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Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:50:30 GMT

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	* navigation		* navigation
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New

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:50:06 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:50, 28 September 2026
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	This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.		This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

			* [[Open source online advertising platform]]
	* [[Data]]		* [[Data]]
	* [[International Workers' Day]]		* [[International Workers' Day]]

Open source online advertising platform

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:49:51 GMT

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What to do before an earthquake.

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:47:58 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:47, 28 September 2026
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	~~{{dated prod\|concern = [[WP:NOTHOWTO]]\|month = June\|day = 4\|year = 2009\|time = 07:11\|timestamp = 20090604071135}}~~
	~~<!-- Do not use the "dated prod" template directly; the above line is generated by "subst:prod\|reason" -->~~
	~~{{prod2}}~~
	1. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning. Evaluate the structural soundness of the buildings and places where you frequently stay. Determine whether the site is traversed by a ground fracture technically known as a fault, which may give way or cause the building to fall. Note the presence of other potential sources of hazards due to secondary effects of earthquakes like steep hillslopes, hanging heavy objects, dams, storage tanks, falling debris, and others. After this evaluation process, you should be more aware of the hazards which need attention or consideration.		1. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning. Evaluate the structural soundness of the buildings and places where you frequently stay. Determine whether the site is traversed by a ground fracture technically known as a fault, which may give way or cause the building to fall. Note the presence of other potential sources of hazards due to secondary effects of earthquakes like steep hillslopes, hanging heavy objects, dams, storage tanks, falling debris, and others. After this evaluation process, you should be more aware of the hazards which need attention or consideration.

New

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:44:12 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:44, 28 September 2026
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	This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.		This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

			* [[Data]]
	* [[International Workers' Day]]		* [[International Workers' Day]]
	* [[Witches in popular culture]]		* [[Witches in popular culture]]

Data

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:43:57 GMT

start

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Browse

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:36:59 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:36, 28 September 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
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	~~#REDIRECT~~ [[~~Meta~~:Browse]]		This wiki is a place to learn, teach, investigate, and work through the problems of living. This page is a map of broad subjects rather than a list of every article. Follow a portal or category to discover related pages; follow a subject page for an introduction, questions, resources, and links to deeper work. Some links may lead to pages that still need to be created or expanded. If a path is incomplete, it can become a useful project for learners and teachers. Here are pages on this wiki that might be of interest.

			== Begin exploring ==

			* [[Main Page\|Main page]] · [[Portal:Science\|Science portal]] · [[Portal:Natural sciences\|Natural sciences portal]] · [[Portal:Health sciences\|Health sciences portal]] · [[Portal:Technology\|Technology portal]] · [[Portal:Chemistry\|Chemistry portal]]. These established gateways are good starting points for exploring related material.
			* [[Learning]] · [[Teaching]] · [[Research]] · [[Problem solving]] · [[Community]]. These broad guides can help newcomers decide whether they want to study a subject, share knowledge, investigate a question, or solve a practical problem.
			* [[:Category:Science\|Science categories]] · [[:Category:Education\|Education categories]] · [[:Category:Research\|Research categories]] · [[:Category:Technology\|Technology categories]] · [[:Category:Health\|Health categories]]. Category trees offer another route when a portal does not yet cover a field.

			== Learning and teaching ==

			* [[How to learn]] · [[Study skills]] · [[Critical thinking]] · [[Information literacy]]. Start here to plan a course of study, ask better questions, judge evidence, and find reliable sources before moving into a specialized topic.
			* [[Education]] · [[Teaching]] · [[Curriculum]] · [[Learning resources]]. Explore ways to organize lessons, choose goals, adapt materials, and connect an introductory idea to more advanced learning across subjects.
			* [[Self-directed learning]] · [[Collaborative learning]] · [[Peer learning]] · [[Mentoring]]. These paths are for people learning outside a formal classroom as well as groups building a course or teaching one another.
			* [[Open educational resources]] · [[Libraries]] · [[Reference works]] · [[Academic writing]]. Use these gateways to locate reusable materials, trace claims back to sources, and communicate what you have learned.
			* [[:Category:Education\|Education]] · [[:Category:Learning\|Learning]] · [[:Category:Teaching\|Teaching]]. Browse these categories for courses, lessons, learning projects, and unanswered requests for better explanations.

			== Mathematics and reasoning ==

			* [[Mathematics]] · [[Arithmetic]] · [[Algebra]] · [[Geometry]]. Begin with the broad structure of mathematics and choose a path suited to your current level; each subject can lead to many lessons and applications.
			* [[Statistics]] · [[Probability]] · [[Data analysis]] · [[Mathematical modeling]]. These subjects help turn observations into questions, compare explanations, and understand uncertainty in science and everyday decisions.
			* [[Logic]] · [[Reasoning]] · [[Philosophy of mathematics]] · [[Computer science]]. Follow these links for arguments, formal systems, computation, and the limits of what a model can show.
			* [[:Category:Mathematics\|Mathematics]] · [[:Category:Statistics\|Statistics]] · [[:Category:Logic\|Logic]]. Use the categories to move between introductions, problem sets, and applications without starting from a narrow technique.

			== Natural sciences ==

			* [[Portal:Natural sciences\|Natural sciences]] · [[Portal:Science\|Science]] · [[Scientific method]] · [[History of science]]. Start with the shared questions and methods of the sciences, then follow evidence into a particular field.
			* [[Physics]] · [[Chemistry]] · [[Biology]] · [[Earth science]] · [[Astronomy]]. These broad fields connect the study of matter, life, the planet, and the universe; each can support an extensive map of lessons and research questions.
			* [[Portal:Chemistry\|Chemistry portal]] · [[Ecology]] · [[Environmental science]] · [[Climate science]]. Explore how natural systems interact, how they change, and how scientific knowledge can inform practical choices.
			* [[Scientific research]] · [[Experiments]] · [[Observation]] · [[Measurement]]. These gateways are useful when you want to understand how a claim was tested or design an investigation of your own.
			* [[:Category:Natural sciences\|Natural sciences]] · [[:Category:Biology\|Biology]] · [[:Category:Chemistry\|Chemistry]] · [[:Category:Physics\|Physics]] · [[:Category:Earth sciences\|Earth sciences]]. Browse by field when you need a wider list of topics.

			== People, society, and history ==

			* [[History]] · [[World history]] · [[Local history]] · [[Historical research]]. Follow broad timelines and methods before moving to a particular place, person, or event; compare accounts and look for primary sources.
			* [[Geography]] · [[Human geography]] · [[Cultures]] · [[Languages]]. These pages can connect places and communities with the ways people live, communicate, and understand one another.
			* [[Sociology]] · [[Psychology]] · [[Anthropology]] · [[Economics]]. Explore behavior, institutions, cooperation, and material choices through more than one way of studying human life.
			* [[Government]] · [[Law]] · [[Civics]] · [[Public policy]]. Begin with the institutions and ideas that shape collective decisions, then investigate particular questions with historical and local context.
			* [[:Category:History\|History]] · [[:Category:Social sciences\|Social sciences]] · [[:Category:Geography\|Geography]] · