with various themes are organized around the holiday. Left-wing parties and trade unions hold public rallies commemorating Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Hungary – Hungarians celebrate Labor Day |url=http://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/hungarians-celebrate-labor-day/ |website=abouthungary.hu |date=May 2019 |language=en |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211005641/https://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/hungarians-celebrate-labor-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Iceland====
In Iceland, Labour Day ({{langx|is|Baráttudagur verkalýðsins}}) is a public holiday. The first demonstration for workers rights in Iceland occurred in 1923. A parade composed of trade unions and other groups marches through towns and cities across the country and speeches are delivered.<ref>{{citation|title=Schedule for May 1 Labour Day march and two rival meetings in downtown Reykjavík {{!}} However many stores nowadays are open and pay higher salaries to the workers instead on this day.}}</ref> However, some private businesses are open, mainly in the capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public holidays in Iceland : When are holidays in Iceland : Iceland Travel Guide |url=https://iceland.nordicvisitor.com/travel-guide/information/public-holidays/ |website=iceland.nordicvisitor.com |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017230139/https://iceland.nordicvisitor.com/travel-guide/information/public-holidays/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Ireland====
[[File:May Day, Belfast, April 2011 (077).JPG|thumb|International Workers' Day parade in [[Belfast]], 2011]]
The [[Irish Congress of Trade Unions]] (ICTU) marks International Workers' Day with rallies in [[Belfast]] and [[Dublin]] and other events such as lectures, concerts and film screenings also take place around a wider International Workers' Day festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day Celebrated in Dublin {{!}} Century Ireland |url=https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/blog/labour-day-celebrated-in-dublin |website=rte.ie |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017232136/https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/blog/labour-day-celebrated-in-dublin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where to enjoy May Day in Northern Ireland this year! |url=https://www.belfasttimes.co.uk/where-to-enjoy-may-day-in-northern-ireland-this-year/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427115200/http://www.belfasttimes.co.uk/where-to-enjoy-may-day-in-northern-ireland-this-year/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2016 |website=Belfast Times |date=27 April 2016 }}</ref> The first Monday in May has been a [[public holiday in the Republic of Ireland]] since 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1993/si/91/made/en/print|title=S.I. No. 91/1993 – Holidays (Employees) Act, 1973 (Public Holiday) Regulations, 1993.|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225122537/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1993/si/91/made/en/print|url-status=live}}</ref> and in Northern Ireland since 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bt.com/|title=Fibre Broadband, TV Packages, BT Sport & Mobile Deals | BT|website=www.bt.com|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406154822/https://www.bt.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Republic the public holiday was demanded by the ICTU<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0429/697515-may-day-why-not-a-holiday/|title=RTÉ Archives: May Day Why Not A Holiday?|date=29 April 2015|work=[[RTÉ.ie]]|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185501/http://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0429/697515-may-day-why-not-a-holiday/|url-status=live}}</ref> and proposed by the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] in negotiating [[23rd Government of Ireland|its 1992–94 coalition government]] with [[Fianna Fáil]], and marked the centenary of the ICTU's predecessor, the [[Irish Trades Union Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1993070900061#N451 |quote=The Programme for a Partnership Government also committed the Government to appoint the first Monday in May to be a public holiday with effect from 1994, in recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Irish Trades Union Congress. In deciding to introduce a new public holiday, the Government also took account of the fact ... that nine of our EC partners have a public holiday early in May. |title=Vote 44: An Chomhairle Ealaíon |last=Quinn |first=Ruairí |date=9 July 1993 |work=Dáil Éireann Debates |publisher=Oireachtas |pages=Vol.433 No.8 p.61 c.2084 |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185226/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1993070900061#N451 |url-status=live }}</ref> The public holiday has no official designation, as "Workers' Day" or otherwise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html|title=Public holidays|date=20 March 2018|publisher=Citizens Information Board|access-date=8 May 2018|location=Dublin|archive-date=17 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117072632/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Labour's [[Ruairi Quinn]] condemned an alleged Fianna Fáil proposal to replace the May holiday with one on 24 April commemorating the [[1916 Rising]] as a slight to workers. The proposal was, in actuality, for an extra holiday – rather than a replacement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/fianna-fail-denies-plan-to-axe-bank-holiday-226910.html|title=Fianna Fáil denies plan to axe bank holiday|date=24 October 2005|work=Irish Examiner|access-date=9 May 2018|archive-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051336/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/fianna-fail-denies-plan-to-axe-bank-holiday-226910.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Italy====
[[File:Rome concert 1-5-2007 crowd 2.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional 1 May Concert in St. John Lateran square, [[Rome]]]]
The first International Workers' Day celebration in [[Italy]] took place in 1890. Industrialists threatened to fire absent workers, so most industrial workers showed up to work. The event succeeded due to artisan and craft support.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=Margaret |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Radical_Space/_pRlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Italy%22+%22International+Workers'+Day%22+1890&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover |title=Radical Space: Building the House of the People |date=2018-08-06 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-3174-7 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> It was abolished under the [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Fascist regime]] and immediately restored after the [[Second World War]]. (During the fascist period, a "Holiday of the Italian Labour" ({{lang|it|Festa del lavoro italiano}}) was celebrated on 21 April, the date of {{lang|it|[[Natale di Roma]]}}, when [[Rome]] was allegedly founded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Planet |first=Lonely |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lonely_Planet_Rome/_QnBDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Holiday+21+April+Rome+founded&pg=PT437&printsec=frontcover |title=Lonely Planet Rome |last2=Garwood |first2=Duncan |last3=Averbuck |first3=Alexis |last4=Maxwell |first4=Virginia |date=2019-12-01 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-78868-678-5 |language=en}}</ref>) In 1947, following an unexpected electoral victory of the [[Popular Democratic Front (Italy)|Popular Democratic Front]] in [[Sicily]], local secessionists and pro-USA mafia hitmen killed 14 and injured 27 firing machine guns at an International Workers' Day celebration in the [[Portella della Ginestra massacre|Portella della Ginestra Massacre]].
International Workers' Day is now an important celebration in Italy and is a national holiday regardless of what day of the week it falls. The {{lang|it|Concerto del Primo Maggio}} ("1st of May Concert"), organized by Italian labour unions in Rome in [[Porta San Giovanni (Rome)|Piazza di Porta San Giovanni]] has become an important event in recent years. Every year the concert is attended by a large audience of mostly young people and involves the participation of many famous bands and songwriters, lasting from 15:00 until midnight. The concert is usually broadcast live on [[Rai 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rai: In tv, alla radio e sul web un Primo Maggio per il lavoro |url=https://www.rai.it/ufficiostampa/articoli/2023/04/Rai-In-tv-alla-radio-e-sul-web-un-Primo-Maggio-per-il-lavoro-d87beb39-5021-4d5e-8075-b43f4170b871.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=RAI Ufficio Stampa |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707134500/https://www.rai.it/ufficiostampa/assets/template/us-articolo.html?ssiPath=/articoli/2023/04/Rai-In-tv-alla-radio-e-sul-web-un-Primo-Maggio-per-il-lavoro-d87beb39-5021-4d5e-8075-b43f4170b871-ssi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A second big concert is organised in the city of [[Taranto]] and it is transmitted locally by [[TGR|TGR Apulia]].

====Lithuania====
In Lithuania, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as International Work Day ({{langx|lt|Tarptautinė darbo diena}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Events, fiestas and entertainments in Lithuania |url=https://www.migration.lt/events-fiestas-and-entertainments-in-lithuania |website=migration.lt |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017224807/https://www.migration.lt/events-fiestas-and-entertainments-in-lithuania |url-status=live }}</ref> Celebrations for workers' day were mandatory during the [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]], and carry a negative connotation as a result today. As Lithuania [[act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania|restored its independence]] in 1990, Work Day lost its public holiday status, but regained it in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=May Day holiday returns to Lithuania |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/6353/ |website=baltictimes.com |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017224920/https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/6353/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day: how the celebrations look like in Vilnius? (PHOTO) |url=http://l24.lt/en/society/item/10157-labour-day-how-the-celebrations-look-like-in-vilnius |website=l24.lt |language=en-gb |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017224759/http://l24.lt/en/society/item/10157-labour-day-how-the-celebrations-look-like-in-vilnius |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Latvia====
In Latvia, Labour Day is an official public holiday celebrated as Convocation of the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of Latvia, Labour Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Holidays |url=https://www.latvia.eu/history/national-holidays |website=[Latvia.eu] |language=en |date=3 February 2015 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904025833/https://www.latvia.eu/history/national-holidays |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Luxembourg====
In Luxembourg, 1 May, called the {{lang|lb|Dag vun der Aarbecht}} ("Labour Day"), is a legal holiday traditionally associated with large demonstrations by trade unions in Luxembourg City and other cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day in Luxembourg |url=https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/festivals-and-traditions/meekranz-labour-day.html |website=luxembourg.public.lu |language=en |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418133005/https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/festivals-and-traditions/meekranz-labour-day.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Malta====
In Malta, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as "Workers' Day",<ref name="maltagov">{{cite web|url=https://gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Public%20Holidays/Pages/Public-Holidays-in-MAlta.aspx|title=Public Holidays in Malta|year=2018|publisher=Government of Malta|access-date=9 May 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201144548/https://www.gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Public%20Holidays/Pages/Public-Holidays-in-Malta.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> together with the [[religious feast]] of [[Saint Joseph|Saint Joseph the Worker]]. ([[Saint Joseph's Day]], 19 March, the saint's main feast, is also a public holiday in Malta).<ref name="maltagov"/> A [[Labour Party (Malta)|Labour]] mass meeting takes place on 1 May. [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalists]] celebrate [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|accession to the European Union]] on 1 May 2004.

====Montenegro====
In Montenegro, 1 May is an official public holiday and a day off work and a day out of school. It is the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiday Calendar 2019 |url=https://me.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Montenegro |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016022730/https://me.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Netherlands====
In the Netherlands, 1 May or Labour Day ({{langx|nl|Dag van de Arbeid}}) is not an official holiday. This is due in part to its proximity to the national holiday, [[Koningsdag]], which was celebrated on the day before until 2013. Labour movements also did not see the need to agitate for an extra day off during the [[Post–World War II economic expansion|Post–World War II recovery efforts]]. [[Liberalism|Liberals]] who joined the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] in this same period also wanted to distance themselves from the [[Soviet Union]] because of [[Cold War]] sentiments.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2019-05-01|title=Waarom 1 mei in Nederland maar geen vrije dag is|trans-title=Why 1 May isn't a day off in the Netherlands|url=https://www.ad.nl/ad-werkt/waarom-1-mei-in-nederland-maar-geen-vrije-dag-is~a52f4967/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|language=nl|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707094222/https://www.ad.nl/ad-werkt/waarom-1-mei-in-nederland-maar-geen-vrije-dag-is~a52f4967/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A small number of public servants has the day off, as well as bank employees and financial traders as the European banking system is not open that day.

====North Macedonia====
[[File:Prvomajska proslava vo Skopje, 1909.jpg|thumb|right|First Workers' Day celebration of the [[North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman period]] in [[Skopje]], 1909]]

In North Macedonia, 1 May ({{langx|mk|Ден на Трудот}}, {{lang|mk-Latn|Den na Trudot}}) is an official public holiday. Before 2007, 2 may was also a public holiday. People celebrate with friends and family at traditional picnics across the country, accompanied by the usual outdoor games, various grilled meats and beverages. Left organizations and some trade unions organize protests on 1 May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dmwc.org.mk/2017/04/30/international-workers-day-1st-of-may-in-macedonia/|title=International Workers' Day, 1st of May in Macedonia • Dobredojde Macedonia Welcome Centre|date=30 April 2017|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016024045/https://www.dmwc.org.mk/2017/04/30/international-workers-day-1st-of-may-in-macedonia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Norway====
[[File:Jens stoltenberg1.jpg|thumb|Norway's then Prime Minister [[Jens Stoltenberg]] gives his 1 May speech in 2009 in [[Oslo]], Norway.]]

In Norway, Labour Day ({{langx|no|Arbeidernes Dag}}) is celebrated 1 May and has been an official public holiday since 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://snl.no/F%C3%B8rste_mai|title=Første mai|first1=Åsmund Borgen|last1=Gjerde|first2=Bjørn|last2=Thingsaker|work=Store norske leksikon |date=2 May 2021|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504175939/https://snl.no/F%C3%B8rste_mai|url-status=live|language = Norwegian}}</ref> It was first introduced by the workers movement in 1890,<ref>{{cite book |last=Terjesen|first=Einar A.|date=1990|title=Maidagen : 1. mai-feiringens historie i Norge|url=https://www.nb.no/maken/item/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007112200072/open|trans-title=May Day: The history of the celebration of the 1st of May in Norway|language=Norwegian|location=Norway|publisher=Tiden Norsk Forlag|page=29|isbn=8210032895|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> and recognized as an official flag day in 1935.<ref>{{cite book |last=Terjesen|first=Einar A.|date=1990|title=Maidagen : 1. mai-feiringens historie i Norge|url=https://www.nb.no/maken/item/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007112200072/open|trans-title=May Day: The history of the celebration of the 1st of May in Norway|language=Norwegian|location=Norway|publisher=Tiden Norsk Forlag|pages=104–105|isbn=8210032895|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> The program for the day is presented by local unions and labour organizations.

====Poland====
[[File:Wodzisław KWK 1 Maja.JPG|thumb|[[1 Maja Coal Mine|1 May Coal Mine]] in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland]]
In Poland, since the fall of communism, 1 May is officially celebrated as [[Public holidays in Poland|Labour Day]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.anglopolish.com/index.php/en/archive/29-polish-tradition/155-international-workers-day-may-day | title=May Day in Poland | access-date=1 May 2013 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815142641/http://anglopolish.com/index.php/en/archive/29-polish-tradition/155-international-workers-day-may-day | archive-date=15 August 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/poland/tp/polandholidays.htm | title=Poland's Holidays | access-date=1 May 2013 | archive-date=13 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050301/http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/poland/tp/polandholidays.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is customary for labour activists to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland. The holiday is also commonly referred to as "Labour Day" ({{langx|pl|Święto Pracy}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Steven |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Poland’s Complex Relationship with Labor Day |url=https://www.krakowpost.com/19012/2018/05/polands-complex-relationship-with-labor-day |website=The Krakow Post}}</ref>

In Poland, Labour Day is closely followed by [[May 3rd Constitution Day]]. These two dates combined often result in a [[long weekend]] called {{lang|pl|Majówka}}, which may last for up to 9 days from 28 April to 6 May, at the cost of taking only 3 days off. People often travel, and {{lang|pl|Majówka}} is unofficially considered the start of barbecuing season in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Experts warn against excessive alcohol consumption in Poland |url=https://tvpworld.com/77220532/poland-experts-warn-of-excessive-alcohol-consumption-as-may-holidays-near |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=tvpworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Between these two, on 2 May, there is a patriotic holiday, the Day of the Polish Flag ({{lang|pl|[[:pl:Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej]]}}), introduced by a parliamentary act of 20 February 2004. The day, however, does not force paid time off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland’s Day of the Flag - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland - Gov.pl website |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/polands-day-of-the-flag |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In Soviet times, streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were frequently named in honor of International Workers' Day, such as [[1 Maja Coal Mine]] in {{lang|pl|[[Wodzisław Śląski]]|italic=no}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eckart |first=Karl |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Social_Economic_and_Cultural_Aspects_in/2DIRP6TYRXgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1+Maja+Coal+Mine+Wodzis%C5%82aw+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski&pg=PA168&printsec=frontcover |title=Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects in the Dynamic Changing Process of Old Industrial Regions: Ruhr District (Germany), Upper Silesia (Poland), Ostrava Region (Czech Republic) |date=2003 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-6784-3 |pages=168 |language=en}}</ref>.

====Portugal====
In Portugal, Workers' Day ({{langx|pt|Dia do Trabalhador}}) on 1 May was suppressed during the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] dictatorship. The first workers' day demonstration was held a week after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 25 April 1974. It is still the largest demonstration in the history of Portugal. It is used as an opportunity for workers and workers' groups to voice their discontent over working conditions in demonstrations across Portugal, the largest being held in Lisbon. It is an official public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why is May 1st a holiday in Portugal? |url=https://algarvedailynews.com/news/11578-why-is-may-1st-a-holiday-in-portugal |website=algarvedailynews.com |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |language=en-gb |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016005520/https://algarvedailynews.com/news/11578-why-is-may-1st-a-holiday-in-portugal |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Romania====
[[File:002 State and party leaders celebrating May 1.jpg|thumb|Delegates of the [[Romanian Communist Party]] on 1 May 1965]]
In Romania, 1 May, known as the "International Labour Day" ({{langx|ro|Ziua internațională a muncii}}), the "International Workers' Day" ({{lang|ro|Ziua internațională a muncitorilor}}), or simply "1/First of May" ({{lang|ro|1/Întâi Mai}}), is an official [[public holidays in Romania|public holiday]]. During the [[Communist Romania|communist regime]], like in all former Eastern Bloc countries, the day was marked by large state-organized parades in most towns and cities. After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], 1 May continues to be an official public holiday, but without any state organized events or parades. Most people celebrate together with friends and family, organising [[picnic]]s and [[barbecue]]s. It is also the first day of the year when people, especially those from the southeastern part of the country including the capital [[Bucharest]], go to spend the day in one of the [[Romanian Black Sea resorts]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-14 |title=Summer special: Seaside resorts in Romania |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/summer-special-seaside-resorts-in-romania |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Romania Insider |language=en}}</ref>

====Russia====
[[File:Колонна РКРП-РПК на первомайской демонстрации.jpg|thumb|[[Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Workers' Party]] demonstration on 1 May 2008 in [[Izhevsk]]]]
In [[Russia]], the "Day of International Workers Solidarity, the 1st of May" ({{Langx|ru|День международной солидарности трудящихся Первое ма́я}}) was celebrated illegally in the country until the [[February Revolution]] enabled the first legal celebration in 1917. The following year, after the [[Bolshevik]] [[October Revolution|seizure of power]], the International Workers' Day celebrations were boycotted by [[Mensheviks]], [[Left Socialist Revolutionaries]] and [[anarchism in Russia|anarchists]]. It became an important official holiday of the Soviet Union, celebrated with elaborate popular parade in the centre of the major cities. The biggest celebration was traditionally organized in [[Red Square]], where the [[General Secretary of the CPSU]] and other party and government leaders stood atop [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] and waved to the crowds. The holiday was marked by [[military parade]]s in [[Red Square]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murrell |first=Kathleen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/DK_Eyewitness_Books_Russia/d_iaB_5u59oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1+May+1969+military+parades+Russia&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover |title=DK Eyewitness Books: Russia: Discover the Turbulent Past of This Vast Land—from Empire and Communist Superpower to Today's Federation |date=2000-05-31 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-7566-6809-9 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> The following was the order of the march past:

* Parade commander holding the appointment of commanding officer of the [[Moscow Military District]]
* Corps of Drums of the [[Moscow Military Music College]]
* [[Frunze Military Academy]]
* [[Lenin Military-Political Academy|V.I. Lenin Military Political Academy]]
* [[Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy]]
* [[Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy|Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky]]
* Military Engineering Academy
* [[NBC Protection Military Academy|Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control]]
* Yuri [[Gagarin Air Force Academy]]
* Prof. Nikolai [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy]]
* Delegation of naval officer cadets from the [[Soviet Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.ric.mil.ru/Stati/item/117649/|title=ПО БРУСЧАТКЕ КРАСНОЙ ПЛОЩАДИ|website=history.ric.mil.ru|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721194046/http://history.ric.mil.ru/Stati/item/117649/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[98th Guards Airborne Division]]
* [[Moscow Border Institute of the FSB of the Russian Federation|Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB "Moscow City Council"]]
* [[Separate Operational Purpose Division]]
* [[336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade|336th Marine Brigade]] of the [[Baltic Fleet]]
* [[Suvorov Military School]] and [[Nakhimov Naval School]]s
* [[Moscow Higher Military Command School|Moscow Military Combined Arms Command Training School "Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"]]
* Mobile Column
** [[2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division]]
** 4th Guards Tank Division
** Missile Troops and Artillery of the Moscow Military District
** 1st Aerospace Defense Army
** [[Northern Fleet]] and [[Baltic Fleet]] Coastal Defense, Surface and Submarine Forces (until 1974)
* [[Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union|Massed Bands of the Moscow Military District]] (parade finale)

The first of these parades were held [[1918 May 1 Parade|1918]], when [[Vladimir Lenin]] presided over a ceremony at [[Khodynka Field]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cont.ws/@staromodnyiej/932301|title=1 мая 1918 г. на Ходынском поле состоялся первый военный парад Красной Армии – Старомодница – КОНТ|website=cont.ws|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102341/https://cont.ws/@staromodnyiej/932301|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable parades included the parade of 1941 (which saw the presence of a [[Wehrmacht]] delegation led by [[Ernst August Köstring]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ройбу|first=Зиновий|date=2010-04-30|title=1 Мая 1941 года в Москве: до начала Великой Отечественной войны оставался только 51 день|url=https://ava.md/2010/04/30/1-maya-1941-goda-v-moskve-do-nachala-velikoy/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=AVA.MD|language=ru|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102628/https://ava.md/2010/04/30/1-maya-1941-goda-v-moskve-do-nachala-velikoy/|url-status=live}}</ref>) and 1963 (where Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]] was a guest). The only parades on 1 May to be cancelled were the parades scheduled during the years of the [[Second World War]] and the 1965 parade (this was cancelled to make way for the [[1965 Moscow Victory Day Parade]] nine days later). In 1979, ten years after the last annual parade, a brief [[exhibition drill]] and [[military tattoo]] of the forces of the Moscow Garrison took place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtwHowkf0y4|title=Демонстрация 1 мая 1979 года|date=22 September 2019|publisher= ПравДа.Ру(б)|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416175707/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtwHowkf0y4|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1991, which preceded the last year that demonstrations were held in Red Square, International Workers' Day grew into high-spirited political action. Around 50,000 people participated in a rally in Red Square in 1991 after which the tradition was interrupted for 13 years. In the early post-Soviet period the holiday turned into massive political gatherings of supporters of radically minded politicians. For instance, an action dubbed as "a rally of communist-oriented organisations" was held in Red Square in 1992. The rally began with performance of the Soviet Union anthem and raising the [[Red flag (politics)|Red Flag]] and ended with appeals from the leader of opposition movement Working Moscow, [[Viktor Anpilov]], "for early dismissal of President [[Boris Yeltsin]], ousting [[Moscow Mayor]] [[Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov|Gavriil Popov]] from power and putting the latter on trial". Since 1992, International Workers' Day is officially called "Spring and Labor Day", and remains a major holiday in present-day Russia.

[[File:anarchistsmayday2010moscow.JPG|thumb|250px|Labour Day 2010 in [[Moscow]]: anarchist demonstration]]
[[File:Верной дорогой идёте, товарищи!.JPG|thumb|250px|Labour Day 2009 in [[Severodvinsk]]: red flags and social slogans visible]]
[[File:Колонна демократических левых на первомайском шествии 2011 года в Москве.jpg|thumb|250px|Column of "democratic left" at the 2011 Labor Day march in Moscow: LevSD, [[Committee for a Workers' International (1974)|Committee for a Workers' International]], [[LGBT]], feminists]]

In 1993, a Moscow Labor Day rally followed by a procession organized by the [[National Salvation Front (Russia)|National Salvation Front]], Labor Moscow, and the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]] turned into clashes between demonstrators and riot police near houses 30 and 37 along [[Leninsky Avenue, Moscow|Leninsky Avenue]].<ref name=memo93>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161214005538/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/moscow93/may93.htm Предварительный отчёт о массовых беспорядках, имевших место в Москве 1 мая 1993 года.] // [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]], official website.</ref><ref group="note">The clashes were preceded by two circumstances: "the organizers deviated from the route allowed by the mayor's office," and the Moscow authorities decided to "obstruct the movement of the column along Leninsky Avenue." Subsequently, the authorities failed to rationally justify such a decision: the movement took place in the direction ''from'' the city center. The version that "the demonstrators are going to smash Gorbachev's dacha" remained unconfirmed. The demonstrators, who were moving along Leninsky Avenue from Oktyabrskaya Square, noticing the truck barriers, as well as the cordon of police officers and OMON, reorganized, putting forward a vanguard of 500–600 people, the most organized part of which was the squad of the National Salvation Front. A few tens of meters before the cordon, the column stepped up and almost immediately broke through the cordon. See the cited report by [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]].</ref>

After the demonstrators broke through the cordon, OMON went on a counterattack near house 37 along Leninsky Avenue. "The demonstrators fought fiercely using banner poles." To overcome the barriers, the demonstrators used trucks as rams. One of the rams resulted in severe injuries to OMON Sergeant Vladimir Tolokneyev, who died four days later. Media reports on the number of victims varied: the initial figure of 150 people soon quadrupled.<ref name=memo93/>

1 May is celebrated annually by communists, anarchists, and other organizations as the Day of International Solidarity of Workers. These events are accompanied by the promotion of sharp social and political slogans ("Government of bankrupts – resign!", "WE do not want to pay for YOUR crisis!", "Self-organization! Self-government! Self-defense!" etc.).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kprf.ru/actions/65662.html |title=Лозунги 1 мая 2009 |trans-title=Slogans, 1 May 2009 |access-date=2010-01-04 |archive-date=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522161557/http://kprf.ru/actions/65662.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kprf.ru/party_live/56715.html |title=Лозунги 1 мая 2008 |trans-title=Slogans, 1 May 2008 |access-date=2010-01-04 |archive-date=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522161707/http://kprf.ru/party_live/56715.html}}</ref>

The Spring and Labor Day, celebrated as a state holiday, is usually used for political actions under independent slogans by trade unions, parties, and movements of various orientations, from the left to the far right: [[United Russia]] (together with the [[Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia]] and the [[Young Guard of United Russia]]), [[A Just Russia]], the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], [[Yabloko]], [[Solidarnost]], the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]], and [[Autonomous Action]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ud.mos.ru/main/58-pervomajjskie-demonstracii-i-mitingi.html |title=Первомайские демонстрации и митинги |trans-title=1 May demonstrations and meetings |access-date=2010-01-04 |archive-date=2012-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120202649/http://ud.mos.ru/main/58-pervomajjskie-demonstracii-i-mitingi.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vkrizis.ru/news.php?type=rus&lenta=1&arc=0&news=10526 |title=В первомайских демонстрациях и митингах в Москве приняли участие около 30 тыс. человек |trans-title=About 30,000 people took part in May Day demonstrations and rallies in Moscow |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928155414/http://vkrizis.ru/news.php?type=rus&lenta=1&arc=0&news=10526 |archivedate=2011-09-28}}</ref>

The slogans of official events organized by the authorities are far from the historical roots of the Labour Day demonstrations: "Putin's plan is a plan for Victory!", "Bonuses for pensioners", "Three kids in a family is the norm!".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uao.mos.ru/textform.aspx?docid=25263&treepath=348,22568,22569,25263 |title=Официальный портал префектуры Южного административного округа города Москвы |trans-title=Official portal of the prefecture of the Southern Administrative District of Moscow |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120202629/http://www.uao.mos.ru/textform.aspx?docid=25263&treepath=348,22568,22569,25263 |archivedate=2012-11-20}}</ref>

A more radical attitude to the holiday in 2009 was expressed by the head of the metropolitan branch of the [[Right Cause]] party, Igor Trunov: "To be honest, I didn't really want to celebrate 1 May, because I don't stand in solidarity with the workers of Chicago, where this holiday came from".<ref>{{cite web |last=Zakatnova |first=Anna |date=2009-04-29 |url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/04/29/pervomay-site-anons.html |title=Москву 1 мая наглухо перекроют около 17 митингов, шествий и демонстраций |trans-title=Moscow on 1 May will be tightly blocked by about 17 rallies, marches and demonstrations |publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |accessdate=2010-08-14 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814223812/http://www.rg.ru/2009/04/29/pervomay-site-anons.html}}</ref>

On 1 May 2013, several hundred thousand workers took to the streets of Russian cities. More than 100,000 people took part in the Labour Day demonstration in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://runews24.ru/society/demonstration-of-1-may.shtml |title=На первомайскую демонстрацию в Москве вышли 100 тыс. человек |work=Runews24 |trans-title=100 thousand people came to the May Day demonstration in Moscow |accessdate=2013-05-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522172100/http://runews24.ru/society/demonstration-of-1-may.shtml |archivedate=2015-05-22}}</ref>

Since 2014 a national civil parade has been held on 1 May on Red Square, with similar events held in major cities and regional capitals.

In 2016, the celebration of Easter and Labour Day overlapped,<ref name="РИА_010516">[http://ria.ru/spravka/20160501/1423389297.html День святой Пасхи] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506111917/http://ria.ru/spravka/20160501/1423389297.html |date=6 May 2016 }} // [[RIA Novosti]], 1 May 2016</ref> which led to the abandonment of Labour Day events in some regions.<ref name="Эхо_210416">[http://echo.msk.ru/news/1751934-echo.html В Калуге отменили первомайское шествие из-за Пасхи] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422041625/http://echo.msk.ru/news/1751934-echo.html |date=22 April 2016 }} // [[Echo of Moscow]], 21 April 2016</ref>

====Serbia====
In Serbia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work and a day out of school. It is one of the major popular holidays, and the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated. People celebrate it all over the country. By tradition 1 May is celebrated by countryside picnics and outdoor barbecues. May is marked by warm weather in Serbia. In [[Belgrade]], the capital, most people go to {{lang|sr|[[Avala]]|italic=no}} or {{lang|sr|[[Košutnjak]]|italic=no}}, which are parks located in {{lang|sr|Rakovica|italic=no}} and {{lang|sr|Čukarica|italic=no}}. People go around the country to enjoy nature. A major religious holiday of {{lang|sr|[[Djurdjevdan]]|italic=no}} is on 6 May so quite often days off work are given to connect these two holidays and weekend, creating a small spring break. 1 May is celebrated by most of the population regardless of political views.

====Slovakia====
In Slovakia, 1 May is an official holiday. Celebrations are held surrounding workers' day but are also connected with the commemoration of the [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|entry of the Slovak Republic into the European Union]] (1 May 2004).<ref>{{cite web |last1=a.s |first1=Petit Press |title=May Day celebrated in style |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20005065/may-day-celebrated-in-style.html |website=spectator.sme.sk |language=en |date=7 May 2007 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016010053/https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20005065/may-day-celebrated-in-style.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Slovenia====
In Slovenia, 1 May and 2 May are public holidays. There are many official events all over the country to celebrate workers' day. In [[Ljubljana]], the capital, the main celebration is held on [[Rožnik (hill)|Rožnik Hill]] in the city. On the night of 30 April, bonfires are traditionally burned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovenia celebrating Labour Day |url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-celebrating-labour-day |website=sloveniatimes.com |date=May 2016 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016010648/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-celebrating-labour-day |url-status=live |author1=w3Bstudio }}</ref>

====Spain====
{{Main|Labor Day in Spain}}

[[File:Manifestacio barcelona primer de maig alternatiu 2009.JPG|thumb|Labor Day rally in [[Barcelona]], Spain]]

In Spain, the first Workers' Day ({{Lang|es|Día del Trabajador}}) was celebrated in 1889 but only became a public holiday with the beginning of the [[Spanish Second Republic]] in 1931. It was banned afterwards by the [[Francoist Spain|Franco regime]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |title=Esta ha sido la evolución del Día del Trabajo en España |url=https://www.revistagq.com/noticias/politica/articulos/evolucion-1-de-mayo-dia-del-trabajo-espana/25991 |website=GQ España |language=es-ES |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140041/https://www.revistagq.com/noticias/politica/articulos/evolucion-1-de-mayo-dia-del-trabajo-espana/25991 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The year after it was decreed that the "Fiesta de la Exaltación del Trabajo," or Labor Festival, be held on 18 July, the anniversary of the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Francoist]] [[Spanish coup of July 1936|military coup]], instead.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Montagut |first1=Eduardo |title=1º de Mayo durante el franquismo |url=https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/primero-mayo-franquismo/20150427101518115189.html |website=Nuevatribuna |date=29 April 2015 |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140040/https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/primero-mayo-franquismo/20150427101518115189.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of [[Francisco Franco]] in 1975 and the move towards democracy, the first large rallies on 1 May began again in 1977. It was re-introduced as a public holiday in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Millán |first1=Agustín |title=Fuerte represión en el primero de mayo de 1977 |url=https://diario16.com/fuerte-represion-primero-mayo-1977/ |website=Diario16 |language=es |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140037/https://diario16.com/fuerte-represion-primero-mayo-1977/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Commonly, peaceful demonstrations and parades occur in major and minor cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labor Day Demonstration |url=https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/events/labor-day-demonstration-2019/ |website=(barcelona-metropolitan.com) |language=en-us |date=25 April 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140039/https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/events/labor-day-demonstration-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thousands join May Day march against corruption in Madrid |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20170501/thousands-march-in-madrid-against-corruption |website=thelocal.es |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140040/https://www.thelocal.es/20170501/thousands-march-in-madrid-against-corruption |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sweden====
[[File:1maj2006soc.dem.sthlm.jpg|thumb|[[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] at International Workers' Day demonstration in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], in 2006. The party has dominated Swedish politics for nearly a century. The [[Swedish Trade Union Confederation|trade union palace]] in Stockholm is seen at the end of the picture.]]

1 May has been an important part of Swedish history since the late 19th century. The day was made a [[public holiday]] in 1938 but had been celebrated by the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] and the [[vänsterpartiet|left]] since 1890. The first International Workers' Day celebration gathered more than 50,000 people in central Stockholm. The crowd went to hear speeches by the leading figures in the [[Swedish labour movement]] such as [[Hjalmar Branting]] (later [[prime minister]]), [[August Palm]] and [[Hinke Bergegren]]. During [[World War I]] the demonstrations mainly had a peace message and the [[Liberal People's Party (Sweden)|Liberal Party]] also joined the demonstrations. The [[8-hour working day|eight-hour working day]] and [[women's suffrage]] were the principal themes during the troubled times after World War I.

Recognizing the central contributions of workers and international worker solidarity in Swedish social, economic, political and cultural development, International Workers' Day demonstrations are an important part of Swedish politics and culture for social democrats and democratic socialists. In Stockholm the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]] always marches towards [[Norra Bantorget]], the historical, physical centre of the Swedish labour movement, where they hold speeches in front of the headquarters of the [[Swedish Trade Union Confederation]], while the smaller [[Vänsterpartiet|Left Party]] marches in larger numbers<ref>[http://storstockholm.vansterpartiet.se/2012/jonas-sjostedt-talar-pa-sveriges-storsta-forsta-maj-firande/ Jonas Sjöstedt talar på Sveriges största första maj-firande {{!}} Vänsterpartiet Storstockholm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501050932/https://storstockholm.vansterpartiet.se/2012/03/15/jonas-sjostedt-talar-pa-sveriges-storsta-forsta-maj-firande/ |date=1 May 2023 }}. Storstockholm.vansterpartiet.se. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref> towards [[Kungsträdgården]].

Since 1967, the [[Communist Party (Sweden)|Communist Party]] and its [[youth wing]], [[Revolutionary Communist Youth (Sweden)|Revolutionary Communist Youth]], have held their own International Workers' Day march, known as {{lang|sv|Röd Front}} ('Red Front').<ref>{{cite news |title=Röd Front 40 år |url=http://www.proletaren.se/ledare/rod-front-40-ar |access-date=26 April 2017 |publisher=Proletären |date=24 April 2007 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003926/http://www.proletaren.se/ledare/rod-front-40-ar |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Röd Front marches were held at 33 locations across the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Röd Front 2016 i bilder |url=http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2016/05/rod-front-2016 |website=Kommunistiska Partiet |date=May 2016 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427004136/http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2016/05/rod-front-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest Röd Front marches are usually held in the industrial and financial port town of [[Gothenburg]], Sweden's second-largest city and one of the party's strongholds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Röd Front runt om i landet |url=http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2014/05/rod-front-runt-om-i-landet |website=Kommunistiska Partiet |date=May 2014 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427004226/http://www.kommunisterna.org/nyheter/2014/05/rod-front-runt-om-i-landet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rothelius |first1=Lars |title=Röd front 1 maj 2015 |url=http://www.proletaren.se/rod-front-1-maj-2015 |access-date=26 April 2017 |publisher=Proletären |date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100556/http://www.proletaren.se/rod-front-1-maj-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Parade of the May 1 demonstrations (70-ies). (6984904464).jpg|thumb|International Workers' Day in the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]] in the 1970s]]

====Switzerland====
In Switzerland, the status of 1 May differs depending on the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] and sometimes on the municipality. Labour Day is known as {{lang|de|Tag der Arbeit}} in German-speaking cantons, as {{lang|fr|Fête du travail}} in the French-speaking cantons, and as {{lang|it|Festa del lavoro}} in the Italian-speaking canton of {{lang|it|[[Ticino]]|italic=no}}.
* In the cantons of {{lang|de|[[Basel-Landschaft]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Basel-Stadt]]|italic=no}}, [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], {{lang|fr|[[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]]|italic=no}}, and {{lang|de|[[Canton of Zurich|Zürich]]|italic=no}}, Labour Day is an official public holiday equal to Sundays, based on federal law ({{lang|de|Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel}}, article 20a).
* In the cantons of {{lang|de|[[Canton of Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Thurgau]]|italic=no}}, and {{lang|it|Ticino|italic=no}}, Labour Day is an official "day off" ({{lang|de|Ruhetag}}). This is equal in practice to an official public holiday, but is not based on federal law and cantonal regulations may differ in details.
* In the canton of [[Canton of Solothurn|Solothurn]] it is an official half-day holiday (starting at 12 noon).
* In the canton of {{lang|fr|[[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]]|italic=no}}, public servants get the afternoon off, many companies follow this practice.
* In the canton of {{lang|de|[[Aargau]]|italic=no}} it is not an official holiday, but most employees get the afternoon off.
* In the municipalities of {{lang|de|[[Hildisrieden]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|de|[[Schüpfheim]]|italic=no}} (both in the canton of [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]]) as well as in {{lang|de|[[Muotathal]]|italic=no}} (canton of {{lang|de|[[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]]|italic=no}}), 1 May is an official public holiday, but as commemoration day of the local [[patron saint]], not as Labour Day. In the other parts of the cantons of Lucerne and {{lang|de|Schwyz|italic=no}}, 1 May is a regular work day.
* In all other cantons, 1 May is a regular work day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wo der 1. Mai in der Schweiz ein Feiertag ist |url=https://www.t-online.de/leben/familie/id_73457972/wo-der-1-mai-in-der-schweiz-ein-feiertag-ist.html |website=t-online.de |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=6 May 2019 |language=de |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907053226/https://www.t-online.de/leben/familie/id_73457972/wo-der-1-mai-in-der-schweiz-ein-feiertag-ist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The largest Labour Day celebrations in Switzerland are held in the city of {{lang|de|[[Zürich]]|italic=no}}. Each year, {{lang|de|Zürich|italic=no}}'s 1 May committee, together with the [[Swiss Federation of Trade Unions]], organizes a festival and 1 May rally. It is the largest rally held on a regular basis in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |title=1. Mai in Zürich: So viele Teilnehmer wie seit Jahren nicht mehr |url=https://www.nzz.ch/zuerich/1-mai-in-zuerich-so-viele-teilnehmer-wie-seit-jahren-nicht-mehr-ld.1478690 |access-date=6 May 2019 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502203926/https://www.nzz.ch/zuerich/1-mai-in-zuerich-so-viele-teilnehmer-wie-seit-jahren-nicht-mehr-ld.1478690 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Turkey====
[[File:May day clashes in 2013.jpg|thumb|Istanbul May Day clashes in 2013]]
[[File:Istanbul May Day 2012.JPG|thumb|Workers marching to [[Taksim Square]], 1 May 2012]]
1 May is an official holiday celebrated in Turkey. It was a holiday as "Spring Day" until 1981 when it was canceled after the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 coup d'état]]. In 2009, the Turkish government restored the holiday after some casualties and demonstrations. [[Taksim Square]] is the centre of the celebrations due to the [[Taksim Square massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istanbul police confront protesters |url=https://www.dw.com/en/police-confront-may-day-protesters-in-istanbuls-taksim-square/a-38651303 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

Workers' Day was first celebrated in 1912 in [[Istanbul]] and in 1899 in [[İzmir]]. After the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the celebrations continued. In 1924, it was forbidden by a decree of the [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemalist government]] in both 1924 and 1925, demonstrations were intervened by arm floats. In 1935, The National Assembly declared 1 May as "Spring Day" to be a public holiday.<ref name="marksist.com">[http://www.marksist.com/utku_kizilok/isgunu_mucadelesi_ve_1_mayis_in_dogusu.htm İşgünü Mücadelesi ve 1 Mayıs'ın Doğuşu {{!}} sınıf mücadelesinde Marksist Tutum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002434/http://www.marksist.com/utku_kizilok/isgunu_mucadelesi_ve_1_mayis_in_dogusu.htm |date=28 September 2007}}. Marksist.com. Retrieved on 1 May 2013.</ref>

During the events leading to the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, a massacre occurred on 1 May 1977 (Taksim Square massacre), in which unknown people ([[agent provocateur|agents provocateurs]]) opened fire on the crowd. The crowd was the biggest in Turkish workers' history with the number of people approximating 500,000. In the next two years, provocations and confusion continued and peaked before the 1980 coup d'état. The 1 May holiday was cancelled after the coup d'état. Still, demonstrations continued with small crowds, and in 1996, three people were killed by police bullets, and a plain-clothes man who spied in the crowd was revealed and lynched by workers. On the same evening, a video broadcast on TV showed that two participants in the demonstration were lynched by far right-wing nationalist groups and this lynching occurred in front of police forces who were watching the scene with happy faces. Thus, 1 May 1996 has been remembered by workers' movements.<ref name="marksist.com"/>

In 2007, the 30th anniversary of the Taksim Square Massacre, leftist workers' unions wanted to commemorate the massacre in [[Taksim Square]]. Since the government would not let them into the square, 580–700 people were stopped and 1 person died under police control. After these events, the government declared 1 May as "Work and Solidarity Day" but not as a holiday. In the next year, the day was declared as a holiday, but people were still not allowed to gather in Taksim Square.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531134748/http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2009/04/20090427-1.htm Ulusal bayram ve genel tati̇ller hakkında kanunda]. rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr (22 April 2009).</ref> The year 2008 was remembered with police violence in Istanbul. Police fired tear gas grenades among the crowds, and into hospitals and a primary school. Workers pushed forward so that thousands gathered in Taksim in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pearse |first=Damien |date=2011-05-01 |title=May Day protests take place globally |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/02/may-day-protests-world |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

After three years of peaceful meetings in 2013, meetings in Taksim Square were forbidden by the government. Clashes occurred between police and workers; [[water cannon]] and [[tear gas]] have been widely used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/05/01/may-day-clashes-in-turkey/ |title=Clashes mar International Workers' Day in Turkey | euronews, world news |publisher=Euronews.com |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217222252/http://www.euronews.com/2013/05/01/may-day-clashes-in-turkey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Ukraine====
International Workers' Day is a public holiday in Ukraine, inherited from the Soviet era. The 1st May as a day of workers' solidarity in Kyiv began as early as 1894.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kp.ua/kiev/392092-kyevskyi-pervomai|title=История современности: в Киеве Первомай отмечают с 1894 года|website=kp.ua|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206235358/https://kp.ua/kiev/392092-kyevskyi-pervomai|url-status=live}}</ref> Until 2018, 2 May was also a public holiday (as in the Soviet era), instead in 2017 [[Western Christianity]]'s [[Christmas]] celebrated 25 December became a new Ukrainian public holiday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.digitaljournal.com/news/world/ukraine-seeks-distance-from-moscow-with-new-christmas-holiday/article/507753|title=Ukraine seeks distance from Moscow with new Christmas holiday|website=m.digitaljournal.com|date=16 November 2017|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065016/http://m.digitaljournal.com/news/world/ukraine-seeks-distance-from-moscow-with-new-christmas-holiday/article/507753|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBCU42008437b">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-42008437|script-title=uk:Рада зробила 25 грудня вихідним днем|date=16 November 2017|work=BBC Україна|access-date=16 November 2017|language=uk|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230065213/http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-42008437|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1 May International Workers' Day remained a Ukrainian public holiday, although it was renamed (also in 2017) from "Day of International Solidarity of Workers" to "Labour Day".<ref name="BBCU42008437b"/>

In 2015, the [[Communist Party of Ukraine|Communist Party's]] Labor Day rallies were banned in [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]].<ref>"[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-court-bans-communist-march-rally-on-may-1-387066.html Kharkiv court bans Communist march, rally on May 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427231514/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-court-bans-communist-march-rally-on-may-1-387066.html |date=27 April 2015 }}". [[Kyiv Post]]. 24 April 2015.</ref>

Late May 2015 [[Decommunization in Ukraine|laws that ban communist symbols]] came into effect in Ukraine, thus banning communist symbols, singing the Soviet national hymn or the Internationale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/21/ukraine-bans-soviet-symbols-criminalises-sympathy-for-communism |title=Ukraine bans Soviet symbols and criminalises sympathy for communism |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222123954/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/21/ukraine-bans-soviet-symbols-criminalises-sympathy-for-communism |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Interior Minister [[Arsen Avakov]] during the 2016 International Workers' Day rallies in some major cities the number of [[National Police of Ukraine|police officers]] far outnumbered the number of rally participants.<ref name="mptrmd16U"/> With in [[Dnipro]] 193 policemen protecting 25 rally participants.<ref name="mptrmd16U">{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7107361/ Avakov: "May Day rallies" passed without incident and noise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504164446/http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7107361/ |date=4 May 2016 }}, [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (1 May 2016)</ref>

====United Kingdom====
A public bank holiday in the [[United Kingdom]] was created in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of May Day |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/discover/history/the-history-of-may-day |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=National Trust |language=en}}</ref> It is called the "Early May bank holiday" and is held on the first Monday in May each year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Early May bank holiday opening times for Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda and Aldi |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/may-day-bank-holiday-supermarket-opening-times-b2069684.html |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UK bank holidays">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=UK bank holidays |url=https://www.gov.uk/bank-holidays |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

===Oceania===
====Australia====
{{See also|Labour Day#Australia}}
[[File:Labourday1.jpg|thumb|The Labour Day March in [[Brisbane, Queensland]], is the largest rally in [[Australia]].]]
While unofficial activities and commemorations associated with International Workers' Day occur on 1 May in Australia, [[Labour Day]] in the various states and territories generally falls on other days. In the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Queensland]], Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Day / May Day: 4-6 May 2024 |url=https://ieuqnt.org.au/labourday/#:~:text=In%201901%20the%20first%20Monday,in%20May%20of%20each%20year. |website=[[Independent Education Union of Australia]] |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> In Australia, one of the first Labour Day marches occurred in Queensland on 1 May 1891.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/arabic/en/article/2017/05/01/when-did-australia-first-celebrate-labour-day|title=When did Australia first celebrate Labour Day?|website=SBS Your Language|language=en|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501155407/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/arabic/en/article/2017/05/01/when-did-australia-first-celebrate-labour-day|url-status=live}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
[[New Zealand]] workers were among the first in the world to claim the right for an eight-hour working day when, in 1840, the carpenter [[Samuel Duncan Parnell|Samuel Parnell]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/samuel-parnell|title=Samuel Parnell {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174246/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/samuel-parnell|url-status=live}}</ref> won an eight-hour day in [[Wellington]]. Labour Day was first celebrated in New Zealand on 28 October 1890.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/labour-day|title=Labour Day {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174229/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/labour-day|url-status=live}}</ref> Labour Day falls every year on the fourth Monday of October.

===South Asia===
====Bangladesh====
In Bangladesh, 1 May is a public holiday and called International Workers' Solidarity Day. A parade and other events are held on the day to commemorate the occasion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Historic May Day being observed across the country |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/05/01/historic-may-day-being-observed-across-the-country |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504124212/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/05/01/historic-may-day-being-observed-across-the-country |url-status=live }}</ref>

====India====
[[File:Triumph of Labour at Marina Beach.jpg|thumb|''[[Triumph of Labour]]'' at the [[Marina Beach]] in [[Chennai]]]]
In India, Labour Day is a not a public holiday on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/holidaymatrixdisplay.aspx |title=Holidays – Reserve Bank of India |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032040/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/holidaymatrixdisplay.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The International Workers' Day is tied to labour movements for communist and socialist political parties. Labour Day is known as "Uzhaipalar dhinam" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and was first celebrated in [[Chennai|Madras]], "Kamgar Din" in [[Hindi]], "Karmikara Dinacharane" in [[Kannada]], "Karmika Dinotsavam" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], "Kamgar Divas" in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], "Thozhilaali Dinam" in [[Malayalam]] and "Shromik Dibosh" in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Since Labour day is not a national holiday, Labour day is observed as public holiday at [[State governments of India|State Government]]'s discretion. Many parts especially in [[North India|North Indian States]] it is not a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-you-may-or-may-not-have-worked-on-may-day/article18347887.ece |title=Why you may (or may not) have worked on May Day |author=Somesh Jha |date=1 May 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501111453/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-you-may-or-may-not-have-worked-on-may-day/article18347887.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first celebration in [[India]] was organized in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) by the [[Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan]] on 1 May 1923.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singaravelar.com/achievements.htm |title=Achievements |publisher=Singaravelar |access-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421062618/http://www.singaravelar.com/achievements.htm |archive-date=21 April 2011 }}</ref> This was also the first time the [[red flag (politics)|red flag]] was used in India.<ref name="rao1">M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 110</ref> The party leader [[Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar|Singaravelu Chettiar]] made arrangements to celebrate International Workers' Day in two places in 1923. One meeting was held at the beach opposite to the [[Madras High Court]]; the other meeting was held at the [[Triplicane]] beach. ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper, published from Madras reported,<ref>Report of May Day Celebrations 1923, and Formation of a New Party ''The Hindu'' quoted in Murugesan, K., Subramanyam, C.S. ''Singaravelu, First Communist in South India''. [[New Delhi]]: People's Publishing House, 1975. p. 169</ref>

<blockquote>The Labour Kisan party has introduced May Day celebrations in Madras. Comrade Singaravelar presided over the meeting. A resolution was passed stating that the government should declare May Day as a holiday. The president of the party explained the non-violent principles of the party. There was a request for financial aid. It was emphasised that workers of the world must unite to achieve independence.</blockquote>

1 May is also celebrated as "[[Maharashtra Day]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/01/india-observes-international-labor-day/ |title=India Observes International Labor Day – India Real Time |publisher=Wall Street Journal (Blogs.wsj.com) |date=1 May 2012 |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221010/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/01/india-observes-international-labor-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and "[[Gujarat Day]]" to mark the date in 1960, when the two western states attained statehood after the erstwhile [[Bombay State]] was divided on linguistic lines. Maharashtra Day is held at [[Shivaji]] Park in central [[Mumbai]]. Schools and offices in Maharashtra remain closed on 1 May. A similar parade is held to celebrate [[Gujarat Day]] in [[Gandhinagar]].

[[Vaiko]] (Vai Gopalsamy), General Secretary of [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], appealed to the then Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] to declare 1 May as a national holiday, to which the PM heeded and from then on it became a national holiday to celebrate International Labour Day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Worker's Day on May 1st: Why do we celebrate this occasion? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/international-workers-day-on-may-1st-why-do-we-celebrate-this-occasion |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

====Maldives====
[[Maldives]] first observed the holiday in 2011, after a declaration by [[President of the Maldives|President]] [[Mohamed Nasheed]]. He noted that this move highlighted the government's commitment as well as efforts of private parties to protect and promote workers' rights in the Maldives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haveeru.com.mv/english/details/36099/Maldives_declares_Labour_Day_a_public_holiday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430003045/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/english/details/36099/Maldives_declares_Labour_Day_a_public_holiday |archive-date=30 April 2011 |title=Haveeru Online – Maldives declares Labour Day a public holiday |publisher=Haveeru.com.mv |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>

====Nepal====
International Workers' Day has been celebrated in [[Nepal]] since 1963.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021107112118/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2002/april/arc379.htm "113th May Day being observed today"]. Nepal news.com (April 2002).</ref> The day became a public holiday in 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021107112118/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/may/may01/news09.php May Day being observed across the country]. Nepal news.com (1 May 2008). It is known as Majdoor Diwas in Nepal</ref>

====Pakistan====
International Labour Day is observed in Pakistan on 1 May to commemorate the social and economic achievements of workers. It is a public and national holiday. Many organized street demonstrations take place on Labour Day (also known as Youm-e-Mazdoor) in which workers and labour unions protest against labour repression and demand more rights, better wages and benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Labour Day |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/311118-the-labour-day |website=thenews.com.pk |date=May 2018 |language=en |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715193530/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/311118-the-labour-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
In Sri Lanka, International Workers' Day was declared a public, bank, and mercantile holiday in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bopage |first1=Lionel |title=Sri Lanka: May Day and workers' rights |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/Sri-Lanka--May-Day-and-workers--rights/4-653917 |publisher=Daily FT |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906141019/http://www.ft.lk/columns/Sri-Lanka--May-Day-and-workers--rights/4-653917 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rallies are held in the capital, [[Colombo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=May Day 2017 around the world |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/2017/05/01/may-day-2017-around-the-world/101153646/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Southeast Asia===
====Cambodia====
In Cambodia, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Leave Laws, Paid Vacation, Holidays Entitlement in Cambodia |url=https://prake.org/labour-law/work-and-holiday |website=Prake.org |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en-kh |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501163705/https://prake.org/labour-law/work-and-holiday |url-status=live }}</ref> No marches for labour day were permitted in Cambodia for several years after the [[2013 Cambodian general election]] and surrounding mass protests. A tightly controlled march on a limited scale was first permitted again in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds march in Cambodia's capital to mark Labour Day after ban lifted |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/hundreds-march-in-cambodias-capital-to-mark-labour-day-after-ban-lifted |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Straits Times |date=1 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507163339/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/hundreds-march-in-cambodias-capital-to-mark-labour-day-after-ban-lifted |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Indonesia====
[[File:Protest march in Jakarta, Indonesia - 20070501.jpg|thumb|[[Anarchism in Indonesia|Anarchist]]s demonstration in Jakarta, 2007]]
International Workers' Day, or Labour Day, in [[Indonesia]] was first observed by ''Kung Tang Hwee'' labour union in Semarang on 1918. The organizations such as [[Sarekat Islam]], [[Boedi Oetomo]], and Insulinde also took parts on strike that day through ''Radicale Concentratie'' alliance. But in 1927 the celebrations banned by the [[Dutch East Indies]] colonial government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yulianti |first=Tya Eka |title=Ada Tragedi di Balik May Day, Ini Sejarah Hari Buruh 1 Mei |url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/jabar-gaskeun/d-7894140/ada-tragedi-di-balik-may-day-ini-sejarah-hari-buruh-1-mei |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=detikjabar |language=id-ID}}</ref>

After independence, the 1 May Labour Day was observed again from 1946, with [[Soekarno]], the first president of the Republic, always attending the celebration. Two years later, he signed Law No. 12 of 1948 concerning workers' rights. The [[Soeharto]] [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] regime banned Labour Day celebrations again from 1967 because of the day's association with Marxist and communist movements. The regime changed Labour Day to 20 February from 1973, marking the day on which all labour unions were merged by the government into the All Indonesian Federation of Workers (now [[Confederation of All Indonesian Workers' Unions]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Darmawan |first1=Aditya Priyatna |last2=Pratiwi |first2=Inten Esti |date=2025-05-01 |title=Hari Buruh di Indonesia, Disambut Soekarno, Dihapus Soeharto, Dikembalikan Habibie dan SBY |url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2025/05/01/050000765/hari-buruh-di-indonesia-disambut-soekarno-dihapus-soeharto-dikembalikan?page=2 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Kompas.com |language=id-ID}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Suharto|fall of the New Order]], the day began celebrated again as a day for protests by labourers and workers. The day was officially made a public holiday in 2014. Every year on the day, labourers and students take over the streets in major cities across the country, voicing their demands for better income and supportive policies from the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/01/workers-need-more-a-holiday-may-day-unions.html |title=Workers need more than a holiday on May Day: Unions |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221032/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/01/workers-need-more-a-holiday-may-day-unions.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Malaysia====
[[Malaysia]] began observing the holiday in 1972 following an announcement by the late [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister]], [[Ismail Abdul Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayahistory.blogspot.com/2008/05/commemorating-labour-day-in-malaysia.html|title=Commemorating Labour Day in Malaysia|date=1 May 2008|work=Malaya History|access-date=6 September 2010|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501194747/http://malayahistory.blogspot.com/2008/05/commemorating-labour-day-in-malaysia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Myanmar====
In Myanmar, 1 May is known as Labour Day ({{langx|my|အလုပ်သမားနေ့}}) and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Myanmar celebrates May Day |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_212171/lang--en/index.htm |language=en |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501195728/https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_212171/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Philippines====
1 May is known as "Labor Day" ({{langx|fil|Araw ng Manggagawa}}, also known as ''Araw ng Paggawa'') and is a [[public holiday in the Philippines]]. On this day, labour organizations and unions hold protests in major cities. On 1 May 1903, during the [[American Colonial Period of the Philippines|American colonial period]] the {{lang|es|[[Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina]]}} (Filipino Democratic Labor Union) held a rally in front of the [[Malacañang Palace]] demanding workers' economic rights and Philippine independence. In 1908, the [[Philippine Assembly]] passed a bill officially recognizing 1 May as a national holiday. In 1913, the first official celebration was held on 1 May 1913 when 36 labour unions convened for a congress in [[Manila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PH's 121st Labor Day: How the day for workers was established |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/1/ph-s-121st-labor-day-how-the-day-for-workers-was-established |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Manila Bulletin |date=May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501185435/https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/1/ph-s-121st-labor-day-how-the-day-for-workers-was-established |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]], a policy was adopted called [[public holidays in the Philippines#"Holiday Economics"|holiday economics]] policy that moved holidays to either a Monday or a Friday to create a [[long weekend]] of three days. In 2002, Labor Day was moved to the Monday nearest to 1 May. Labour groups protested, as they accused the Arroyo administration of belittling the holiday.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1lg1AAAAIBAJ&dq=labor-day%20holiday-economics&pg=1890%2C4586998 |title=Gloria draws flak on holidays |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=12 April 2002 |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120054318/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1lg1AAAAIBAJ&dq=labor-day%20holiday-economics&pg=1890%2C4586998 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2008, Labor Day was excluded in the holiday economics policy, returning the commemorations to 1 May, no matter what day of the week it falls on.<ref name=GMGApr2008>{{cite news |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/89276/news/nation/may-1-not-covered-by-holiday-economics |title=May 1 not covered by 'holiday economics' |work=GMA News Online |date=14 April 2008 |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909005500/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/89276/news/nation/may-1-not-covered-by-holiday-economics |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Singapore====
In Singapore, it is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heng Swee Keat to speak at May Day Rally |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/heng-swee-keat-to-speak-at-may-day-rally |website=The Straits Times |language=en |date=29 April 2019 |last1=Seow |first1=Joanna |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501162854/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/heng-swee-keat-to-speak-at-may-day-rally |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]], who is the leader of the ruling [[People's Action Party]], gives a Labour Day Rally championing the [[tripartism|tripartite relationship]] between government, employers, and employees.

====Thailand====
In Thailand, the day is known in English as National Labour Day, and is one of 17 official [[public holidays in Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 |url=https://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialInstitutions/FIholiday/Pages/2019.aspx |website=bot.or.th |language=en |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501163040/https://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialInstitutions/FIholiday/Pages/2019.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Vietnam ====
In Vietnam, it is known as International Labour Day ({{langx|vi|Ngày Quốc tế Lao động}}) and is a public holiday.<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động">{{cite web|url= https://www.archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/nguoi-lao-dong-viet-nam-duoc-nghi-ngay-1-5-tu-bao-gio.htm|title= Người lao động Việt Nam được nghỉ ngày 1.5 từ bao giờ?|date= 21 January 2018|access-date= 4 February 2022|author= Nguyễn Thu Hoài|publisher= Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) - Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam).|language= vi|archive-date= 16 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220716202717/https://www.archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/nguoi-lao-dong-viet-nam-duoc-nghi-ngay-1-5-tu-bao-gio.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> It was first adopted by the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] on the 11th day of the 9th month of the 16th year of the [[Bảo Đại]] Emperor (30 October 1941) by imperial decree.<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/> Later on 29 April 1946 President [[Hồ Chí Minh]] issued {{Lang|vi|Sắc lệnh số 56}} (Decree No. 56) which adopted the holiday for the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]].<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/>

According to the decree "workers in public offices, private offices and factories throughout the country are entitled to a day off from work. International Labour 1.5 and still receive the same salary as a working day...".<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/> On 1 May 1946 the first International Labour Day of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was held.<ref name="Ngày-Quốc-tế-Lao-động"/>

===West Asia===
====Bahrain====
In Bahrain, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahrain Bourse {{!}} Official Holidays |url=https://www.bahrainbourse.com/holidays |website=bahrainbourse.com |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501200344/https://www.bahrainbourse.com/holidays |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Iran====
In [[Iran]], 1 May is known as the International Workers' Day. It is not a public holiday but according to article 63 of [[Iranian labour law]] on top of the official public holidays observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Labour Day shall be considered an official holiday for workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/21843/64830/E90IRN01.HTM#c3|title=Islamic Republic of Iran. Labour Code|website=ilo.org|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918093742/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/21843/64830/E90IRN01.HTM#c3|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Iraq====
In [[Iraq]], it is known as the International Workers' Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraqi top officials vow to support workers on Labor Day – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/01/c_138027680.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501153434/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/01/c_138027680.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2019 |website=xinhuanet.com}}</ref>

====Israel====
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 2571 May First demonstration הפגנת אחד במאי.JPG|thumb|Labour Day march in Israel, 1 May 2007]]

After historically varying popularity of Labour Day, 1 May is not an official holiday in the [[State of Israel]]. In the 1980s there were several large marches in Tel Aviv, numbering as much as 350,000 in 1983 and perhaps even more in 1988, but a steady decline in numbers led to only 5,000 marchers in 2010. During the 1990s businesses began to treat it like a regular working day as the number of Labour Day-related activities decreased.<ref>{{cite news |last= Gilad |first= Elon |title= The Rise and Fall of Israel's May Day |url= https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-05-01/ty-article/.premium/the-rise-and-fall-of-israels-may-day/0000017f-f63a-d460-afff-ff7e8a740000 |access-date= 7 May 2019 |newspaper= Haaretz |date= 1 May 2019 |language= en |archive-date= 7 May 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190507164748/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-rise-and-fall-of-israel-s-may-day-1.7187463 |url-status= live }}</ref>

====Jordan====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jordan marks Labour Day |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-marks-labour-day-0 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=Jordan Times |date=30 April 2018 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507170556/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-marks-labour-day-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Lebanon====
1 May known as the Workers' Day and is a public holiday. Left-wing parties and workers' unions organize marches on 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Workers march against corruption for Labor Day |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/May-01/482235-workers-march-against-corruption-for-labor-day.ashx |work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501192140/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/May-01/482235-workers-march-against-corruption-for-labor-day.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Palestine====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=In the International Labour Day, National Society for Democracy and Law (NSDL) calls for providing the unemployed category with a decent life |work=The National Society for Democracy and Law |date=May 2014 |url=https://www.nsdl.org.ps/site/en/?p=1317 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501201642/https://www.nsdl.org.ps/site/en/?p=1317 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mne.gov.ps/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=4&tabid=9&lng=1|title=وزارة الاقتصاد الوطني|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021071222/http://mne.gov.ps/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=4&tabid=9&lng=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iug.ps/bitstream/handle/20.500.12358/19409/file_1.pdf|website=www.iug.ps|access-date=2 May 2021|title=A Study to Establish Traffic Statistical Records in Gaza City, Palestine|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016182511/http://www.iug.ps/bitstream/handle/20.500.12358/19409/file_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Yemen====
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last1=al-Sabbagh |first1=Hazem |title=International Workers' Day marked with central event at Opera House |url=https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=76070 |website=Syrian Arab News Agency |date=1 May 2016 |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501054226/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=76070 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Official observation by country and territory ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Country/Territory
!International Workers' Day / Labour Day [[public holiday]] on 1 May
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Andorra}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Angola}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{No X|No (date varies by state/territory)}}
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Bahamas}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Barbados}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Belize}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Benin}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Burundi}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|{{No X|No (first Monday in September)}}
|-
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Central African Republic}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Djibouti}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|East Timor}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Eritrea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|{{maybe|[[Public holidays in Estonia|Spring Day]] ({{lang|et|Kevadpüha}}) public holiday on 1 May}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National, public and school holidays |url=https://www.eesti.ee/eraisik/en/artikkel/republic-of-estonia/republic-of-estonia/national-public-and-school-holidays |website=Estonian State Portal |publisher=[[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications]] |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Eswatini}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{maybe|[[May Day]] ({{lang|fi|[[Vappu]]}}) public holiday on 1 May}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Flag days, holidays, and other significant dates in Finland |url=https://esnlpr.fi/articles/flag-days-in-finland/ |website=[[Erasmus Student Network]] - [[Lappeenranta]] |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Gabon}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Gambia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Grenada}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Guyana}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Haiti}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Jamaica}}
|{{No X|No (23 May)}}
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{No X|No (23 November)}}
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|{{No X|No (Kazakhstan People's Unity Day celebrated instead; Labour Day falls on last Sunday in September)}}
|-
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kiribati}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Liberia}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Libya}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Liechtenstein}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Malawi}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mali}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Malta}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mauritania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Nauru}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{No X|No (fourth Monday in October)}}
|-
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|North Korea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Palestine}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|{{maybe|first Monday in May}}
|-
|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Suriname}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Togo}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|{{No X|No (19 June)}}
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Tuvalu}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{maybe|Early May bank holiday on first Monday in May}}<ref name="UK bank holidays"/>
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{No X|No (first Monday in September)}}
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|{{No X|No (no holiday)}}
|-
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Vatican City}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Zambia}}
|{{Yes C}}
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|{{Yes C}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Organized labour|Communism|Socialism|Holidays}}
* [[Workers' Memorial Day]]
* [[Pervomaysky (disambiguation)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip Sheldon|author-link=Philip S. Foner |title=May day: a short history of the international workers' holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/index.htm May Day Archive] at the [[Marxists Internet Archive]]
* [https://www.litakelley.com/blog/boston-may-day-coalition-international-workers-day-rally-march/ Boston May Day Coalition International Workers' Day Rally & March ]

{{Public holidays in Algeria}}
{{Public holidays in China}}
{{Public holidays in North Korea}}
{{Public holidays in South Korea}}
{{Public holidays in the Philippines}}
{{Russia Holidays}}
{{Ukraine Holidays}}
{{Public holidays in Vietnam}}
{{Haymarket affair}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

[[Category:May Day protests]]
[[Category:History of anarchism]]
[[Category:Labour movement]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Trade unions]]
[[Category:Protests]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalism]]
[[Category:Industrial Workers of the World]]
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Social democracy]]
[[Category:Democratic socialism]]
[[Category:National days in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Russia]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Sweden]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Public holidays in China]]
[[Category:Labour days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Uruguay]]
[[Category:Finnish flag flying days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Finland]]
[[Category:German flag flying days]]
[[Category:Norwegian flag flying days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Norway]]
[[Category:Public holidays in South Africa]]
[[Category:Swedish flag flying days]]
[[Category:Second International]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Morocco]]

New

2026-09-28T06:09:51Z

Idea:

This is a [[lists|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

* [[Witches in popular culture]]
* [[Astromech (company)]]
* [[Sound proofing]]
* [[Critical community psychology]]
* [[Pink certificate]]
* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
* [[Software transactional memory]]
* [[G0.238-0.071]]
* [[Fortified gateway]]
* [[Space Station 14]]
* [[ChiTownBio]]
* [[92.7 Big FM]]
* [[Electromod]]
* [[CarExpert]]
* [[Janhit College of Law]]
* [[Collaborative research]]
* [[Aging]]
* [[CashU]]
* [[Xerus (spacecraft)]]
* [[Anatomic P2P]]
* [[Safety]]
* [[Eliminating Suicide]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Organic movement]]
* [[United Art Rating]]
* [[Fairly new areas]]
* [[Waterloo Engineering Endowment Fund]]
* [[International Journal of Social Pedagogy]]
* [[Rotaract Club of University of Moratuwa]]
* [[QVD (software)]]
* [[Anthems in Animal Farm]]
* [[Conference on Artificial General Intelligence]]
* [[Cryptocurrency]]
* [[Park]]

==See also==
* [[Archives]]
* [[Index]]
* [[Saved]]
* [[Browse]]
* [[Discussion]]
* [[Meta]]

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Meta]]
[[Category:New]]

Witches in popular culture

2026-09-28T06:09:41Z

Idea:

[[Witches]] have been a prominent and enduring figure in popular culture across multiple media, including literature, film, television, music, and video games. Drawing from historical folklore, religious traditions, and literary [[Witch (archetype)|archetypes]], popular representations of witches have evolved significantly over time, ranging from malevolent antagonists in fairy tales and horror stories to sympathetic protagonists in modern [[fantasy]] and [[supernatural fiction]], particularly in works aimed at [[Young adult literature|young adult]] audiences. These portrayals have both reflected and shaped societal attitudes toward [[witchcraft]], [[femininity]], and the supernatural.

== Historical context ==
The concept of witches has a deep association with witchcraft and has historically been viewed as the epitome of evil across most cultures. This negative perception largely originated in [[Europe]] through [[Christianity|Christian]] beliefs, where witches were accused of causing chaos through "vile behavior and demonic rituals". While often visualized as hideous females, male witches also existed, and in France, there were even believed to be more male witches than female. Discovery of a witch's true identity often led to fatal consequences, such as being burned at the stake or hanged, with the [[Salem witch trials|Salem Witch Trials]] being a well-known example.<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last1=Hartless |first1=Jaime |chapter=From "Born This Witch" to "Bad Bitch Witch" |date=2025-02-21 |title=The Witch Studies Reader |pages=318–330 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478060369-023 |access-date=2025-06-11 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-1-4780-6036-9 |last2=Smith |first2=Gabriella V. |doi=10.1215/9781478060369-023 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Witch representation in Western popular culture has evolved significantly, reflecting societal changes, particularly in feminist politics and views on women's agency. Historically, the witch served as a "controlling image," designed to warn women against defying patriarchal norms by embodying evil and isolation. This archetype, described by [[Barbara Creed]] as representing the "abject nature of femininity," conflated women's power with malevolence and naturalized gender inequality. However, the image of the witch has been reclaimed by feminists as an allegory for persecution or an emblem of resistance. This evolution raises questions about whether contemporary witch representations truly resist patriarchy or subtly reaffirm it.<ref name=":22" />

== Witches in film and television ==
Historically, witches in classic cinema and literature largely fit into two categories: the disempowered victim or the empowered evil.<ref name=":22" /> The disempowered victim trope is common in dramatizations of historical witch trials, such as ''[[Witchfinder General (film)|Witchfinder General]]'', highlighting how anxieties about women's sexuality led to persecution. The empowered evil witch is even more prevalent, embodying a dangerous femininity, as seen in films like ''Black Sunday'' or ''[[The Blood on Satan's Claw|The Blood on Satan’s Claw]]''. These witches are often depicted with beauty and grace that mask death and decay, ultimately serving as agents of Satan who must be defeated by men reasserting patriarchal law and order. This dichotomy limits women to either being powerful but morally corrupt, or powerless but beyond reproach, conflating female agency with evil. Queer theorists note that such either/or boxes marginalize those who don't fit, especially when combined with moral binaries like good/evil. Ultimately, this framework dictates that powerful women must be punished, and good women must suffer, both under patriarchal subjugation.<ref name=":22" />

=== Historical representations of witches (1960s-1980s) ===
More nuanced representations of witches began to emerge from the 1960s to the 1980s. This period followed the 1951 repeal of the Witchcraft Act in the UK, leading to a rise in Modern Pagan Witchcraft and a growing interest in alternative, environmentally friendly, and gender-balanced belief systems. The burgeoning second-wave feminist movement further fueled Wiccan interest in empowering the sacred feminine, particularly through Dianic Witchcraft focused on goddess worship.<ref name=":22" />[[File:Bewitched_1968.JPG|thumb|225x225px|Bewitched 1968]]Filmmakers like George Romero contributed to this shift with more sympathetic portrayals. His film ''[[Season of the Witch (1972 film)|Season of the Witch]]'' (1972), which he considered feminist, features a protagonist named Joan who turns to witchcraft to address dissatisfaction with her controlling husband and jealousy over her daughter's sexual freedom. The film notably deviates from traditional narratives by not punishing Joan for violating taboos, such as having an affair and accidentally killing her husband; instead, it ends with her tempting other housewives towards "witchy empowerment". However, the film's climax is ambivalent, suggesting that empowerment doesn't guarantee happiness or freedom.<ref name=":22" />
The TV show ''[[Bewitched]]'' (1964–72) introduced [[List of Bewitched characters|Samantha Stephens]], a suburban witch with morally neutral magical powers. While Samantha represents a prototype for future witches "born with" magic, her empowerment is often undercut by her controlling husband, Darren, who pressures her to abandon magic for "normalcy". Even when she rebels, her magic is typically domesticated to serve the patriarchal nuclear family. More radical figures like her mother Endora and cousin Serena, who embody a transgressive future for witches, are often narrative obstacles to Samantha's domestic bliss. This "old-school" media would often "queerbait" feminist viewers with rebellious characters only to ultimately punish them.<ref name=":22" />

=== The "Born This Witch" archetype (1990s-early 2000s) ===
The late twentieth century saw an explosion of positive witch representation, shifting the very source of witchiness. Instead of being branded by communities or making a pact with the Devil, these witches were simply born witches.<ref name=":22" />

This witchiness often became a family trait, passed down intergenerationally or genetically, as seen in ''[[Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)|Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]'' and ''Charmed''. Even without direct genetic ties, characters like [[Hermione Granger]] (''Harry Potter'') or [[Willow Rosenberg]] (''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'') possessed innate, internal magic. This marked a shift from the witch as a "temporary aberration" to a "species," an inherent identity.<ref name=":22" />

This boom in witch essentialism coincided with the "girl power" movement of the 1990s and early 2000s. Corporations and media capitalized on a sanitized version of women's empowerment, creating a market for witches who could serve as heroes for young girls.<ref name=":22" />

This trend also paralleled the LGBTQ movement's mobilization around essentialist understandings of identity, rejecting notions of sexuality as a "sinful lifestyle choice" in favor of innate, biologically determined identities. Like millennial gay/lesbian activists, the millennial witch was not "choosing to embrace evil" but was simply "born this witch".<ref name=":22" />

Witch essentialism offered empowerment by decoupling the witch from the traditional ''disempowered victim/empowered evil'' dichotomy, allowing them to be both good and powerful. This made them an aspirational figure for young girls without necessarily scandalizing religious communities. Examples of "good witches" from this era include [[Glinda]] from ''The Wizard of Oz'', [[Sabrina Spellman]], and the Charmed sisters, who use their powers to help others.<ref name=":22" />

=== Limitations and critiques of the "Born This Witch" archetype ===
Despite its empowering aspects, the "born this witch" archetype became another "controlling image" that naturalized inequality and created new limiting dichotomies.<ref name=":22" />

These magically empowered millennial witches were often trapped within heteronormative boundaries, not necessarily liberated in their romantic relationships or from traditional gender norms. The "good (girl) witch" was often expected to be feminine and have her story arc centered around romance rather than self-actualization.<ref name=":22" />

For instance, Hermione Granger, admired for her brilliance, primarily served as auxiliary support for Harry and a romantic interest for his best friend. Her competence was allowed only as long as it didn't challenge Harry's protagonist role, exemplified when she dismisses her own power in favor of "friendship and bravery". In this series, women's heroism is largely confined to sacrificing for their children (e.g., Lily Potter) or defending their families (e.g., Molly Weasley). Career-oriented women are often vilified (e.g., Rita Skeeter, Bellatrix Lestrange, Dolores Umbridge).<ref name=":22" />

A power-hungry "born this witch" was typically framed as threatening, echoing the Christian-inspired "evil witch" archetype. Willow Rosenberg initially used magic for good but later turned to it for personal gain, leading to a "dark magic spiral" that destroyed relationships and culminated in her becoming the season's "Big Bad" after her girlfriend's murder. While some argue her revenge arc provided catharsis, the narrative portrays her magical power as a dangerous temptation to be resisted. Willow eventually learns to fear her magic and must use light magic to combat the evil her dark magic brought into the world.<ref name=":22" />

When "good (girl) witches" stray from noble purposes, their magic may be confined or destroyed. In ''The Craft'', outcast witches Nancy, Bonnie, and Rochelle lose their powers, and Nancy is institutionalized after using magic for personal gain and vengeance, leading to a death. Critics have noted the film's discomforting demonization of characters like Nancy (poor, abuse survivor) and Rochelle (racially bullied) to uplift the "purity" of an upper-class white girl, Sarah. This suggests that the power of the "born this witch" is limited; she cannot use her magic for self-interest or revenge against systemic oppression, and the magic of non-straight, non-white, non-affluent, or unconventionally feminine witches is viewed with suspicion.<ref name=":22" />

=== The "Bad Bitch Witch" archetype (21st century) ===
The twenty-first century has seen the rise of the "bad bitch witch", a potentially more revolutionary archetype driven by growing religious disaffiliation and a resurgence of feminist anger. Popular culture's embrace of moral ambiguity, though often benefiting masculine antiheroes, has also produced complex women who unapologetically wreak havoc on their oppressors without being punished.<ref name=":22" />

These "bad bitch witches" use their magic to challenge traditional archetypes and actualize the subtextual empowerment that resistant readers have long found in witch narratives. They escape the ''disempowered victimhood/empowered evil'' trap that constrained their predecessors.<ref name=":22" />

Examples include the protagonists of ''The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina'', who initially worship Satan but ultimately overthrow him to build a matriarchal witch society, recognizing their subjugation to the Dark Lord was akin to Christian patriarchal constraints.<ref name=":22" />

Rowena MacLeod from ''Supernatural'' deconstructs the ''empowered evil'' archetype. Despite damning her soul for power and being slut-shamed, she proudly embraces being an "evil skank" and remains unapologetically devious. Even her ultimate sacrifice is for her belief in magic and prophecy, not altruism, and she ends the series happily ruling the underworld, unlike past "evil witches" who were punished.<ref name=":22" />

Thomasin from ''[[The Witch (2015 film)|The Witch]]'' deconstructs ''disempowered victimhood''. Initially appearing as a passive victim of anti-witch hysteria, she rejects this status by signing the Devil's book and choosing "to live deliciously," triumphantly rising nude into the air with the coven. This portrays how religious and patriarchal oppression can ironically forge the very witch they fear.<ref name=":22" />

The ''[[Fear Street (film series)|Fear Street]]'' trilogy similarly reveals that Sarah Fier, initially presented as a malevolent "evil witch," was falsely accused due to her taboo love. Her ghostly vengeance targets a wealthy, white family who made a demonic pact, ultimately ending their tyrannical grip and bringing about a more just world.<ref name=":22" />

These portrayals have the potential to empower women to embrace transgressive liberation, allowing them to lean into "darker urges to punish agents of the systems of inequality". These witches are unapologetic about their sexuality and unafraid to be "mean". Unlike some previous archetypes, embracing this "badness" does not always lead to new forms of subjugation or death, as seen with Susie Bannion in the ''Suspiria'' remake, who transforms from victim to a powerful goddess capable of both mercy and brutal retaliation.<ref name=":22" />

=== Limitations and critiques of the "Bad Bitch Witch" archetype ===
Despite their transgressive appeal, not all critics find these portrayals empowering. Some argue that characters like Thomasin merely submit to a new form of patriarchy, and some real-life witches express concern that associating witches with Satan feeds negative stereotypes. The "bad bitch witch" archetype is not inherently utopian, and its limitations are demonstrated in shows like ''[[American Horror Story: Coven]]''. This series illustrates how intersecting identities (such as race, femininity, and attractiveness) influence who is permitted to transgress and who is punished. While white, conventionally attractive witches like Madison and Zoe receive empowerment for retaliatory violence, Queenie, who is "othered" due to her fatness and Blackness, is punished through her power being tied to [[self-harm]] as a "human Voodoo doll". The persistence of the "evil witch" framework often undermines the power of these transgressive witches. Powerful figures like Supreme Witch Fiona Goode and Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau, despite being ultimate "bad bitch witches," are ultimately punished with damnation. The show concludes with a "good (girl) witch" archetype, Cordelia, leading a "White feminist" witch academy that is largely white despite performative nods to diversity. The history of witch representation is not a linear, progressive narrative. New and old frameworks often coexist, meaning the "moral restrictions of the 'born this witch'" continue to influence newer stories, and the "bad bitch witch" can easily revert to the maligned "evil witch" Simply embracing the transgressive witch archetype does not guarantee inclusive and feminist representation. Often, it ignores power dynamics and reinforces regressive binaries like white/Black or thin/fat. For witch representation to be truly inclusive, it requires empowering women, LGBTQ+ people, and people of color to tell stories that reflect their lived experiences. Only then, the sources argue, can the witch truly live "deliciously".<ref name=":22" />

== Witches in animated films ==
[[Maleficent]] from ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (1959): Identified as a "malevolent fairy" and a Disney Witch who lives up to her title as "Mistress of All Evil". She places a curse on Princess Aurora and can hypnotize her or transform into a dragon.<ref>Straayer, Chris. "Femme Fatale or Lesbian Femme: Bound in Sexual Différance." ''Gender Meets Genre in Postwar Cinemas'', University of Illinois Press, 2012, pp. 219-. {{ISBN|9780252036613}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Jocelyn Y. |date=January 16, 2008 |title=As Vampira, Actress Hosted Fright Films |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113972214/maila-nurmi-1921-2008/ |access-date=December 2, 2022 |work=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago, IL |pages=2–10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>

[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|Madam Mim]] from ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' (1963): Described as a "wicked and villainous witch" who uses her magical abilities to make others' lives miserable. She is a "cruel and depraved woman" who despises anything wholesome, such as sunlight, and can transform into various forms, including a dragon.<ref>Thomas, Brennan. “The Transformative Magic of Education in Walt Disney’s The Sword in the Stone.” ''M/C Journal'', vol. 26, no. 5, 2023, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2993</nowiki></ref>

[[Ursula (The Little Mermaid)|Ursula]] from ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989): One of the most popular witches in the Disney world. She was exiled from Atlantica by King Triton and seeks revenge. Ursula strikes a deal with Ariel to exchange her voice for human legs, aiming to permanently bind Ariel to her and gain the upper hand over King Triton.<ref>Susman, Gary (November 14, 2014). "'The Little Mermaid' Facts: 25 Things You Didn't Know About the Disney Masterpiece". ''Moviefone''. Aol Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula, Villain of Little Mermaid |url=http://www.disneyvillains.net/Ursula.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120051646/http://www.disneyvillains.net/Ursula.php |archive-date=2008-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.disneyvillains.net}}</ref>

[[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]] from ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992): Recognized as one of the most popular wizards in the Disney universe. He is an "evil sorcerer" and royal vizier who desires more power, aiming to overthrow young Jasmine’s kingdom and become the Sultan of Agrabah.

[[Dr. Facilier]] from ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' (2009): An "evil Wizard" and "evil witch doctor/bokor". He turns Prince Naveen into an amphibian and plans to rule New Orleans with the help of his "friends on the other side."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Mike |date=2009-11-22 |title=New Orleans setting for 'Princess and the Frog' is a Disney dream come true for one man |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/new-orleans-setting-for-princess-and-the-frog-is-a-disney-dream-come-true-for/article_c84036c3-ff1c-5fcd-94e3-9f7e916b774e.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Witches]]
[[Category:Topics in popular culture]]
[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]

Talk:Witches in popular culture

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Witches in popular culture

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{{Short description|Representations of witchcraft in modern media}}

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[[Witches]] have been a prominent and enduring figure in popular culture across multiple media, including literature, film, television, music, and video games. Drawing from historical folklore, religious traditions, and literary [[Witch (archetype)|archetypes]], popular representations of witches have evolved significantly over time, ranging from malevolent antagonists in fairy tales and horror stories to sympathetic protagonists in modern [[fantasy]] and [[supernatural fiction]], particularly in works aimed at [[Young adult literature|young adult]] audiences. These portrayals have both reflected and shaped societal attitudes toward [[witchcraft]], [[femininity]], and the supernatural.

== Historical context ==
The concept of witches has a deep association with witchcraft and has historically been viewed as the epitome of evil across most cultures. This negative perception largely originated in [[Europe]] through [[Christianity|Christian]] beliefs, where witches were accused of causing chaos through "vile behavior and demonic rituals". While often visualized as hideous females, male witches also existed, and in France, there were even believed to be more male witches than female. Discovery of a witch's true identity often led to fatal consequences, such as being burned at the stake or hanged, with the [[Salem witch trials|Salem Witch Trials]] being a well-known example.<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last1=Hartless |first1=Jaime |chapter=From "Born This Witch" to "Bad Bitch Witch" |date=2025-02-21 |title=The Witch Studies Reader |pages=318–330 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478060369-023 |access-date=2025-06-11 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-1-4780-6036-9 |last2=Smith |first2=Gabriella V. |doi=10.1215/9781478060369-023 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Witch representation in Western popular culture has evolved significantly, reflecting societal changes, particularly in feminist politics and views on women's agency. Historically, the witch served as a "controlling image," designed to warn women against defying patriarchal norms by embodying evil and isolation. This archetype, described by [[Barbara Creed]] as representing the "abject nature of femininity," conflated women's power with malevolence and naturalized gender inequality. However, the image of the witch has been reclaimed by feminists as an allegory for persecution or an emblem of resistance. This evolution raises questions about whether contemporary witch representations truly resist patriarchy or subtly reaffirm it.<ref name=":22" />

== Witches in film and television ==
Historically, witches in classic cinema and literature largely fit into two categories: the disempowered victim or the empowered evil.<ref name=":22" /> The disempowered victim trope is common in dramatizations of historical witch trials, such as ''[[Witchfinder General (film)|Witchfinder General]]'', highlighting how anxieties about women's sexuality led to persecution. The empowered evil witch is even more prevalent, embodying a dangerous femininity, as seen in films like ''Black Sunday'' or ''[[The Blood on Satan's Claw|The Blood on Satan’s Claw]]''. These witches are often depicted with beauty and grace that mask death and decay, ultimately serving as agents of Satan who must be defeated by men reasserting patriarchal law and order. This dichotomy limits women to either being powerful but morally corrupt, or powerless but beyond reproach, conflating female agency with evil. Queer theorists note that such either/or boxes marginalize those who don't fit, especially when combined with moral binaries like good/evil. Ultimately, this framework dictates that powerful women must be punished, and good women must suffer, both under patriarchal subjugation.<ref name=":22" />

=== Historical representations of witches (1960s-1980s) ===
More nuanced representations of witches began to emerge from the 1960s to the 1980s. This period followed the 1951 repeal of the Witchcraft Act in the UK, leading to a rise in Modern Pagan Witchcraft and a growing interest in alternative, environmentally friendly, and gender-balanced belief systems. The burgeoning second-wave feminist movement further fueled Wiccan interest in empowering the sacred feminine, particularly through Dianic Witchcraft focused on goddess worship.<ref name=":22" />[[File:Bewitched_1968.JPG|thumb|225x225px|Bewitched 1968]]Filmmakers like George Romero contributed to this shift with more sympathetic portrayals. His film ''[[Season of the Witch (1972 film)|Season of the Witch]]'' (1972), which he considered feminist, features a protagonist named Joan who turns to witchcraft to address dissatisfaction with her controlling husband and jealousy over her daughter's sexual freedom. The film notably deviates from traditional narratives by not punishing Joan for violating taboos, such as having an affair and accidentally killing her husband; instead, it ends with her tempting other housewives towards "witchy empowerment". However, the film's climax is ambivalent, suggesting that empowerment doesn't guarantee happiness or freedom.<ref name=":22" />
The TV show ''[[Bewitched]]'' (1964–72) introduced [[List of Bewitched characters|Samantha Stephens]], a suburban witch with morally neutral magical powers. While Samantha represents a prototype for future witches "born with" magic, her empowerment is often undercut by her controlling husband, Darren, who pressures her to abandon magic for "normalcy". Even when she rebels, her magic is typically domesticated to serve the patriarchal nuclear family. More radical figures like her mother Endora and cousin Serena, who embody a transgressive future for witches, are often narrative obstacles to Samantha's domestic bliss. This "old-school" media would often "queerbait" feminist viewers with rebellious characters only to ultimately punish them.<ref name=":22" />

=== The "Born This Witch" archetype (1990s-early 2000s) ===
The late twentieth century saw an explosion of positive witch representation, shifting the very source of witchiness. Instead of being branded by communities or making a pact with the Devil, these witches were simply born witches.<ref name=":22" />

This witchiness often became a family trait, passed down intergenerationally or genetically, as seen in ''[[Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)|Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]'' and ''Charmed''. Even without direct genetic ties, characters like [[Hermione Granger]] (''Harry Potter'') or [[Willow Rosenberg]] (''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'') possessed innate, internal magic. This marked a shift from the witch as a "temporary aberration" to a "species," an inherent identity.<ref name=":22" />

This boom in witch essentialism coincided with the "girl power" movement of the 1990s and early 2000s. Corporations and media capitalized on a sanitized version of women's empowerment, creating a market for witches who could serve as heroes for young girls.<ref name=":22" />

This trend also paralleled the LGBTQ movement's mobilization around essentialist understandings of identity, rejecting notions of sexuality as a "sinful lifestyle choice" in favor of innate, biologically determined identities. Like millennial gay/lesbian activists, the millennial witch was not "choosing to embrace evil" but was simply "born this witch".<ref name=":22" />

Witch essentialism offered empowerment by decoupling the witch from the traditional ''disempowered victim/empowered evil'' dichotomy, allowing them to be both good and powerful. This made them an aspirational figure for young girls without necessarily scandalizing religious communities. Examples of "good witches" from this era include [[Glinda]] from ''The Wizard of Oz'', [[Sabrina Spellman]], and the Charmed sisters, who use their powers to help others.<ref name=":22" />

=== Limitations and critiques of the "Born This Witch" archetype ===
Despite its empowering aspects, the "born this witch" archetype became another "controlling image" that naturalized inequality and created new limiting dichotomies.<ref name=":22" />

These magically empowered millennial witches were often trapped within heteronormative boundaries, not necessarily liberated in their romantic relationships or from traditional gender norms. The "good (girl) witch" was often expected to be feminine and have her story arc centered around romance rather than self-actualization.<ref name=":22" />

For instance, Hermione Granger, admired for her brilliance, primarily served as auxiliary support for Harry and a romantic interest for his best friend. Her competence was allowed only as long as it didn't challenge Harry's protagonist role, exemplified when she dismisses her own power in favor of "friendship and bravery". In this series, women's heroism is largely confined to sacrificing for their children (e.g., Lily Potter) or defending their families (e.g., Molly Weasley). Career-oriented women are often vilified (e.g., Rita Skeeter, Bellatrix Lestrange, Dolores Umbridge).<ref name=":22" />

A power-hungry "born this witch" was typically framed as threatening, echoing the Christian-inspired "evil witch" archetype. Willow Rosenberg initially used magic for good but later turned to it for personal gain, leading to a "dark magic spiral" that destroyed relationships and culminated in her becoming the season's "Big Bad" after her girlfriend's murder. While some argue her revenge arc provided catharsis, the narrative portrays her magical power as a dangerous temptation to be resisted. Willow eventually learns to fear her magic and must use light magic to combat the evil her dark magic brought into the world.<ref name=":22" />

When "good (girl) witches" stray from noble purposes, their magic may be confined or destroyed. In ''The Craft'', outcast witches Nancy, Bonnie, and Rochelle lose their powers, and Nancy is institutionalized after using magic for personal gain and vengeance, leading to a death. Critics have noted the film's discomforting demonization of characters like Nancy (poor, abuse survivor) and Rochelle (racially bullied) to uplift the "purity" of an upper-class white girl, Sarah. This suggests that the power of the "born this witch" is limited; she cannot use her magic for self-interest or revenge against systemic oppression, and the magic of non-straight, non-white, non-affluent, or unconventionally feminine witches is viewed with suspicion.<ref name=":22" />

=== The "Bad Bitch Witch" archetype (21st century) ===
The twenty-first century has seen the rise of the "bad bitch witch", a potentially more revolutionary archetype driven by growing religious disaffiliation and a resurgence of feminist anger. Popular culture's embrace of moral ambiguity, though often benefiting masculine antiheroes, has also produced complex women who unapologetically wreak havoc on their oppressors without being punished.<ref name=":22" />

These "bad bitch witches" use their magic to challenge traditional archetypes and actualize the subtextual empowerment that resistant readers have long found in witch narratives. They escape the ''disempowered victimhood/empowered evil'' trap that constrained their predecessors.<ref name=":22" />

Examples include the protagonists of ''The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina'', who initially worship Satan but ultimately overthrow him to build a matriarchal witch society, recognizing their subjugation to the Dark Lord was akin to Christian patriarchal constraints.<ref name=":22" />

Rowena MacLeod from ''Supernatural'' deconstructs the ''empowered evil'' archetype. Despite damning her soul for power and being slut-shamed, she proudly embraces being an "evil skank" and remains unapologetically devious. Even her ultimate sacrifice is for her belief in magic and prophecy, not altruism, and she ends the series happily ruling the underworld, unlike past "evil witches" who were punished.<ref name=":22" />

Thomasin from ''[[The Witch (2015 film)|The Witch]]'' deconstructs ''disempowered victimhood''. Initially appearing as a passive victim of anti-witch hysteria, she rejects this status by signing the Devil's book and choosing "to live deliciously," triumphantly rising nude into the air with the coven. This portrays how religious and patriarchal oppression can ironically forge the very witch they fear.<ref name=":22" />

The ''[[Fear Street (film series)|Fear Street]]'' trilogy similarly reveals that Sarah Fier, initially presented as a malevolent "evil witch," was falsely accused due to her taboo love. Her ghostly vengeance targets a wealthy, white family who made a demonic pact, ultimately ending their tyrannical grip and bringing about a more just world.<ref name=":22" />

These portrayals have the potential to empower women to embrace transgressive liberation, allowing them to lean into "darker urges to punish agents of the systems of inequality". These witches are unapologetic about their sexuality and unafraid to be "mean". Unlike some previous archetypes, embracing this "badness" does not always lead to new forms of subjugation or death, as seen with Susie Bannion in the ''Suspiria'' remake, who transforms from victim to a powerful goddess capable of both mercy and brutal retaliation.<ref name=":22" />

=== Limitations and critiques of the "Bad Bitch Witch" archetype ===
Despite their transgressive appeal, not all critics find these portrayals empowering. Some argue that characters like Thomasin merely submit to a new form of patriarchy, and some real-life witches express concern that associating witches with Satan feeds negative stereotypes. The "bad bitch witch" archetype is not inherently utopian, and its limitations are demonstrated in shows like ''[[American Horror Story: Coven]]''. This series illustrates how intersecting identities (such as race, femininity, and attractiveness) influence who is permitted to transgress and who is punished. While white, conventionally attractive witches like Madison and Zoe receive empowerment for retaliatory violence, Queenie, who is "othered" due to her fatness and Blackness, is punished through her power being tied to [[self-harm]] as a "human Voodoo doll". The persistence of the "evil witch" framework often undermines the power of these transgressive witches. Powerful figures like Supreme Witch Fiona Goode and Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau, despite being ultimate "bad bitch witches," are ultimately punished with damnation. The show concludes with a "good (girl) witch" archetype, Cordelia, leading a "White feminist" witch academy that is largely white despite performative nods to diversity. The history of witch representation is not a linear, progressive narrative. New and old frameworks often coexist, meaning the "moral restrictions of the 'born this witch'" continue to influence newer stories, and the "bad bitch witch" can easily revert to the maligned "evil witch" Simply embracing the transgressive witch archetype does not guarantee inclusive and feminist representation. Often, it ignores power dynamics and reinforces regressive binaries like white/Black or thin/fat. For witch representation to be truly inclusive, it requires empowering women, LGBTQ+ people, and people of color to tell stories that reflect their lived experiences. Only then, the sources argue, can the witch truly live "deliciously".<ref name=":22" />

== Witches in animated films ==
[[Maleficent]] from ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (1959): Identified as a "malevolent fairy" and a Disney Witch who lives up to her title as "Mistress of All Evil". She places a curse on Princess Aurora and can hypnotize her or transform into a dragon.<ref>Straayer, Chris. "Femme Fatale or Lesbian Femme: Bound in Sexual Différance." ''Gender Meets Genre in Postwar Cinemas'', University of Illinois Press, 2012, pp. 219-. {{ISBN|9780252036613}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Jocelyn Y. |date=January 16, 2008 |title=As Vampira, Actress Hosted Fright Films |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113972214/maila-nurmi-1921-2008/ |access-date=December 2, 2022 |work=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago, IL |pages=2–10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>

[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|Madam Mim]] from ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' (1963): Described as a "wicked and villainous witch" who uses her magical abilities to make others' lives miserable. She is a "cruel and depraved woman" who despises anything wholesome, such as sunlight, and can transform into various forms, including a dragon.<ref>Thomas, Brennan. “The Transformative Magic of Education in Walt Disney’s The Sword in the Stone.” ''M/C Journal'', vol. 26, no. 5, 2023, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2993</nowiki></ref>

[[Ursula (The Little Mermaid)|Ursula]] from ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989): One of the most popular witches in the Disney world. She was exiled from Atlantica by King Triton and seeks revenge. Ursula strikes a deal with Ariel to exchange her voice for human legs, aiming to permanently bind Ariel to her and gain the upper hand over King Triton.<ref>Susman, Gary (November 14, 2014). "'The Little Mermaid' Facts: 25 Things You Didn't Know About the Disney Masterpiece". ''Moviefone''. Aol Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula, Villain of Little Mermaid |url=http://www.disneyvillains.net/Ursula.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120051646/http://www.disneyvillains.net/Ursula.php |archive-date=2008-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.disneyvillains.net}}</ref>

[[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]] from ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992): Recognized as one of the most popular wizards in the Disney universe. He is an "evil sorcerer" and royal vizier who desires more power, aiming to overthrow young Jasmine’s kingdom and become the Sultan of Agrabah.

[[Dr. Facilier]] from ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' (2009): An "evil Wizard" and "evil witch doctor/bokor". He turns Prince Naveen into an amphibian and plans to rule New Orleans with the help of his "friends on the other side."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Mike |date=2009-11-22 |title=New Orleans setting for 'Princess and the Frog' is a Disney dream come true for one man |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/new-orleans-setting-for-princess-and-the-frog-is-a-disney-dream-come-true-for/article_c84036c3-ff1c-5fcd-94e3-9f7e916b774e.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Witches]]
[[Category:Topics in popular culture]]
[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]

Problems in living

2026-09-28T06:07:16Z

Idea: Created page with "'''Problems in living''' are problems that human encounter, and they can be minor or major in severity. This area is to help facilitate an understanding of problems in living as it relates to what they are, how they can be identified and conceptualized, and how learning, teaching, and research can be utilized to help solve and resolve problems in living so that all of humanity can benefit, individually and collectively. Problems in living can cause inconvenience. Problem..."

'''Problems in living''' are problems that human encounter, and they can be minor or major in severity. This area is to help facilitate an understanding of problems in living as it relates to what they are, how they can be identified and conceptualized, and how learning, teaching, and research can be utilized to help solve and resolve problems in living so that all of humanity can benefit, individually and collectively. Problems in living can cause inconvenience. Problems in living can elicit emotional distress. There are many ways to potentially solve problems in living. Some problems in living plague humanity for hundreds or thousands of years. Some problems in living are inherent in the human condition. Regardless, humans have flourished for thousands of years, and if one looks back at humanity even longer, for tens and arguably hundreds of thousands of years, since humans evolved from other hominid species millennia ago. [[File:The Thinker (24284172271).jpg|thumb|right]]

This area is partially to present problems in living from a Szaszian perspective. According to psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, psychiatry is the medicalization of problems in living. Thomas Szasz was a psychiatry profession and wrote extensively about the history of psychiatry and in relation to that also, humans existential and practical need to solve problems in living in life.

==Discussion questions==

* What might society look like if most all problems in living are solved for all of humanity?
* Is it generally better to prioritize solving major or minor problems in living?
** What types of problems in living are best to solve first?
* Are there other ways that problems in living can be categorized or conceptualized?
* What are the unintended consequences of medicalizing problems in living?
* Throughout the history of education, how has research been applied to help humans solve and resolve problems in living?
* What are good strategies for solving problems in living?
* What role does personal responsibility play in identifying and solving problems in living?

== Categories of problems in living ==
* [[Economic problems]]
* [[Social problems]]
* [[Spiritual problems]]
* [[Ecological problems]]
* [[Political problems]]
* [[Health problems]]
* [[Philosophical problems]]
* [[Technological problems]]

== Specific examples of problems and examples ==
* People in a geographic region do not have sufficient access to caloric needs.
* Balancing the need for power for AI data centers with the needs of the entire population.
* Expensive prices of high bandwidth memory.
* Lack of clean drinking water.
* No back up plan for humanity in case another huge meteor impacts Earth like during the time of the dinosaurs.
* Fuel prices being too expensive.
* Social conflict between family members.
* Social conflict between friends.
* Someone feeling a lack of meaning and purpose in life.
* A lack of educational opportunities.
* Feeling stuck in a job that does not pay a living wage.
* A lack of reliable transportation.
* There can be an infinite # of types of problems in living.

== Strategies for solving problems in living ==
* Apply [[academic research]] to problems in living.
* Start a [[business]] around helping other solve problems in living.
* Identify problems in living. Prioritize which problems in living will benefit most from solving first. Create a plan to solve the problem in living. Implement the plan to solve the problem in living. Evaluate the success of the implemented plans. If the plan was successful, choose a new problem in living to solve and repeat these steps. If the plan was not successful, change the failed plan or create a new plan to solve the problem in living and try to implement and then evaluate the new or modified plan for solving the problem in living.

== See also ==
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Thomas Szasz]]
* [[Social factors influencing health]] / [[Social determinants of health]]
* [[Sociology]]
* [[Anthropology]]

[[Category:Philosophy of psychiatry]]
[[Category:Social problems]]
[[Category:Problem solving]]
[[Category:Social determinants of health]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Outlaw involuntary treatment

2026-09-28T06:06:14Z

Idea:

'''Outlaw involuntary treatment''' refers to proposals to prohibit or substantially restrict medical or psychiatric treatment imposed on a person without that person's voluntary and informed consent. The issue is particularly associated with [[psychiatry]], where involuntary hospitalization, forced psychiatric medication, seclusion, restraint, compulsory outpatient treatment, and other forms of [[psychiatric coercion]] have been used in many legal systems.

The subject involves questions about [[human rights]], individual liberty, bodily autonomy, informed consent, medical ethics, public safety, disability rights, and the role of government. It can also be approached through [[psychology]], [[psychiatry]], [[law]], [[philosophy]], sociology, public health, and the study of [[problems in living]].

"Outlaw involuntary treatment" can describe several different policy positions. One position would prohibit psychiatric treatment without consent altogether. Other proposals would remove special powers associated with psychiatric diagnosis while retaining the emergency rules that apply more generally in medicine. Still other approaches concentrate on reducing coercion, strengthening due process, expanding supported decision-making, or creating voluntary services intended to make involuntary intervention less common. Involuntary treatment should be banned. Psychiatrists have too much power.

== What is involuntary treatment? ==

Involuntary treatment occurs when treatment is provided despite a person's refusal or without meaningful voluntary consent.

Examples can include:

* Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization.
* Forced administration of psychiatric drugs.
* Court-ordered treatment.
* Compulsory outpatient treatment or community treatment orders.
* Seclusion or physical restraint used as part of psychiatric intervention.
* Electroconvulsive therapy performed without the person's voluntary consent.
* Treatment authorized through substitute decision-making when the individual objects.

These practices are not legally identical. Different jurisdictions apply different laws, procedures, definitions, and standards. Involuntary hospitalization also does not necessarily mean that every treatment during hospitalization may automatically be imposed.

The distinction between treatment and detention is important. A person can be confined involuntarily without receiving a particular treatment, while another person might be subjected to treatment without long-term confinement.

== The argument for outlawing involuntary treatment ==

One argument for outlawing involuntary treatment begins with the principle of [[bodily autonomy]]. Adults ordinarily have significant authority to decide what happens to their own bodies, including the ability to refuse medical treatment.

From this perspective, psychiatric treatment should generally operate through the same basic principle as other voluntary professional relationships. A person may seek assistance, evaluate the proposed service, consent to it, refuse it, or discontinue it.

Critics of psychiatric coercion argue that assigning a psychiatric diagnosis should not by itself remove rights that other adults possess. They question whether predictions about future dangerousness or judgments concerning a person's best interests provide a sufficient justification for confinement or forced treatment.

Another argument concerns the possibility of error. Psychiatric evaluations involve professional judgment and uncertainty. When a mistaken assessment results in voluntary advice, a person may reject the advice. When a mistaken assessment is backed by government authority, however, the consequences can include detention and unwanted medical intervention.

Critics also examine whether fear of involuntary treatment can discourage some people from seeking voluntary assistance during periods of distress.

== Thomas Szasz and voluntary psychiatry ==

Psychiatrist [[Thomas Szasz]] was one of the best-known critics of involuntary psychiatry. Szasz distinguished voluntary relationships between psychiatrists and clients from psychiatric interventions imposed through government power.

He argued that people experiencing difficulties should be free to seek psychiatrists, physicians, psychotherapists, religious advisers, friends, family members, or other forms of assistance. His objection was not simply to psychiatric services themselves. His central objection concerned the use of coercive state power to impose psychiatric relationships on unwilling people.

Szasz connected this position with his concept of [[problems in living]]. Instead of automatically treating difficult behavior, personal conflict, unusual beliefs, emotional suffering, or social difficulties as justification for compulsory medical intervention, he argued for examining human problems in their moral, interpersonal, legal, and social contexts.

A Szaszian approach therefore places considerable importance on the distinction between voluntary help and compulsory intervention.

== Arguments for retaining some involuntary treatment ==

Defenders of involuntary intervention commonly focus on emergencies in which a person appears to face an immediate and serious risk of harming themselves or another person, or appears temporarily unable to make an informed medical decision.

From this perspective, limited intervention may sometimes protect a person during a crisis in which waiting for voluntary consent could result in irreversible harm. Supporters of this position may compare emergency psychiatric intervention with other situations in medicine where clinicians sometimes provide treatment when a person cannot communicate informed consent.

Another argument concerns the government's responsibility to protect other people from serious violence. Critics of complete abolition ask what legal mechanism should apply when there is strong evidence of an immediate threat but no crime has yet occurred.

These arguments create difficult questions about evidence, prediction, due process, proportionality, and how narrowly emergency powers should be defined.

== Human rights approaches ==

International human rights debates increasingly examine psychiatric coercion through the concepts of autonomy, equality before the law, supported decision-making, and informed consent.

The [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] has been particularly important to this discussion. United Nations disability-rights bodies have argued for moving away from disability-specific systems of forced treatment and detention.

In 2023, the [[World Health Organization]] and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights published guidance encouraging countries to reform mental health law, expand rights-based community services, and eliminate coercive practices in favor of free and informed consent.

This approach represents a significant challenge to traditional mental health laws that authorize intervention based partly on psychiatric status, perceived incapacity, or predicted risk.

== United States legal context ==

United States constitutional law recognizes important liberty interests concerning involuntary psychiatric confinement and medication, but it has not established a general constitutional prohibition against involuntary treatment.

In ''[[w:O'Connor v. Donaldson|O'Connor v. Donaldson]]'' (1975), the United States Supreme Court held that a state could not continue confining a person merely on the basis of psychiatric classification when the person was not dangerous and could live safely outside the institution.

In ''[[w:Addington v. Texas|Addington v. Texas]]'' (1979), the Court required "clear and convincing" evidence for indefinite involuntary civil commitment under state law.

In ''[[w:Washington v. Harper|Washington v. Harper]]'' (1990), the Court recognized a significant liberty interest in avoiding unwanted antipsychotic medication while holding that involuntary medication of a prisoner could be permissible under specified circumstances involving dangerousness and medical interests.

''[[w:Riggins v. Nevada|Riggins v. Nevada]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Sell v. United States|Sell v. United States]]'' (2003) further addressed constitutional limitations on forced psychiatric medication in criminal proceedings.

These cases can be studied both as protections against state power and as examples of circumstances in which United States law continues to permit coercive intervention.

== Research questions and evidence ==

Empirical research on involuntary treatment is complicated. People who are treated involuntarily often differ substantially from people receiving voluntary services before treatment begins. This makes simple comparisons difficult.

Research has associated involuntary admission with greater perceived coercion, lower satisfaction with treatment, higher costs, and greater exposure to additional coercive interventions. Some studies have also reported improvement in symptoms or functioning among involuntarily admitted populations. Researchers caution that some of this apparent improvement may reflect greater levels of difficulty at the beginning of hospitalization rather than an independent benefit produced by involuntary status.

Important research questions include whether coercion prevents suicide or violence, whether it produces lasting clinical benefits, whether it damages future willingness to seek assistance, and which voluntary alternatives can reduce its use.

== Alternatives to coercion ==

Research and policy discussions concerning reduction or abolition of involuntary treatment frequently consider alternatives such as:

* Voluntary crisis services.
* Peer-run respite programs.
* Supported decision-making.
* [[Psychiatric advance directive]]s.
* Mobile crisis teams.
* Housing and economic support.
* Open-dialogue and community-based approaches.
* Easily accessible voluntary inpatient care.
* Crisis planning completed before an emergency.
* Greater involvement of trusted friends, family members, advocates, or other supporters chosen by the individual.

One important research question is whether systems that invest more heavily in voluntary assistance can prevent situations from escalating to the point where coercive intervention is considered.

== Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas ==

* Should competent adults have an absolute right to refuse psychiatric treatment?
* Should psychiatric treatment follow exactly the same consent rules as other forms of medical treatment?
* What should happen when a person refuses assistance while appearing to face an immediate risk of death or serious injury?
* How accurately can professionals predict future violence or self-harm?
* What is the difference between preventing a crime and detaining someone because of a prediction that a crime could occur?
* Compare Thomas Szasz's arguments against involuntary psychiatry with contemporary disability-rights arguments.
* Compare the United States Supreme Court's approach to involuntary treatment with the approach promoted by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
* Research whether involuntary hospitalization improves long-term outcomes compared with voluntary alternatives.
* What forms of support could replace involuntary hospitalization if it were prohibited?
* Ask an AI system to develop the strongest arguments both for and against prohibiting involuntary psychiatric treatment. Research the factual claims in each argument.
* Ask an AI system to compare legal standards for involuntary treatment in several countries. Verify its answers using current statutes and court decisions.
* Design a research study to investigate whether fear of involuntary treatment affects willingness to seek mental health services.
* How might [[supported decision-making]] reduce the perceived need for substitute decision-making?
* What safeguards would be necessary in a system that permitted emergency intervention but otherwise prohibited involuntary treatment?
* Can society protect both personal liberty and public safety without psychiatric detention based on predictions of future behavior?

== Readings ==

=== Wikipedia ===

* [[w:Involuntary commitment|Involuntary commitment]]
* [[w:Involuntary treatment|Involuntary treatment]]
* [[w:Political abuse of psychiatry|Political abuse of psychiatry]]
* [[w:Thomas Szasz|Thomas Szasz]]
* [[w:The Myth of Mental Illness|The Myth of Mental Illness]]
* [[w:Psychiatric survivors movement|Psychiatric survivors movement]]
* [[w:Anti-psychiatry|Anti-psychiatry]]
* [[w:Supported decision-making|Supported decision-making]]
* [[w:Psychiatric advance directive|Psychiatric advance directive]]
* [[w:Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]
* [[w:Informed consent|Informed consent]]
* [[w:Bodily integrity|Bodily integrity]]
* [[w:Civil commitment|Civil commitment]]

=== Cases and research topics ===

* ''[[w:O'Connor v. Donaldson|O'Connor v. Donaldson]]''
* ''[[w:Addington v. Texas|Addington v. Texas]]''
* ''[[w:Washington v. Harper|Washington v. Harper]]''
* ''[[w:Riggins v. Nevada|Riggins v. Nevada]]''
* ''[[w:Sell v. United States|Sell v. United States]]''
* World Health Organization and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Mental health, human rights and legislation: guidance and practice'' (2023).
* Thomas Szasz, ''Psychiatric Slavery''.
* Thomas Szasz, ''The Therapeutic State''.

== See also ==

* [[Psychiatric coercion]]
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Voluntary treatment]]
* [[Thomas Szasz]]
* [[Problems in living]]
* [[Bodily autonomy]]
* [[Informed consent]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Civil liberties]]
* [[Medical ethics]]
* [[Supported decision-making]]
* [[Psychiatric advance directives]]
* [[Critical psychiatry]]
* [[Critical psychology]]
* [[Community psychology]]
* [[Disability rights]]
* [[Problem solving]]

[[Category:Philosophy of psychiatry]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:Civil liberties]]
[[Category:Medical ethics]]
[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Thomas Szasz]]
[[Category:Problems in living]]
[[Category:Psychiatric coercion]]

New

2026-09-28T05:56:48Z

Idea:

This is a [[lists|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

* [[Astromech (company)]]
* [[Sound proofing]]
* [[Critical community psychology]]
* [[Pink certificate]]
* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
* [[Software transactional memory]]
* [[G0.238-0.071]]
* [[Fortified gateway]]
* [[Space Station 14]]
* [[ChiTownBio]]
* [[92.7 Big FM]]
* [[Electromod]]
* [[CarExpert]]
* [[Janhit College of Law]]
* [[Collaborative research]]
* [[Aging]]
* [[CashU]]
* [[Xerus (spacecraft)]]
* [[Anatomic P2P]]
* [[Safety]]
* [[Eliminating Suicide]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Organic movement]]
* [[United Art Rating]]
* [[Fairly new areas]]
* [[Waterloo Engineering Endowment Fund]]
* [[International Journal of Social Pedagogy]]
* [[Rotaract Club of University of Moratuwa]]
* [[QVD (software)]]
* [[Anthems in Animal Farm]]
* [[Conference on Artificial General Intelligence]]
* [[Cryptocurrency]]
* [[Park]]

==See also==
* [[Archives]]
* [[Index]]
* [[Saved]]
* [[Browse]]
* [[Discussion]]
* [[Meta]]

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Meta]]
[[Category:New]]

Astromech (company)

2026-09-28T05:56:33Z

Idea:

'''Astromech AI Corp.''' is an American startup building a predictive engine for biology using [[Genomics|genomic]] data.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knapp |first1=Alex |title=This Billionaire Is Using AI To Forecast Evolutionary Change |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/the-prototype/2026/08/21/this-billionaire-is-using-ai-to-forecast-evolutionary-change/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=21 August 2026}}</ref> It has operated in [[stealth mode]] since August 2025 with plans to become a warning system for evolution by "predicting where biological systems are going, identifying where biological systems may be vulnerable and why those changes could be happening" to forecast disease risk, [[drug resistance]], food supply chain threats and system vulnerabilities.<ref name=dallasnews>{{cite web |last1=Richie |first1=Sasha |title=Colossal AI spinoff hits $3.8 billion valuation, targets aging with first model |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/article/astromech-colossal-biological-ai-startup-funding-22394802.php |newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |date=20 August 2026}}</ref><ref name=austinbusiness/>

Founders [[Ben Lamm]] and [[George Church (geneticist)|George Church]] initially raised $30 million in funding and closed an additional $10.5 million in March 2026, valuing the company at $2 billion.<ref name=dmagazine/><ref name=austinbusiness>{{cite web |last1=Sechler |first1=Bob |last2=Wistrom |first2=Brent |title=Colossal Biosciences co-founders raise funds for new biology-focused AI startup |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2025/08/14/astromech-colossal-biosciences-ai-austin-biology.html |newspaper=[[Austin Business Journal]] |date=14 August 2025}}</ref> In August 2026, Astromech's valuation nearly doubled to $3.8 billion after $20 million in further funding to expand its research team and scale how it trains its [[AI models]].<ref name=dallasnews/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shen |first1=Lucinda |title=Colossal spin-off Astromech hits $3.8B valuation |url=https://www.axios.com/pro/biotech-deals/2026/08/20/colossal-spin-off-astromech-double-valuation |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|date=20 August 2026}}</ref> The company's first model is working to generate hypotheses for the biological sources of longevity, having mapped 46 genes for cellular maintenance and cancer resistance to date.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heilweil |first1=Rebecca |title=How Colossal is incubating an empire of startups |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/91592688/how-colossal-is-incubating-an-empire-of-startups |magazine=[[Fast Company]] |date=20 August 2026}}</ref>

The company's name is a reference to [[Astromech droids]] in ''[[Star Wars]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosas |first1=Leonardo |title=Dallas billionaire sees second startup achieve unicorn status |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2026/04/03/benjamin-lamm-ai-startup-astromech-2-billion-valua.html |newspaper=[[Dallas Business Journal]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biotechnology companies established in 2025]]
[[Category:Biotechnology companies of the United States]]

Talk:Swedish/Astromech (company)

2026-09-28T05:55:59Z

Idea: Idea moved page Talk:Swedish/Astromech (company) to Talk:Astromech (company)

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Astromech (company)]]

Talk:Astromech (company)

2026-09-28T05:55:59Z

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Swedish/Astromech (company)

2026-09-28T05:55:59Z

Idea: Idea moved page Swedish/Astromech (company) to Astromech (company)

#REDIRECT [[Astromech (company)]]

Astromech (company)

2026-09-28T05:55:59Z

Idea: Idea moved page Swedish/Astromech (company) to Astromech (company)

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Astromech (company)|timestamp=20260913023531|year=2026|month=September|day=13|substed=yes}}

{{Short description|American AI biotech company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Astromech AI Corp.
| logo =
| former_name =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Biology]]
| incorporated = [[Delaware]]<ref name=dmagazine>{{cite web |last1=Swanger |first1=Ben |title=Astromech, the New AI Startup from Ben Lamm of Colossal Biosciences |url=https://www.dmagazine.com/business-economy/2026/03/ben-lamm-astromech-colossal/ |magazine=[[D Magazine]] |date=31 March 2026}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date and age|2025|08}}
| founders = [[Ben Lamm]] [[George Church (geneticist)|George Church]]
| defunct = 
| hq_location = [[Austin, Texas]]<ref name=dmagazine/>
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country =
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| production =
| production_year = 
| brands =
| services =
| owner = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsidiaries =
| website = {{URL|https://astromech.com}}
}}

'''Astromech AI Corp.''' is an American startup building a predictive engine for biology using [[Genomics|genomic]] data.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knapp |first1=Alex |title=This Billionaire Is Using AI To Forecast Evolutionary Change |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/the-prototype/2026/08/21/this-billionaire-is-using-ai-to-forecast-evolutionary-change/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=21 August 2026}}</ref> It has operated in [[stealth mode]] since August 2025 with plans to become a warning system for evolution by "predicting where biological systems are going, identifying where biological systems may be vulnerable and why those changes could be happening" to forecast disease risk, [[drug resistance]], food supply chain threats and system vulnerabilities.<ref name=dallasnews>{{cite web |last1=Richie |first1=Sasha |title=Colossal AI spinoff hits $3.8 billion valuation, targets aging with first model |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/article/astromech-colossal-biological-ai-startup-funding-22394802.php |newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |date=20 August 2026}}</ref><ref name=austinbusiness/>

Founders [[Ben Lamm]] and [[George Church (geneticist)|George Church]] initially raised $30 million in funding and closed an additional $10.5 million in March 2026, valuing the company at $2 billion.<ref name=dmagazine/><ref name=austinbusiness>{{cite web |last1=Sechler |first1=Bob |last2=Wistrom |first2=Brent |title=Colossal Biosciences co-founders raise funds for new biology-focused AI startup |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2025/08/14/astromech-colossal-biosciences-ai-austin-biology.html |newspaper=[[Austin Business Journal]] |date=14 August 2025}}</ref> In August 2026, Astromech's valuation nearly doubled to $3.8 billion after $20 million in further funding to expand its research team and scale how it trains its [[AI models]].<ref name=dallasnews/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shen |first1=Lucinda |title=Colossal spin-off Astromech hits $3.8B valuation |url=https://www.axios.com/pro/biotech-deals/2026/08/20/colossal-spin-off-astromech-double-valuation |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|date=20 August 2026}}</ref> The company's first model is working to generate hypotheses for the biological sources of longevity, having mapped 46 genes for cellular maintenance and cancer resistance to date.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heilweil |first1=Rebecca |title=How Colossal is incubating an empire of startups |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/91592688/how-colossal-is-incubating-an-empire-of-startups |magazine=[[Fast Company]] |date=20 August 2026}}</ref>

The company's name is a reference to [[Astromech droids]] in ''[[Star Wars]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosas |first1=Leonardo |title=Dallas billionaire sees second startup achieve unicorn status |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2026/04/03/benjamin-lamm-ai-startup-astromech-2-billion-valua.html |newspaper=[[Dallas Business Journal]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biotechnology companies established in 2025]]
[[Category:Biotechnology companies of the United States]]

Astromech (company)

2026-09-28T05:55:48Z

Idea: by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astromech_(company)&action=history

Talk:Astromech (company)

2026-09-28T05:55:45Z

Idea: by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astromech_(company)&action=history

New

2026-09-28T05:54:28Z

Idea:

This is a [[lists|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

* [[Sound proofing]]
* [[Critical community psychology]]
* [[Pink certificate]]
* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
* [[Software transactional memory]]
* [[G0.238-0.071]]
* [[Fortified gateway]]
* [[Space Station 14]]
* [[ChiTownBio]]
* [[92.7 Big FM]]
* [[Electromod]]
* [[CarExpert]]
* [[Janhit College of Law]]
* [[Collaborative research]]
* [[Aging]]
* [[CashU]]
* [[Xerus (spacecraft)]]
* [[Anatomic P2P]]
* [[Safety]]
* [[Eliminating Suicide]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Organic movement]]
* [[United Art Rating]]
* [[Fairly new areas]]
* [[Waterloo Engineering Endowment Fund]]
* [[International Journal of Social Pedagogy]]
* [[Rotaract Club of University of Moratuwa]]
* [[QVD (software)]]
* [[Anthems in Animal Farm]]
* [[Conference on Artificial General Intelligence]]
* [[Cryptocurrency]]
* [[Park]]

==See also==
* [[Archives]]
* [[Index]]
* [[Saved]]
* [[Browse]]
* [[Discussion]]
* [[Meta]]

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Meta]]
[[Category:New]]

Sound proofing

2026-09-28T05:54:11Z

Idea:

'''Sound proofing''', also commonly written as '''soundproofing''', refers to methods used to reduce the transmission of [[sound]] from one area to another. Sound proofing can be used in homes, apartments, offices, schools, recording studios, factories, vehicles, hospitals, hotels, and many other environments. It can help solve practical [[problems in living]] related to unwanted noise, privacy, sleep, concentration, communication, entertainment, and quality of life.

Perfect sound isolation is difficult to achieve. Sound can travel through walls, floors, ceilings, doors, windows, ventilation systems, structural framing, and small openings. For this reason, sound proofing is usually better understood as reducing sound transmission rather than completely eliminating sound.

Learning about sound proofing involves elements of [[physics]], [[acoustics]], [[architecture]], construction, engineering, materials science, psychology, and environmental health. It is also a useful area for experimentation because small changes to a room or structure can sometimes produce measurable differences.

== Sound and sound transmission ==

[[Sound]] is produced by vibrations that create pressure waves. In buildings, sound can travel through both air and physical structures.

Two major categories are:

* '''Airborne sound''' travels primarily through the air. Examples include conversation, television, music, barking dogs, and traffic.
* '''Structure-borne sound''' is transmitted through physical materials. Examples include footsteps, objects being dropped on a floor, machinery, plumbing vibration, and speakers transmitting bass through walls.

[[Impact noise]] is an important type of structure-borne sound. Footsteps from an apartment above are a common example.

Low-frequency sounds can be particularly difficult to control. Bass from music, heavy machinery, vehicles, and subwoofers can cause large structural elements to vibrate. A treatment that reduces voices effectively may do much less against strong bass.

== Sound proofing and acoustic treatment ==

Sound proofing should be distinguished from '''acoustic treatment'''.

Sound proofing attempts to prevent sound from entering or leaving a space. Acoustic treatment attempts to improve how sound behaves ''inside'' a space.

For example, placing acoustic foam on the walls of a room can reduce echoes and reflections. This may improve a recording or make speech easier to understand, but thin acoustic foam usually does relatively little to stop music from being heard in the next room.

Common forms of [[acoustic treatment]] include:

* Acoustic panels.
* Bass traps.
* Diffusers.
* Carpeting and rugs.
* Curtains and other absorptive materials.
* Specialized ceiling treatments.

Sound proofing often requires changes to the actual structure of a wall, floor, ceiling, door, or window.

== Major principles of sound proofing ==

Several principles are frequently combined in effective sound proofing projects.

=== Mass ===

Increasing the mass of a barrier can make it more difficult for sound to cause the barrier to vibrate. Additional layers of drywall, dense panels, concrete, masonry, and other heavy materials can therefore reduce sound transmission.

Simply adding mass is not always enough, particularly with low-frequency sound, but it is one of the basic strategies used in building acoustics.

=== Decoupling ===

Sound can travel efficiently through connected structural materials. Decoupling attempts to interrupt this pathway.

Examples can include:

* Building a double-stud wall.
* Using staggered studs.
* Installing resilient channels.
* Using sound isolation clips and hat channels.
* Creating separated wall or ceiling structures.

Decoupling can significantly reduce sound transmission when designed correctly. Poorly installed fasteners or structural connections can create a '''sound bridge''' that reduces the effectiveness of the system.

=== Damping ===

Damping converts some vibrational energy into small amounts of heat rather than allowing the vibration to continue through a structure.

Damping compounds can sometimes be installed between layers of drywall or other building materials. The effectiveness depends on the complete wall or ceiling assembly rather than merely the presence of a particular product.

=== Absorption ===

Absorptive material can reduce sound energy within cavities and rooms. Fiberglass and mineral wool insulation are commonly used inside wall and ceiling cavities for this purpose.

Absorption is useful, but insulation by itself does not necessarily make a wall highly sound resistant. Effective assemblies often combine absorption with mass, sealing, and structural isolation.

=== Sealing air gaps ===

Sound can pass through surprisingly small openings.

Possible leakage points include:

* Gaps around doors.
* Electrical outlets.
* Plumbing penetrations.
* Air vents.
* Window frames.
* Gaps between drywall and floors.
* Openings around pipes or cables.

Acoustical sealant, weatherstripping, door sweeps, and properly fitted construction materials can help reduce these pathways.

A wall with excellent theoretical sound isolation may perform poorly if sound can simply travel through an unsealed door or ventilation opening.

== Flanking paths ==

A '''flanking path''' is an indirect route that sound takes around a sound barrier.

For example, a wall separating two rooms might provide substantial sound isolation while sound travels above the wall through a shared ceiling cavity. Sound may also travel through floors, ductwork, framing, windows, doors, or adjoining walls.

Flanking transmission is one reason that sound proofing can become a whole-building problem rather than simply a matter of treating one wall.

When investigating a sound problem, it can therefore be useful to ask not only "How much sound passes through this wall?" but also "What other routes could the sound be taking?"

== Doors and windows ==

Doors and windows are often weak points in sound isolation.

A lightweight hollow-core door generally blocks less sound than a heavier solid-core door. Adding weatherstripping around the perimeter and sealing the gap under the door can improve isolation.

Windows present another challenge because glass and window frames can transmit both airborne sound and vibration. Possible approaches include:

* Heavier glass.
* Laminated glass.
* Double or triple glazing.
* Increasing the distance between panes.
* Secondary interior windows.
* Better seals around the window frame.

Replacing an entire window is not always necessary. In some situations, improving seals or adding a secondary window system may provide a substantial improvement.

== Measuring sound isolation ==

Sound proofing can be measured rather than judged entirely by subjective impressions.

One commonly used rating is the '''Sound Transmission Class''' or '''STC'''. STC provides a standardized way of describing how well a building assembly reduces airborne sound across a range of frequencies.

A higher STC generally indicates greater sound isolation. STC should not be treated as a complete description of performance, however. Two walls with similar STC ratings may behave differently at particular frequencies, especially at low frequencies.

For floors and ceilings, the '''Impact Insulation Class''' or '''IIC''' is commonly used to describe resistance to impact sound.

Sound levels themselves are commonly measured in [[decibel]]s.

Students researching acoustics can examine the difference between:

* Sound pressure level.
* Frequency.
* Decibels.
* STC.
* IIC.
* Reverberation time.
* Transmission loss.

== Practical sound proofing projects ==

Sound proofing projects can range from inexpensive modifications to major construction.

Relatively simple projects can include:

* Weatherstripping a door.
* Installing a door sweep.
* Sealing obvious gaps.
* Adding rugs or carpet padding to reduce impact noise.
* Moving speakers away from shared walls.
* Isolating speakers or machinery from floors.
* Adding heavy curtains where appropriate.

More extensive projects can include:

* Adding additional drywall.
* Filling wall cavities with acoustic insulation.
* Installing isolation clips and channels.
* Constructing double-stud walls.
* Building floating floors.
* Installing suspended ceilings.
* Replacing doors or windows.
* Designing isolated recording rooms.

The best approach depends on the type of sound, where the sound originates, the construction of the building, the desired amount of reduction, budget, available space, and whether permanent construction changes are possible.

== Research and experimentation ==

Sound proofing is a useful topic for hands-on learning.

A student could measure sound levels before and after modifying a door, compare different materials, investigate different frequencies, or examine how sound travels through different parts of a building.

For example, a simple research project could:

# Establish a repeatable sound source.
# Measure sound levels in an adjacent room.
# Add one sound control intervention.
# Repeat the measurement.
# Compare the results.
# Repeat the experiment using different frequencies or materials.

Experiments should attempt to control variables such as microphone location, source volume, distance, room configuration, and background noise.

More advanced projects could use frequency analysis to determine whether an intervention works better against high-frequency or low-frequency sound.

== Sound proofing as problem solving ==

Unwanted noise can be approached as a practical [[problem solving]] exercise.

Before buying materials, it can be helpful to identify:

* What sound is causing the problem?
* Where is the sound originating?
* Is it airborne sound, structure-borne sound, or both?
* Which frequencies are most problematic?
* Through what path is the sound traveling?
* How much reduction is actually necessary?
* What modifications are permitted?
* What is the available budget?
* How can the result be measured?

This approach can help prevent spending money on treatments that do not address the actual source of the problem.

For example, covering a bedroom wall with acoustic foam might reduce echoes inside the bedroom but provide little benefit if traffic noise is entering primarily through a window.

== Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas ==

* What is the difference between sound proofing and acoustic treatment?
* Why are low-frequency sounds generally more difficult to isolate?
* How does adding mass affect the transmission of sound through a wall?
* What is structural decoupling, and why can it improve sound isolation?
* What are some common flanking paths in residential buildings?
* Design a low-cost sound proofing plan for a bedroom exposed to traffic noise.
* Design a sound isolation plan for a room used for playing musical instruments.
* Compare sound proofing strategies for an apartment renter with strategies available to a homeowner.
* Ask an AI system to design three sound isolation strategies for the same room at low, medium, and high budgets. Research whether its proposed materials and construction methods are supported by acoustic principles.
* Develop an experiment for measuring whether weatherstripping a door reduces sound transmission.
* Compare mineral wool, fiberglass, acoustic foam, drywall, and concrete in terms of their roles in controlling sound.
* How could poor sound proofing contribute to [[sleep problems]], conflict between neighbors, or difficulty concentrating?
* Research how hospitals, schools, libraries, recording studios, and residential buildings approach noise control differently.
* What types of sound proofing technologies might become more practical as materials science advances?

== Readings ==

=== Wikipedia ===

* [[w:Soundproofing|Soundproofing]]
* [[w:Architectural acoustics|Architectural acoustics]]
* [[w:Acoustics|Acoustics]]
* [[w:Sound transmission class|Sound transmission class]]
* [[w:Sound transmission|Sound transmission]]
* [[w:Sound absorption|Sound absorption]]
* [[w:Noise control|Noise control]]
* [[w:Acoustic panel|Acoustic panel]]
* [[w:Decibel|Decibel]]
* [[w:Reverberation|Reverberation]]
* [[w:Noise pollution|Noise pollution]]
* [[w:Active noise control|Active noise control]]

== See also ==

* [[Sound]]
* [[Acoustics]]
* [[Acoustic treatment]]
* [[Noise]]
* [[Noise pollution]]
* [[Architecture]]
* [[Construction]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Engineering]]
* [[Materials science]]
* [[Sleep]]
* [[Environmental health]]
* [[Problems in living]]
* [[Problem solving]]
* [[Home improvement]]
* [[Recording studio]]
* [[Active noise control]]

[[Category:Acoustics]]
[[Category:Sound]]
[[Category:Architecture]]
[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:Construction]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Problem solving]]
[[Category:Home improvement]]
[[Category:Environmental health]]

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2026-09-28T05:46:29Z

Idea:

New

2026-09-28T05:45:50Z

Idea:

This is a [[lists|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

* [[Critical community psychology]]
* [[Pink certificate]]
* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
* [[Software transactional memory]]
* [[G0.238-0.071]]
* [[Fortified gateway]]
* [[Space Station 14]]
* [[ChiTownBio]]
* [[92.7 Big FM]]
* [[Electromod]]
* [[CarExpert]]
* [[Janhit College of Law]]
* [[Collaborative research]]
* [[Aging]]
* [[CashU]]
* [[Xerus (spacecraft)]]
* [[Anatomic P2P]]
* [[Safety]]
* [[Eliminating Suicide]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Organic movement]]
* [[United Art Rating]]
* [[Fairly new areas]]
* [[Waterloo Engineering Endowment Fund]]
* [[International Journal of Social Pedagogy]]
* [[Rotaract Club of University of Moratuwa]]
* [[QVD (software)]]
* [[Anthems in Animal Farm]]
* [[Conference on Artificial General Intelligence]]
* [[Cryptocurrency]]
* [[Park]]

==See also==
* [[Archives]]
* [[Index]]
* [[Saved]]
* [[Browse]]
* [[Discussion]]
* [[Meta]]

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Meta]]
[[Category:New]]

Critical community psychology

2026-09-28T05:45:31Z

Idea:

'''Critical community psychology''' is an approach to [[community psychology]] that examines how individuals, communities, institutions, social structures, culture, and systems of power interact with human well-being and [[problems in living]]. It shares many interests with community psychology, including prevention, empowerment, community participation, ecological approaches, and efforts to improve quality of life. Critical community psychology places additional emphasis on examining power, inequality, exclusion, dominant assumptions, and the social and historical conditions in which psychological experiences occur.

Rather than focusing primarily on changing individuals, critical community psychology often asks whether environments, institutions, policies, economic arrangements, or cultural practices should also be changed. A person experiencing a problem may be responding to circumstances involving poverty, discrimination, unsafe housing, social isolation, political conflict, lack of opportunity, environmental conditions, or other factors that cannot be adequately understood only at the individual level.

The field is therefore useful for learning about the relationship between [[psychology]], [[sociology]], [[public health]], [[political science]], [[anthropology]], education, economics, and community development. It can also be used as a framework for developing and evaluating practical projects intended to solve social problems.

== Relationship to community psychology ==

[[Community psychology]] studies people in relation to communities and social environments. Community psychologists have historically studied areas such as prevention, community participation, empowerment, ecological systems, organizational change, social support, program development, and community-based research.

Critical community psychology overlaps considerably with these areas. The distinction is not always precise, and different researchers use the term in somewhat different ways. Critical approaches generally place greater attention on questions such as:

* Who has power within a community or institution?
* Who participates in making decisions?
* Who benefits from an existing system?
* Who experiences costs or disadvantages from that system?
* How are problems defined, and who is allowed to define them?
* Are individual explanations being used for problems that also have social or structural causes?
* What historical circumstances contributed to current conditions?
* What forms of knowledge are treated as legitimate?
* How can research contribute to useful social or community action?

Critical community psychology can therefore involve both understanding social conditions and working collaboratively with communities to change conditions that people consider harmful.

== Major themes ==

=== Power ===

[[Power]] is an important concept in critical community psychology. Power can involve control over money, institutions, information, laws, services, organizations, land, technology, professional credentials, or the ability to participate in decisions.

Studying power does not necessarily mean assuming that every unequal relationship is harmful. It means examining how decisions are made and how differences in power affect people. Researchers may investigate formal authority as well as less visible forms of influence, such as cultural expectations, professional language, organizational norms, or control over access to resources.

=== Empowerment and participation ===

[[Empowerment]] generally refers to increasing the ability of people and communities to influence decisions affecting their lives. Community participation can range from being consulted about a program to actually having substantial authority over its design and operation.

Critical community psychology often favors collaborative approaches in which community members are not treated merely as subjects of research. They may instead participate in defining problems, developing research questions, gathering information, interpreting findings, and deciding what actions should follow.

This connects critical community psychology with [[participatory action research]] and [[community-based participatory research]].

=== Social and environmental context ===

An ecological perspective examines people within multiple interacting environments. These can include families, neighborhoods, workplaces, schools, organizations, governments, economic systems, cultures, and the physical environment.

For example, unemployment can be studied as an individual experience, but it can also be examined in relation to labor markets, education, transportation, automation, regional economics, discrimination, access to childcare, and public policy. Different levels of explanation can provide different parts of the overall picture.

This perspective can be useful when studying [[social determinants of health]] and other circumstances in which social conditions influence individual outcomes.

=== Prevention and social change ===

Traditional helping professions frequently intervene after a problem has already developed. Community psychology has placed significant emphasis on [[prevention]]. Critical community psychology can extend this question by asking what social conditions repeatedly produce a particular problem.

If a community experiences a recurring problem, researchers might investigate interventions for individuals while also studying whether environmental or institutional changes could reduce the frequency of the problem itself.

This creates a relationship between psychological research and broader efforts at [[solving problems]]. Research may be used not only to describe a problem, but also to design, test, modify, and evaluate possible solutions.

=== Critical reflection ===

Critical approaches also apply criticism to psychology itself. Researchers can examine whether psychological theories reflect cultural assumptions, whether professional practices unintentionally reinforce existing inequalities, or whether categories developed in one society are being applied too broadly to another.

Critical reflection can include examining assumptions about normality, health, productivity, independence, family life, education, development, or appropriate behavior.

This does not require rejecting psychological science. It can instead involve examining the assumptions behind research questions, measurement systems, institutions, and professional practices.

== Research methods ==

Critical community psychology can use both [[qualitative research]] and [[quantitative research]]. There is no single research method required by the approach.

Methods can include:

* Interviews and focus groups.
* Surveys.
* Ethnographic research.
* Community needs assessments.
* Archival and historical research.
* [[Participatory action research]].
* [[Community-based participatory research]].
* Program evaluation.
* Policy analysis.
* Case studies.
* Statistical analysis of social and economic data.
* Mapping community resources and problems.
* Comparative research between communities.
* Mixed-method research combining quantitative and qualitative approaches.

The choice of method depends on the research question. Critical researchers may also ask who participated in designing the research and whether the research provides useful knowledge to the community being studied.

== From research to action ==

A critical community psychology project can move through a cycle of identifying a problem, studying its causes, developing possible responses, implementing an intervention, evaluating the results, and modifying the intervention based on what is learned.

For example, researchers studying social isolation could investigate individual experiences of loneliness while also examining transportation, neighborhood design, community organizations, public spaces, digital communication, working hours, and opportunities for voluntary social participation.

A project might then experiment with several approaches rather than assuming beforehand that one explanation or intervention is correct.

Research can also reveal disagreements within communities. A community is rarely a single unified group. Different people may have competing values, interests, experiences, and proposed solutions. Community research therefore benefits from examining who is represented and who may be absent from a discussion.

== Critiques and questions for the field ==

Critical community psychology can itself be subjected to critical examination. Researchers may agree that power and social conditions are important while disagreeing about how particular problems should be interpreted or solved.

Possible concerns include researchers imposing their own political or philosophical assumptions on communities, treating communities as more unified than they actually are, emphasizing structural explanations while giving insufficient attention to individual agency, or advocating interventions without adequately testing whether they work.

Another challenge is translating criticism into practical action. Identifying problems within institutions can be easier than developing alternatives that are effective, sustainable, voluntary, and scalable.

These tensions provide useful areas for research rather than necessarily being reasons to accept or reject critical community psychology as a whole.

== Learning and research activities ==

* Select a local social problem and identify individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, economic, and political factors that may contribute to it.
* Compare an individual-level explanation of a problem with an ecological or community-level explanation.
* Examine a community program and identify how much decision-making authority participants actually have.
* Design a small community needs assessment.
* Compare traditional academic research with [[participatory action research]].
* Investigate a historical example in which a social problem was initially attributed primarily to individuals but later came to be understood partly through environmental or structural factors.
* Evaluate whether a community intervention produced measurable improvements.
* Identify possible unintended consequences of a proposed social intervention.
* Study how different groups define the same community problem differently.

== Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas ==

* What makes critical community psychology "critical"?
* How does critical community psychology differ from conventional [[community psychology]]?
* When should a problem be addressed primarily at the individual level, and when should environmental or structural changes also be considered?
* How can researchers study power objectively?
* Can researchers participate in social change while maintaining standards of scientific inquiry?
* What are the advantages and disadvantages of [[participatory action research]]?
* How can communities prevent researchers from speaking for people who have not actually participated in a project?
* How should researchers respond when different groups within the same community want different outcomes?
* Ask an AI system to analyze a social problem at the individual, family, organizational, community, economic, cultural, and policy levels. Compare the explanations.
* Ask an AI system to propose three different research designs for studying the same community problem. Evaluate the strengths and limitations of each.
* Ask an AI system to distinguish between evidence that describes a social problem and evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of a proposed solution.
* Develop a community intervention and identify measurable criteria that could be used to determine whether it actually works.
* What safeguards can help prevent community research from becoming ideological advocacy rather than open-ended inquiry?
* How can critical community psychology contribute to solving [[problems in living]]?

== Readings ==

=== Wikipedia ===

* [[w:Community psychology|Community psychology]]
* [[w:Critical psychology|Critical psychology]]
* [[w:Liberation psychology|Liberation psychology]]
* [[w:Participatory action research|Participatory action research]]
* [[w:Community-based participatory research|Community-based participatory research]]
* [[w:Social justice|Social justice]]
* [[w:Empowerment|Empowerment]]
* [[w:Social determinants of health|Social determinants of health]]
* [[w:Ecological systems theory|Ecological systems theory]]
* [[w:Decolonization|Decolonization]]

=== Further reading ===

* Carolyn Kagan, Mark Burton, Paul Duckett, Rebecca Lawthom, and Asiya Siddiquee, ''Critical Community Psychology: Critical Action and Social Change''.
* Bret Kloos, Jean Hill, Elizabeth Thomas, Andrew D. Case, Victoria C. Scott, and Abraham Wandersman, ''Community Psychology: Linking Individuals and Communities''.
* Heather Davidson et al., "Power and Action in Critical Theory Across Disciplines: Implications for Critical Community Psychology," ''American Journal of Community Psychology''.

== See also ==

* [[Community psychology]]
* [[Critical psychology]]
* [[Liberation psychology]]
* [[Social psychology]]
* [[Social problems]]
* [[Problems in living]]
* [[Solving problems]]
* [[Social determinants of health]]
* [[Sociology]]
* [[Anthropology]]
* [[Public health]]
* [[Empowerment]]
* [[Participatory action research]]
* [[Community-based participatory research]]
* [[Qualitative research]]
* [[Program evaluation]]
* [[Prevention]]
* [[Social change]]

== External links ==

* [https://www.apa.org/about/division/div27 Society for Community Research and Action, APA Division 27]
* [https://www.communitypsychology.com/ Community Psychology: Social Justice Through Collaborative Research and Action]

[[Category:Community psychology]]
[[Category:Critical psychology]]
[[Category:Social psychology]]
[[Category:Social research]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Sociology]]
[[Category:Social problems]]
[[Category:Problem solving]]

Talk:Pink certificate

2026-09-28T05:45:07Z

Idea:

first ver here by... https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_certificate&action=history
Pink certificate: Revision history
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curprev 09:55, October 20, 2015 Benskerim talk contribs 2,261 bytes +2,261 ←Created page with ' The '''Pink Certificate''' (Turkish: Pembe Tezkere) is the colloquial name for an official certificate given to those who are unable to pursue a career in t...' thank

Talk:Pink certificate

2026-09-28T05:44:28Z

Idea:

User:Idea

2026-09-28T05:43:51Z

Idea:

[[Special:SpecialPages]]

[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]

Innovative Multicultural Curricula (IMCC)

2026-09-28T05:17:41Z

Idea: /* US partner universities */

== Objectives of the programme ==
{{ntoc}}
'''Innovative Multicultural Curricula (IMCC) for the Young EC and US Engineers and Scientists'''.

IMCC is a framework project for Master student mobility across the Atlantic ocean, adapted for a limit set of European and US technology institutes and universities.

"The IMCC project effectively combines academic and cultural exchange activities for undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students with a range of science and engineering subjects. In addition to student exchanges between the European Union and the USA, the programme provides for staff exchanges as well as joint research and joint curriculum development with mutual academic recognition.
IMCC thus enables visiting American students not only to meet their
counterparts from the host university, but also from partner institutions in other countries. Similar opportunities are available to European students visiting US universities. The cultural dimension is reinforced by participation in events such as orientation weeks, visits to companies and industry fairs, theatregoing, sporting activities and sightseeing.
Activities on offer have ranged from attending graduation ceremonies to watching hot air balloon races." (Extract from [http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/eu-usa/project/us_9609_outec.pdf description]).

== Past and future ==

The 10-year success of this EC-US exchange programme established in 1996 has been celebrated and the European Commission committed to proceed on the joint-funding alongside with other EU and US partners. Hundreds post-graduate students have benefited from this programme for either research internships or MSc cursus. Tens faculty members have benefited from this programme.

== European partners ==

*[[École centrale de Lille]]
*[[Université Lille Nord de France]] - [[Lille University of Science and Technology|University of Science and Technology of Lille (USTL)]]
*[[Technische Universität München]]
*[[Université Catholique de Louvain]] - [http://www.uclouvain.be/3779.html Exchanges]
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2026-09-28T04:51:14Z

Idea:

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Talk:Pink certificate

2026-09-28T04:48:54Z

Idea: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_certificate&action=history

Talk:Pink certificate

2026-09-28T04:48:46Z

Idea: Created page with "first ver here by... Pink certificate: Revision history Help Article Talk Read Edit View history Watch View logs for this page (view filter log) External tools: Find addition/removal (Alternate)Find edits by user (Alternate)Page statisticsPageviewsFix dead linksCopyvio detector For any version listed below, click on its date to view it. For more help, see Help:Page history and Help:Edit summary. (cur) = difference from current version, (prev) = difference from precedi..."

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curprev 09:55, October 20, 2015 Benskerim talk contribs 2,261 bytes +2,261 ←Created page with ' The '''Pink Certificate''' (Turkish: Pembe Tezkere) is the colloquial name for an official certificate given to those who are unable to pursue a career in t...' thank

Pink certificate

2026-09-28T04:48:31Z

Idea:

In [[Turkey]], '''pink certificate''' ({{langx|tr|Pembe tezkere}}) is the colloquial name for a military discharge certificate given to those who are discharged or considered exempt from [[military service]] due to their [[sexual orientation]]. The Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, under Article 17 of "Mental Health and Diseases," explains that the case of "advanced sexual disorders," which are "explicitly apparent in the person's whole life," could cause "objectionable situations in the military environment".<ref>Art. 17, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Sağlık Yeteneği Yönetmeliği (Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, No. 86/11092), http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225235236/http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html |date=2013-02-25 }} [28.05.2012].</ref> To receive such a discharge, individuals must "prove" their [[homosexuality]], under the examination of military doctors and [[psychologist]]s.

== Background ==

=== Homosexuality in Turkey ===
{{main|Sexual and gender minorities in the Ottoman Empire|LGBT history in Turkey|LGBT rights in Turkey}}
[[File:An ottoman miniature from the book Sawaqub al-Manaquib depicting Homosexuality.jpg|thumb|An illustration from the 19th century book ''Sawaqub al-Manaquib'' depicting homosexual anal sex with a wine boy. Titled at source as "Spilling the wine"]]
The first piece of [[LGBTQ]] legislation was passed during the [[Ottoman Caliphate]], when homosexuality, {{lang|tr|[[köçek]]ler}} (young dancer slaves) and [[sodomy]] were decriminalized in 1858, as part of wider reforms during the {{lang|tr|[[Tanzimat]]}}.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Where is it illegal to be gay?|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595|access-date = 2015-12-11|date = 2014-02-10|archive-date = 2019-06-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190601210145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595|url-status = live}}</ref> The first Turkish LGBTQ organizations were founded in the early 1990s, [[Lambda Istanbul]], the first of such organizations, was founded in 1993 as a cultural space for the [[LGBT community]], becoming an official organization in 2006.<ref>"Özetle; Lambdaistanbul Ne Yaptı?" (Türkçe). Lambdaistanbul resmi sitesi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2011.</ref> Historically, although homosexuality has not enjoyed a public platform, participation in [[Pride parade|pride marches]], and public acceptance and visibility have risen slowly over the past few years. In spring 2010, Turkey's [[Ministry of Family and Social Policy (Turkey)|Minister of State Responsible for Women and Family Affairs]], [[Selma Aliye Kavaf]], attracted much media attention when she made a controversial statement during an interview with the daily {{lang|tr|[[Hürriyet]]}} newspaper: "I believe that [[Homosexuality as a disease|homosexuality is a biological disorder, a disease]]. It is something that needs to [[Conversion therapy|get treated]]."<ref>["Ben eşcinselliğin biyolojik bir bozukluk, bir hastalık olduğuna inanıyorum. Tedavi edilmesi gereken bir şey bence."]; Bildirici, Faruk (2010), “Eşcinsellik hastalık, tedavi edilmeli”, ''Hürriyet'', 07.05.2010, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/14031207.asp?gid=59 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529221736/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/14031207.asp?gid=59 |date=2012-05-29 }} [28.05.2012]; see also ''Hürriyet'' (2010), “‘Homosexuality is a disease’ says Turkish minister”, ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 03.07.2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216homosexuality-is-a-disease821 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155719/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216homosexuality-is-a-disease821 |date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> This sparked national as well as international interest in the state of LGBT rights and individuals in Turkey for a brief time as a reaction: [[LGBT activism|LGBT activists]] organized a march on [[İstiklal Avenue]] to call for an apology, homosexuality became a topic of discussion on a public level,<ref>Oral Çalışlar (9 Mart 2010). "'Ahlaktan sorumlu' kadın bakan...". ''Radikal''.</ref> and international media outlets criticized the statement, as well as Turkey's stance on homosexuality.<ref>“Türkische Ministerin hält Schwulsein für krank”, Welt Online, 11.03.2010, https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article6729324/Tuerkische-Ministerin-haelt-Schwulsein-fuer-krank.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215132933/https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article6729324/Tuerkische-Ministerin-haelt-Schwulsein-fuer-krank.html |date=2018-02-15 }} [28.05.2012].</ref>

In 2011, Turkey witnessed the biggest pride march to date in [[Southeast Europe]], with participation reaching over 10,000, and with support from parties such as the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP) and the [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP).<ref>'''^''' http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25227029/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095803/http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25227029/ |date=2014-10-06 }}</ref> In 2013, the [[Istanbul Pride]] march consisted of over 100,000 people, due in large part to the [[Gezi Park protests]] taking place at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gay Pride in Istanbul groot succes|url = http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html|website = telegraaf.nl|access-date = 2015-12-11|language = nl-NL|archive-date = 2017-07-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210152/http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Regulatory framework ===
Article 17 of the Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation originally classified homosexuality as a "psychosexual disorder". In 2015 the regulation's wording was revised to refer instead to "sexual identity and behavioural disorders", though homosexuality has continued to serve as grounds for exemption under the amended language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=T. |date=2021-04-01 |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X19866874 |journal=Men and Masculinities |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=127–143 |doi=10.1177/1097184X19866874 |issn=1097-184X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5e468c96a2e28667f0cc3645895b8f9cd9c574bb |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=}}</ref>

=== Conscription ===
{{main|Conscription in Turkey}}
The Conscription Law that dictates conscription as mandatory was introduced in 1919 at the start of the [[Turkish War of Independence]] and has stayed in force since then.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1111-20141210.pdf|title = Askerlik Kanunu|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163923/http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1111-20141210.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> Compulsory military service in Turkey applies to all male citizens from twenty to forty years of age, with no legal alternative.<ref>Maddie (1927). ''111 Sayili Askerlik Kanunu''.</ref> There has been significant rise in critical discussions about the topic of mandatory conscription, however most [[Turkish government|government]] as well as military officials still oppose the idea of changing Turkey's conscription system.<ref>As, inter alia, Erdoğan's reaction to the latest ruling on conscientious objection of the ECHR in the Erçep vs. Turkey case (CJ 22.11.2011, no. 43965/04).</ref> Those who oppose performing military service face three options: they can decide to become a deserter by either leaving the country, or trying to find other ways to escape the grip of the state; they can declare to be a conscientious objector, a decision which is followed by legal persecution in the form of a prison sentence; or they can try to find a way to get (legally) exempted within the framework of health regulations.<ref name=":0" /> The Turkish military considers homosexuality a "[[psychosexual disorder]]", and thereby worthy of discharge.<ref name=":2" />

Upon completion of their military service, Turks receive a certificate of completion; a certificate of discharge (colloquially referred to as the "pink certificate" or "rotten certificate") if they reveal their homosexual identity any time during the service, in accordance with the health regulation frameworks, or engage in homosexual acts.<ref>{{Cite web |title="We Need a Law for Liberation": Gender, Sexuality, and Human Rights in a Changing Turkey: VI. Discrimination and Abuse in Other Spheres |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/turkey0508/7.htm? |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref>

== Conditions for acquiring the "Pink Certificate" ==

=== Military Health Regulations ===
The Military Health Regulation for the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] looks to the 1968 [[American Psychiatrists Association]]'s definition of homosexuality as a disease in the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]]'' released that year.<ref>{{cite news|date=2012-03-25|title='PEMBE TEZKERE' BELGESEL OLDU|work=ANKA|url=http://www.medyatava.com/haber.asp?id=91272|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904000221/http://www.medyatava.com/haber.asp?id=91272|archive-date=2012-09-04|ref=Medyatava|access-date=2015-10-20}}</ref> As such, homosexuals who are discharged or exempt from military service receive the same report as those who have mental or physical disabilities, and are considered to have a psychosexual disorder. In order to receive this report, individuals have to "prove their homosexuality," undergoing what the [[Human Rights Watch]] calls "humiliating and degrading" examinations and tests.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|title=Proving you're gay to the Turkish Army|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17474967|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2015-10-20|date=2012-03-26|last1=Azizlerli|first1=Emre|archive-date=2016-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041532/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17474967|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey: Homophobic Violence Points to Rights Crisis|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|website=HRW.org|date=21 May 2008 |access-date=2015-10-20|archive-date=2008-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121161701/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2009, the report of the [[European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement|EU Commission on Enlargement]] stated that "the Turkish Armed Forces have a health regulation which defines homosexuality as a 'psychosexual' illness and identifies homosexuals as unfit for military service. Conscripts who declare their homosexuality have to provide photographic proof (a photograph of the person on the [[Bottom (position)|receiving end]] of [[Anal sex#Male to male|anal intercourse]]). A small number have had to undergo humiliating medical examinations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf|title=TURKEY 2009 PROGRESS REPORT|access-date=2015-10-20|archive-date=2016-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528102959/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These steps are taken, according to the military, to make sure that the system is not being exploited by deserters in order to skip mandatory military service, which has been a historical problem.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: military service, Turkey, July 2025 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/turkey-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-military-service-turkey-october-2023-accessible |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote box|quote = "With the picture it was a bit difficult. The face had to be recognizable as well as the penis and the ass. To put all this into a square was a bit complicated. Twice I got cramps because of the position. […] I also got humiliated at the selection, before they announce it [the final diagnosis]. There are about 12 military people, big ones, with uniforms and everything. […] They all looked one by one at the pictures and I had to bring ten pictures, ten different positions there. This is the difficulty of course, but I managed to do it. And at every single picture they looked and compared it with me. I was standing in the middle. And then they asked me questions. For example which positions I like and if I use this position they see regularly. Questions like that."|align = right|bgcolor = #c6dbf7|width = 48%|fontsize = 75%|tstyle = |border = 1px|title = Interview with a Homosexual Draftee|source = Irlenkauser, Julian. "Gender Identities and the Turkish Military." Thesis. European University Viadrina / Istanbul Bilgi University, 2012.}}

=== Acquiring the "Pembe Tezkere" ===

==== Changes to the exemption process since 2015 ====
Until 2015 conscripts seeking exemption on grounds of homosexuality were commonly required to undergo rectal examination and to submit explicit photographic or video evidence of sexual acts to a military medical board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=UK Home |date=2023-10-01 |title=Country Policy and Information Note Turkey: Military service [Version 3.0] |archive-url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2100650.html |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65368fc826b9b1000daf1dc5/TUR+CPIN+-+Military+service.pdf |archive-date=October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Reporting from late 2015 indicates the military quietly amended its practice so that a conscript's own declaration, together with observed behaviour, became sufficient grounds for exemption, without a requirement for physical examination or photographic proof.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey’s paid exemption from military service system begins - AL-MONITOR: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/11/turkeys-paid-exemption-from-military-service-begins.html |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPIN's 2023 correspondence with the UK Foreign, commonwealth & Development Office States that, following Turkey's 2016 coup attempt and the constitutional abolition of the military court system the following year, the exemption assessment is now typically conducted at government hospitals rather than military ones, although the process is still initiated by referral to a military hospital psychiatric board.<ref name=":4" /> Despite the removal of physical examinations, multiple sources describe the process as still relying heavily on subjective, stereotyped assessments of the applicant's "effeminacy" - dress, mannerisms, and self-presentation, rather than on sexual orientation as such.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Tankut |date=2019-08-01 |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334888643_Comrades-in-Each_Other's-Arms_Homosociality_Masculinity_and_Effeminacy_in_the_Turkish_Army |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=24 |pages=127–143 |doi=10.1177/1097184X19866874}}</ref>

== Current procedure ==
Based on correspondence collated in the 2025 CPIN, the process now generally proceeds as follows: a conscript is referred by a civilian doctor to a psychiatrist, who in turn refers him to the nearest military hospital; an initial session is held with a psychiatrist, followed by a second session before a committee of a psychologist, psychiatrist and psychiatric nurse.<ref name=":3" /> If the committee finds the applicant to be gay, bisexual or trans, it issues an "unfit for military service" report, which is forward to a Military Council for approval or refusal. An applicant refused an exemption may appeal through a lawyer within 30 days, triggering re-examination at a different military hospital; a further refusal can be appealed to the Ministry of National Defence's Health Department and ultimately to the Ministry Supreme Administrative Court.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Zaken |first=Ministerie van Algemene |date=2022-03-02 |title=General Country of Origin Information Report Turkey (March 2022) {{!}} Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/2022/03/02/general-country-of-origin-information-report-turkey-march-2022 |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.government.nl |publisher=Ministerie van Algemene Zaken |language=en}}</ref> Family testimony can still form part of the evidentiary basis in some cases, with a relative or friend asked to confirm the applicant's sexual orientation, and applicants sometimes asked to demonstrate involvement in LGBTI organisations or attendance at Pride events.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== Criticisms ==
Excluding homosexuals from the military has been widely regarded as a controversial topic, with its negative effects not only confined to the context of military service.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bacon|first1=Perry Jr.|last2=O'Keefe|first2=Ed|date=2010-05-28|title=House votes to end 'don't ask, don't tell' policy|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/27/AR2010052704540.html|url-status=live|access-date=2015-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023065731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/27/AR2010052704540.html|archive-date=2017-10-23|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The process by which homosexuals are excluded from the military has received criticism from international and national actors for a multitude of reasons and has been called a "Human Rights Crisis" by the Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: Homophobic Violence Points to Rights Crisis|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121161701/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|archive-date=2008-11-21|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=21 May 2008 |access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> The process correlates sexual orientation with arbitrary factors, such as "feminine" qualities or "promiscuity," and propagates [[Anti-LGBT rhetoric|false narratives]], [[homophobia]] and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]], inside and outside of the military.<ref name="We Need a Law for Liberation">{{Cite web|date=2008-05-22|title=We Need a Law for Liberation|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/05/21/we-need-law-liberation/gender-sexuality-and-human-rights-changing-turkey|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125015051/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/05/21/we-need-law-liberation/gender-sexuality-and-human-rights-changing-turkey|archive-date=2015-11-25|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> The involvement of family members means homosexuals are forced to [[Coming out of the closet|come out]], the pressure of which might deter the option to acquire the pink certificate, and continue military service hiding their identity. This leads increased homophobia, blackmail and violence towards homosexuals or effeminate men, since homosexuals in the army have no place to report such violent discrimination, and no protection from it.<ref name="We Need a Law for Liberation"/> The insistence on family is a tactic that exploits feelings of shame, forcing the family to be interrogated about their child's sexual identity, often accompanied by inappropriate questions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = 'Pembe Tezkere'ye Koğuş İşkencesi {{!}} Kaos GL Haber Portalı|url = http://www.kaosgl.com/sayfa.php?id=11122|website = www.kaosgl.com|access-date = 2015-12-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123457/http://www.kaosgl.com/sayfa.php?id=11122|archive-date = 2015-12-22|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Talking about homosexuality in the military is also a taboo, and challenging the ''[[status quo]]'' can be met with legal challenges, as it is considered illegal to insult the Turkish army.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Turkey's new penal code touches raw nerves|url = http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266|website = EurActiv {{!}} EU News & policy debates, across languages|access-date = 2015-12-11|language = en-GB|last = admin|date = 2005-06-02|archive-date = 2015-11-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117184322/http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266|url-status = live}}</ref> Furthermore, mandatory military service holds a very honorable place in [[Turkish culture]], and not participating in this rite of passage carries a huge social stigma. The stigma stays with the individual for a lifetime, severely damaging the possibility of being hired, as employers typically request proof that the employee has done their military service. In addition, employers can discern the sexuality of potential employees from their discharge papers (differentiating between those discharged for physical or mental disabilities, and for homosexuality), further reducing chances of employment, and resulting in the employee being fired if such behaviours are discovered.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bir Hakemin Hayatını Karartan Klişe: Eşcinsellik Hastalıktır|url = http://bianet.org/bianet/bianet/128434-bir-hakemin-hayatini-karartan-klise-escinsellik-hastaliktir|website = Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi|access-date = 2015-12-11|archive-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091933/http://bianet.org/bianet/bianet/128434-bir-hakemin-hayatini-karartan-klise-escinsellik-hastaliktir|url-status = live}}</ref>

Human rights organisations and the [[European Commission]] have continued to raise concerns notwithstanding the procedural changes: The European Commission's Turkey 2020 Report noted that no changes had been made to the military disciplinary system or to the medical regulations defining homosexuality as a disorder, and the exemption report itself does not state a reason for a conscript's unfitness, which employers may interpret as evidence of the holder's sexual orientation when it is produced during hiring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Report 2020 - Enlargement and Eastern Neighbourhood |url=https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/turkiye-report-2020_en |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=enlargement.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Key findings of the 2020 Report on Turkey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/da/https:////ec.europa.eu//commission//presscorner//detail//da//country_20_1791 |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[LGBT history in Turkey]]
*[[LGBT rights in Turkey]]
*[[Homosexuality test (disambiguation)]]
*[[Sexual orientation and military service]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Turkey]]
[[Category:Military slang and jargon]]
[[Category:Turkish Land Forces]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people and military service]]
[[Category:LGBTQ military history]]
[[Category:Military history of Turkey]]

Pink certificate

2026-09-28T04:48:11Z

Idea: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_certificate&action=history

{{Short description|Military discharge certificate given due to sexual orientation}}
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Pink certificate|timestamp=20260920070514|year=2026|month=September|day=20|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=merging|target=LGBTQ rights in Turkey}}
In [[Turkey]], '''pink certificate''' ({{langx|tr|Pembe tezkere}}) is the colloquial name for a military discharge certificate given to those who are discharged or considered exempt from [[military service]] due to their [[sexual orientation]]. The Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, under Article 17 of "Mental Health and Diseases," explains that the case of "advanced sexual disorders," which are "explicitly apparent in the person's whole life," could cause "objectionable situations in the military environment".<ref>Art. 17, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Sağlık Yeteneği Yönetmeliği (Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, No. 86/11092), http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225235236/http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html |date=2013-02-25 }} [28.05.2012].</ref> To receive such a discharge, individuals must "prove" their [[homosexuality]], under the examination of military doctors and [[psychologist]]s.

== Background ==

=== Homosexuality in Turkey ===
{{main|Sexual and gender minorities in the Ottoman Empire|LGBT history in Turkey|LGBT rights in Turkey}}
[[File:An ottoman miniature from the book Sawaqub al-Manaquib depicting Homosexuality.jpg|thumb|An illustration from the 19th century book ''Sawaqub al-Manaquib'' depicting homosexual anal sex with a wine boy. Titled at source as "Spilling the wine"]]
The first piece of [[LGBTQ]] legislation was passed during the [[Ottoman Caliphate]], when homosexuality, {{lang|tr|[[köçek]]ler}} (young dancer slaves) and [[sodomy]] were decriminalized in 1858, as part of wider reforms during the {{lang|tr|[[Tanzimat]]}}.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Where is it illegal to be gay?|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595|access-date = 2015-12-11|date = 2014-02-10|archive-date = 2019-06-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190601210145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595|url-status = live}}</ref> The first Turkish LGBTQ organizations were founded in the early 1990s, [[Lambda Istanbul]], the first of such organizations, was founded in 1993 as a cultural space for the [[LGBT community]], becoming an official organization in 2006.<ref>"Özetle; Lambdaistanbul Ne Yaptı?" (Türkçe). Lambdaistanbul resmi sitesi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2011.</ref> Historically, although homosexuality has not enjoyed a public platform, participation in [[Pride parade|pride marches]], and public acceptance and visibility have risen slowly over the past few years. In spring 2010, Turkey's [[Ministry of Family and Social Policy (Turkey)|Minister of State Responsible for Women and Family Affairs]], [[Selma Aliye Kavaf]], attracted much media attention when she made a controversial statement during an interview with the daily {{lang|tr|[[Hürriyet]]}} newspaper: "I believe that [[Homosexuality as a disease|homosexuality is a biological disorder, a disease]]. It is something that needs to [[Conversion therapy|get treated]]."<ref>["Ben eşcinselliğin biyolojik bir bozukluk, bir hastalık olduğuna inanıyorum. Tedavi edilmesi gereken bir şey bence."]; Bildirici, Faruk (2010), “Eşcinsellik hastalık, tedavi edilmeli”, ''Hürriyet'', 07.05.2010, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/14031207.asp?gid=59 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529221736/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/14031207.asp?gid=59 |date=2012-05-29 }} [28.05.2012]; see also ''Hürriyet'' (2010), “‘Homosexuality is a disease’ says Turkish minister”, ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 03.07.2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216homosexuality-is-a-disease821 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155719/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216homosexuality-is-a-disease821 |date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> This sparked national as well as international interest in the state of LGBT rights and individuals in Turkey for a brief time as a reaction: [[LGBT activism|LGBT activists]] organized a march on [[İstiklal Avenue]] to call for an apology, homosexuality became a topic of discussion on a public level,<ref>Oral Çalışlar (9 Mart 2010). "'Ahlaktan sorumlu' kadın bakan...". ''Radikal''.</ref> and international media outlets criticized the statement, as well as Turkey's stance on homosexuality.<ref>“Türkische Ministerin hält Schwulsein für krank”, Welt Online, 11.03.2010, https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article6729324/Tuerkische-Ministerin-haelt-Schwulsein-fuer-krank.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215132933/https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article6729324/Tuerkische-Ministerin-haelt-Schwulsein-fuer-krank.html |date=2018-02-15 }} [28.05.2012].</ref>

In 2011, Turkey witnessed the biggest pride march to date in [[Southeast Europe]], with participation reaching over 10,000, and with support from parties such as the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP) and the [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP).<ref>'''^''' http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25227029/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095803/http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25227029/ |date=2014-10-06 }}</ref> In 2013, the [[Istanbul Pride]] march consisted of over 100,000 people, due in large part to the [[Gezi Park protests]] taking place at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gay Pride in Istanbul groot succes|url = http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html|website = telegraaf.nl|access-date = 2015-12-11|language = nl-NL|archive-date = 2017-07-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210152/http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Regulatory framework ===
Article 17 of the Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation originally classified homosexuality as a "psychosexual disorder". In 2015 the regulation's wording was revised to refer instead to "sexual identity and behavioural disorders", though homosexuality has continued to serve as grounds for exemption under the amended language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=T. |date=2021-04-01 |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X19866874 |journal=Men and Masculinities |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=127–143 |doi=10.1177/1097184X19866874 |issn=1097-184X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5e468c96a2e28667f0cc3645895b8f9cd9c574bb |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=}}</ref>

=== Conscription ===
{{main|Conscription in Turkey}}
The Conscription Law that dictates conscription as mandatory was introduced in 1919 at the start of the [[Turkish War of Independence]] and has stayed in force since then.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1111-20141210.pdf|title = Askerlik Kanunu|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163923/http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1111-20141210.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> Compulsory military service in Turkey applies to all male citizens from twenty to forty years of age, with no legal alternative.<ref>Maddie (1927). ''111 Sayili Askerlik Kanunu''.</ref> There has been significant rise in critical discussions about the topic of mandatory conscription, however most [[Turkish government|government]] as well as military officials still oppose the idea of changing Turkey's conscription system.<ref>As, inter alia, Erdoğan's reaction to the latest ruling on conscientious objection of the ECHR in the Erçep vs. Turkey case (CJ 22.11.2011, no. 43965/04).</ref> Those who oppose performing military service face three options: they can decide to become a deserter by either leaving the country, or trying to find other ways to escape the grip of the state; they can declare to be a conscientious objector, a decision which is followed by legal persecution in the form of a prison sentence; or they can try to find a way to get (legally) exempted within the framework of health regulations.<ref name=":0" /> The Turkish military considers homosexuality a "[[psychosexual disorder]]", and thereby worthy of discharge.<ref name=":2" />

Upon completion of their military service, Turks receive a certificate of completion; a certificate of discharge (colloquially referred to as the "pink certificate" or "rotten certificate") if they reveal their homosexual identity any time during the service, in accordance with the health regulation frameworks, or engage in homosexual acts.<ref>{{Cite web |title="We Need a Law for Liberation": Gender, Sexuality, and Human Rights in a Changing Turkey: VI. Discrimination and Abuse in Other Spheres |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/turkey0508/7.htm? |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref>

== Conditions for acquiring the "Pink Certificate" ==

=== Military Health Regulations ===
The Military Health Regulation for the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] looks to the 1968 [[American Psychiatrists Association]]'s definition of homosexuality as a disease in the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]]'' released that year.<ref>{{cite news|date=2012-03-25|title='PEMBE TEZKERE' BELGESEL OLDU|work=ANKA|url=http://www.medyatava.com/haber.asp?id=91272|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904000221/http://www.medyatava.com/haber.asp?id=91272|archive-date=2012-09-04|ref=Medyatava|access-date=2015-10-20}}</ref> As such, homosexuals who are discharged or exempt from military service receive the same report as those who have mental or physical disabilities, and are considered to have a psychosexual disorder. In order to receive this report, individuals have to "prove their homosexuality," undergoing what the [[Human Rights Watch]] calls "humiliating and degrading" examinations and tests.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|title=Proving you're gay to the Turkish Army|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17474967|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2015-10-20|date=2012-03-26|last1=Azizlerli|first1=Emre|archive-date=2016-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041532/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17474967|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey: Homophobic Violence Points to Rights Crisis|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|website=HRW.org|date=21 May 2008 |access-date=2015-10-20|archive-date=2008-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121161701/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2009, the report of the [[European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement|EU Commission on Enlargement]] stated that "the Turkish Armed Forces have a health regulation which defines homosexuality as a 'psychosexual' illness and identifies homosexuals as unfit for military service. Conscripts who declare their homosexuality have to provide photographic proof (a photograph of the person on the [[Bottom (position)|receiving end]] of [[Anal sex#Male to male|anal intercourse]]). A small number have had to undergo humiliating medical examinations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf|title=TURKEY 2009 PROGRESS REPORT|access-date=2015-10-20|archive-date=2016-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528102959/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These steps are taken, according to the military, to make sure that the system is not being exploited by deserters in order to skip mandatory military service, which has been a historical problem.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: military service, Turkey, July 2025 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/turkey-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-military-service-turkey-october-2023-accessible |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote box|quote = "With the picture it was a bit difficult. The face had to be recognizable as well as the penis and the ass. To put all this into a square was a bit complicated. Twice I got cramps because of the position. […] I also got humiliated at the selection, before they announce it [the final diagnosis]. There are about 12 military people, big ones, with uniforms and everything. […] They all looked one by one at the pictures and I had to bring ten pictures, ten different positions there. This is the difficulty of course, but I managed to do it. And at every single picture they looked and compared it with me. I was standing in the middle. And then they asked me questions. For example which positions I like and if I use this position they see regularly. Questions like that."|align = right|bgcolor = #c6dbf7|width = 48%|fontsize = 75%|tstyle = |border = 1px|title = Interview with a Homosexual Draftee|source = Irlenkauser, Julian. "Gender Identities and the Turkish Military." Thesis. European University Viadrina / Istanbul Bilgi University, 2012.}}

=== Acquiring the "Pembe Tezkere" ===

==== Changes to the exemption process since 2015 ====
Until 2015 conscripts seeking exemption on grounds of homosexuality were commonly required to undergo rectal examination and to submit explicit photographic or video evidence of sexual acts to a military medical board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=UK Home |date=2023-10-01 |title=Country Policy and Information Note Turkey: Military service [Version 3.0] |archive-url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2100650.html |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65368fc826b9b1000daf1dc5/TUR+CPIN+-+Military+service.pdf |archive-date=October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Reporting from late 2015 indicates the military quietly amended its practice so that a conscript's own declaration, together with observed behaviour, became sufficient grounds for exemption, without a requirement for physical examination or photographic proof.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey’s paid exemption from military service system begins - AL-MONITOR: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/11/turkeys-paid-exemption-from-military-service-begins.html |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPIN's 2023 correspondence with the UK Foreign, commonwealth & Development Office States that, following Turkey's 2016 coup attempt and the constitutional abolition of the military court system the following year, the exemption assessment is now typically conducted at government hospitals rather than military ones, although the process is still initiated by referral to a military hospital psychiatric board.<ref name=":4" /> Despite the removal of physical examinations, multiple sources describe the process as still relying heavily on subjective, stereotyped assessments of the applicant's "effeminacy" - dress, mannerisms, and self-presentation, rather than on sexual orientation as such.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Tankut |date=2019-08-01 |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334888643_Comrades-in-Each_Other's-Arms_Homosociality_Masculinity_and_Effeminacy_in_the_Turkish_Army |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=24 |pages=127–143 |doi=10.1177/1097184X19866874}}</ref>

== Current procedure ==
Based on correspondence collated in the 2025 CPIN, the process now generally proceeds as follows: a conscript is referred by a civilian doctor to a psychiatrist, who in turn refers him to the nearest military hospital; an initial session is held with a psychiatrist, followed by a second session before a committee of a psychologist, psychiatrist and psychiatric nurse.<ref name=":3" /> If the committee finds the applicant to be gay, bisexual or trans, it issues an "unfit for military service" report, which is forward to a Military Council for approval or refusal. An applicant refused an exemption may appeal through a lawyer within 30 days, triggering re-examination at a different military hospital; a further refusal can be appealed to the Ministry of National Defence's Health Department and ultimately to the Ministry Supreme Administrative Court.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Zaken |first=Ministerie van Algemene |date=2022-03-02 |title=General Country of Origin Information Report Turkey (March 2022) {{!}} Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/2022/03/02/general-country-of-origin-information-report-turkey-march-2022 |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.government.nl |publisher=Ministerie van Algemene Zaken |language=en}}</ref> Family testimony can still form part of the evidentiary basis in some cases, with a relative or friend asked to confirm the applicant's sexual orientation, and applicants sometimes asked to demonstrate involvement in LGBTI organisations or attendance at Pride events.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== Criticisms ==
Excluding homosexuals from the military has been widely regarded as a controversial topic, with its negative effects not only confined to the context of military service.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bacon|first1=Perry Jr.|last2=O'Keefe|first2=Ed|date=2010-05-28|title=House votes to end 'don't ask, don't tell' policy|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/27/AR2010052704540.html|url-status=live|access-date=2015-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023065731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/27/AR2010052704540.html|archive-date=2017-10-23|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The process by which homosexuals are excluded from the military has received criticism from international and national actors for a multitude of reasons and has been called a "Human Rights Crisis" by the Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: Homophobic Violence Points to Rights Crisis|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121161701/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|archive-date=2008-11-21|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=21 May 2008 |access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> The process correlates sexual orientation with arbitrary factors, such as "feminine" qualities or "promiscuity," and propagates [[Anti-LGBT rhetoric|false narratives]], [[homophobia]] and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]], inside and outside of the military.<ref name="We Need a Law for Liberation">{{Cite web|date=2008-05-22|title=We Need a Law for Liberation|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/05/21/we-need-law-liberation/gender-sexuality-and-human-rights-changing-turkey|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125015051/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/05/21/we-need-law-liberation/gender-sexuality-and-human-rights-changing-turkey|archive-date=2015-11-25|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> The involvement of family members means homosexuals are forced to [[Coming out of the closet|come out]], the pressure of which might deter the option to acquire the pink certificate, and continue military service hiding their identity. This leads increased homophobia, blackmail and violence towards homosexuals or effeminate men, since homosexuals in the army have no place to report such violent discrimination, and no protection from it.<ref name="We Need a Law for Liberation"/> The insistence on family is a tactic that exploits feelings of shame, forcing the family to be interrogated about their child's sexual identity, often accompanied by inappropriate questions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = 'Pembe Tezkere'ye Koğuş İşkencesi {{!}} Kaos GL Haber Portalı|url = http://www.kaosgl.com/sayfa.php?id=11122|website = www.kaosgl.com|access-date = 2015-12-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123457/http://www.kaosgl.com/sayfa.php?id=11122|archive-date = 2015-12-22|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Talking about homosexuality in the military is also a taboo, and challenging the ''[[status quo]]'' can be met with legal challenges, as it is considered illegal to insult the Turkish army.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Turkey's new penal code touches raw nerves|url = http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266|website = EurActiv {{!}} EU News & policy debates, across languages|access-date = 2015-12-11|language = en-GB|last = admin|date = 2005-06-02|archive-date = 2015-11-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117184322/http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266|url-status = live}}</ref> Furthermore, mandatory military service holds a very honorable place in [[Turkish culture]], and not participating in this rite of passage carries a huge social stigma. The stigma stays with the individual for a lifetime, severely damaging the possibility of being hired, as employers typically request proof that the employee has done their military service. In addition, employers can discern the sexuality of potential employees from their discharge papers (differentiating between those discharged for physical or mental disabilities, and for homosexuality), further reducing chances of employment, and resulting in the employee being fired if such behaviours are discovered.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bir Hakemin Hayatını Karartan Klişe: Eşcinsellik Hastalıktır|url = http://bianet.org/bianet/bianet/128434-bir-hakemin-hayatini-karartan-klise-escinsellik-hastaliktir|website = Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi|access-date = 2015-12-11|archive-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091933/http://bianet.org/bianet/bianet/128434-bir-hakemin-hayatini-karartan-klise-escinsellik-hastaliktir|url-status = live}}</ref>

Human rights organisations and the [[European Commission]] have continued to raise concerns notwithstanding the procedural changes: The European Commission's Turkey 2020 Report noted that no changes had been made to the military disciplinary system or to the medical regulations defining homosexuality as a disorder, and the exemption report itself does not state a reason for a conscript's unfitness, which employers may interpret as evidence of the holder's sexual orientation when it is produced during hiring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Report 2020 - Enlargement and Eastern Neighbourhood |url=https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/turkiye-report-2020_en |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=enlargement.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Key findings of the 2020 Report on Turkey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/da/https:////ec.europa.eu//commission//presscorner//detail//da//country_20_1791 |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[LGBT history in Turkey]]
*[[LGBT rights in Turkey]]
*[[Homosexuality test (disambiguation)]]
*[[Sexual orientation and military service]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sexual orientation and gender identity in the military}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Turkey]]
[[Category:Military slang and jargon]]
[[Category:Turkish Land Forces]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people and military service]]
[[Category:LGBTQ military history]]
[[Category:Military history of Turkey]]

[[tr:Pembe Tezkere]]

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Britain–Australia Society

2026-09-28T04:46:51Z

Idea: /* External links */

The '''Britain–Australia Society''' was established in 1971<ref>{{cite web | title=Companies House Registration | website=Service.Gov.UK | url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01030451 | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> to promote historic and contemporary links between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Its London headquarters is in the Australia Centre within [[Australia House]].<ref name="BASweb">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society - About Us | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> It has other branches throughout the United Kingdom.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

In 1971, [[Robert Menzies|Sir Robert Menzies]] and [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]], former [[Prime minister|Prime Ministers]] of Australia and the United Kingdom, re-founded the pre-existing Australia Club to form two [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] and non-commercial societies, based in the United Kingdom and Australia.<ref name="BASnewsApr2024">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society newsletter April 2024 | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/post/april-2024-newsletter | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Events ==
A primary activity is organising events including diplomatic dinners, seminars and social gatherings. The West Country branch arranges an annual service of remembrance and lunch in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath, England]], honouring the memory of Admiral [[Arthur Phillip]].<ref name="BASwestPhillip">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society West Country Branch Arthur Phillip service | website=BritOzWest | url=https://britozwest.org.uk/arthur-phillip-history/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The Society grants an occasional Britain–Australia Society Award to recognise a person who has been recognized for contributing to the relations between the United Kingdom and Australia. Past recipients have been [[Barry Humphries]], [[Lord Hague]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[David Attenborough]], [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]], and Samantha Cohen.<ref name="BASevent-photos">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society event photos | website=Flickr | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/99036525@N06/albums/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Branches are maintained in [[Cambridge]]shire, [[Suffolk]], [[Norfolk]], [[Leicestershire]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Portsmouth]], and the [[West Country]]. Regional functions are held by these branches in addition to centrally-organised activities.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

The Patron of the Society was [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. The President is [[William Hague|William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond]] (the founding President was [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]]). Since March 2019, the chairman is Damian Walsh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our People |url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ourpeople |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=BAS |language=en}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}{{col-1-of-2}}

=== Vice Presidents ===
* The [[List of High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner for Australia]] – ''ex officio''
* Peter Benson
* Brian Harris
* [[Roger Carrick|Sir Roger Carrick]]
* Rohan Courtney
* [[Alastair Goodlad, Baron Goodlad|The Lord Goodlad]]
* Michael Whalley
{{col-2-of-2}}

=== Honorary Vice-presidents ===
* Dale Eaton
* [[Helen Liddell, Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke|The Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke]]
* Sylvia Countess of Limerick
* [[Vestey_Holdings|George Vestey]]
Deceased:
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[June Mendoza]]
* [[Barry Tuckwell]]

=== CEO ===
* Louise Mulley
{{col-end}}

== Sponsors ==
The administration and events are funded by membership subscriptions, management fees and corporate sponsors, including [[Australian Government]] agencies and businesses and organisations with an Australian interest in the United Kingdom or a British interest in Australia.<ref name="BASsponsors">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society sponsors | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/#comp-jz8r9xlm | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Affiliates ==
Three [[Charitable Trust|charitable trust]]s are maintained by the society:
* The Britain–Australia Society Educational Trust provides sponsorship for both countries.<ref name="BASET">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society Education Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/baset | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The Northcote Trust funds postgraduate scholarships to Australia.<ref name="Northcote Trust">{{cite web | title=The Northcote Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/northcote | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] – Friends in the UK.<ref name="RFDScontact">{{cite web | title=The Royal Flying Doctor Service Friends in the UK | website=Royal Flying Doctor Service UK | url=https://royalflyingdoctor.org.uk/contact-1 | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
Australian Britain–Australia Society members have reciprocal rights when in Britain, and vice versa.<ref name="ABSreciprocity">{{cite web | title=Australia-Britain Society recoprocity | website=Australia-Britain Society | url=https://www.ausbrit.org/nsw-home/collegiate-groups/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ausbrit.org Australia–Britain Society]
* [http://www.menziesfoundation.org.au The Menzies Foundation]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/northcote The Northcote Trust]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/baset/ Britain-Australia Society Education Trust]
* [https://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/nswact/our-partnerships/rfds-friends-uk/ RFDS Friends in the UK]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britain-Australia Society}}
[[Category:Clubs and societies in London]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in Australia]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Australia friendship associations]]
[[Category:United Kingdom friendship associations]]
[[Category:British-Australian culture]]

Britain–Australia Society

2026-09-28T04:46:41Z

Idea:

The '''Britain–Australia Society''' was established in 1971<ref>{{cite web | title=Companies House Registration | website=Service.Gov.UK | url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01030451 | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> to promote historic and contemporary links between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Its London headquarters is in the Australia Centre within [[Australia House]].<ref name="BASweb">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society - About Us | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> It has other branches throughout the United Kingdom.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

In 1971, [[Robert Menzies|Sir Robert Menzies]] and [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]], former [[Prime minister|Prime Ministers]] of Australia and the United Kingdom, re-founded the pre-existing Australia Club to form two [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] and non-commercial societies, based in the United Kingdom and Australia.<ref name="BASnewsApr2024">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society newsletter April 2024 | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/post/april-2024-newsletter | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Events ==
A primary activity is organising events including diplomatic dinners, seminars and social gatherings. The West Country branch arranges an annual service of remembrance and lunch in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath, England]], honouring the memory of Admiral [[Arthur Phillip]].<ref name="BASwestPhillip">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society West Country Branch Arthur Phillip service | website=BritOzWest | url=https://britozwest.org.uk/arthur-phillip-history/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The Society grants an occasional Britain–Australia Society Award to recognise a person who has been recognized for contributing to the relations between the United Kingdom and Australia. Past recipients have been [[Barry Humphries]], [[Lord Hague]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[David Attenborough]], [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]], and Samantha Cohen.<ref name="BASevent-photos">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society event photos | website=Flickr | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/99036525@N06/albums/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Branches are maintained in [[Cambridge]]shire, [[Suffolk]], [[Norfolk]], [[Leicestershire]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Portsmouth]], and the [[West Country]]. Regional functions are held by these branches in addition to centrally-organised activities.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

The Patron of the Society was [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. The President is [[William Hague|William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond]] (the founding President was [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]]). Since March 2019, the chairman is Damian Walsh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our People |url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ourpeople |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=BAS |language=en}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}{{col-1-of-2}}

=== Vice Presidents ===
* The [[List of High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner for Australia]] – ''ex officio''
* Peter Benson
* Brian Harris
* [[Roger Carrick|Sir Roger Carrick]]
* Rohan Courtney
* [[Alastair Goodlad, Baron Goodlad|The Lord Goodlad]]
* Michael Whalley
{{col-2-of-2}}

=== Honorary Vice-presidents ===
* Dale Eaton
* [[Helen Liddell, Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke|The Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke]]
* Sylvia Countess of Limerick
* [[Vestey_Holdings|George Vestey]]
Deceased:
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[June Mendoza]]
* [[Barry Tuckwell]]

=== CEO ===
* Louise Mulley
{{col-end}}

== Sponsors ==
The administration and events are funded by membership subscriptions, management fees and corporate sponsors, including [[Australian Government]] agencies and businesses and organisations with an Australian interest in the United Kingdom or a British interest in Australia.<ref name="BASsponsors">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society sponsors | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/#comp-jz8r9xlm | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Affiliates ==
Three [[Charitable Trust|charitable trust]]s are maintained by the society:
* The Britain–Australia Society Educational Trust provides sponsorship for both countries.<ref name="BASET">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society Education Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/baset | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The Northcote Trust funds postgraduate scholarships to Australia.<ref name="Northcote Trust">{{cite web | title=The Northcote Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/northcote | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] – Friends in the UK.<ref name="RFDScontact">{{cite web | title=The Royal Flying Doctor Service Friends in the UK | website=Royal Flying Doctor Service UK | url=https://royalflyingdoctor.org.uk/contact-1 | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
Australian Britain–Australia Society members have reciprocal rights when in Britain, and vice versa.<ref name="ABSreciprocity">{{cite web | title=Australia-Britain Society recoprocity | website=Australia-Britain Society | url=https://www.ausbrit.org/nsw-home/collegiate-groups/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.ausbrit.org Australia–Britain Society]
* [http://www.menziesfoundation.org.au The Menzies Foundation]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/northcote The Northcote Trust]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/baset/ Britain-Australia Society Education Trust]
* [https://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/nswact/our-partnerships/rfds-friends-uk/ RFDS Friends in the UK]

{{Australia–United Kingdom relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britain-Australia Society}}
[[Category:Clubs and societies in London]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in Australia]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Australia friendship associations]]
[[Category:United Kingdom friendship associations]]
[[Category:British-Australian culture]]

Britain–Australia Society

2026-09-28T04:46:33Z

Idea: by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain%E2%80%93Australia_Society&action=history

{{Short description|London-based friendship society}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Britain–Australia Society|timestamp=20260920073141|year=2026|month=September|day=20|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=redirecting|target=Australia–United Kingdom relations}}



{{Multiple issues|{{Tone|date=February 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Primary|date=September 2026}}}}{{Infobox organization
| image = BritOz emblem.png
| formation = {{Start date and age|1971|df=y}}
| founder = [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carington]]
| headquarters = [[Australia House]], London
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[William Hague]]
| leader_title2 = Chairman of the Board
| leader_name2 = Damian J. Walsh
| website = {{URL|https://www.britain-australia.org.uk}}
}}
The '''Britain–Australia Society''' was established in 1971<ref>{{cite web | title=Companies House Registration | website=Service.Gov.UK | url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01030451 | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> to promote historic and contemporary links between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Its London headquarters is in the Australia Centre within [[Australia House]].<ref name="BASweb">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society - About Us | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> It has other branches throughout the United Kingdom.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

In 1971, [[Robert Menzies|Sir Robert Menzies]] and [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]], former [[Prime minister|Prime Ministers]] of Australia and the United Kingdom, re-founded the pre-existing Australia Club to form two [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] and non-commercial societies, based in the United Kingdom and Australia.<ref name="BASnewsApr2024">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society newsletter April 2024 | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/post/april-2024-newsletter | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Events ==
A primary activity is organising events including diplomatic dinners, seminars and social gatherings. The West Country branch arranges an annual service of remembrance and lunch in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath, England]], honouring the memory of Admiral [[Arthur Phillip]].<ref name="BASwestPhillip">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society West Country Branch Arthur Phillip service | website=BritOzWest | url=https://britozwest.org.uk/arthur-phillip-history/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The Society grants an occasional Britain–Australia Society Award to recognise a person who has been recognized for contributing to the relations between the United Kingdom and Australia. Past recipients have been [[Barry Humphries]], [[Lord Hague]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[David Attenborough]], [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]], and Samantha Cohen.<ref name="BASevent-photos">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society event photos | website=Flickr | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/99036525@N06/albums/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Branches are maintained in [[Cambridge]]shire, [[Suffolk]], [[Norfolk]], [[Leicestershire]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Portsmouth]], and the [[West Country]]. Regional functions are held by these branches in addition to centrally-organised activities.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

The Patron of the Society was [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. The President is [[William Hague|William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond]] (the founding President was [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]]). Since March 2019, the chairman is Damian Walsh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our People |url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ourpeople |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=BAS |language=en}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}{{col-1-of-2}}

=== Vice Presidents ===
* The [[List of High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner for Australia]] – ''ex officio''
* Peter Benson
* Brian Harris
* [[Roger Carrick|Sir Roger Carrick]]
* Rohan Courtney
* [[Alastair Goodlad, Baron Goodlad|The Lord Goodlad]]
* Michael Whalley
{{col-2-of-2}}

=== Honorary Vice-presidents ===
* Dale Eaton
* [[Helen Liddell, Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke|The Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke]]
* Sylvia Countess of Limerick
* [[Vestey_Holdings|George Vestey]]
Deceased:
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[June Mendoza]]
* [[Barry Tuckwell]]

=== CEO ===
* Louise Mulley
{{col-end}}

== Sponsors ==
The administration and events are funded by membership subscriptions, management fees and corporate sponsors, including [[Australian Government]] agencies and businesses and organisations with an Australian interest in the United Kingdom or a British interest in Australia.<ref name="BASsponsors">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society sponsors | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/#comp-jz8r9xlm | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Affiliates ==
Three [[Charitable Trust|charitable trust]]s are maintained by the society:
* The Britain–Australia Society Educational Trust provides sponsorship for both countries.<ref name="BASET">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society Education Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/baset | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The Northcote Trust funds postgraduate scholarships to Australia.<ref name="Northcote Trust">{{cite web | title=The Northcote Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/northcote | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] – Friends in the UK.<ref name="RFDScontact">{{cite web | title=The Royal Flying Doctor Service Friends in the UK | website=Royal Flying Doctor Service UK | url=https://royalflyingdoctor.org.uk/contact-1 | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
Australian Britain–Australia Society members have reciprocal rights when in Britain, and vice versa.<ref name="ABSreciprocity">{{cite web | title=Australia-Britain Society recoprocity | website=Australia-Britain Society | url=https://www.ausbrit.org/nsw-home/collegiate-groups/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.ausbrit.org Australia–Britain Society]
* [http://www.menziesfoundation.org.au The Menzies Foundation]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/northcote The Northcote Trust]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/baset/ Britain-Australia Society Education Trust]
* [https://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/nswact/our-partnerships/rfds-friends-uk/ RFDS Friends in the UK]

{{Australia–United Kingdom relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britain-Australia Society}}
[[Category:Clubs and societies in London]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in Australia]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Australia friendship associations]]
[[Category:United Kingdom friendship associations]]
[[Category:British-Australian culture]]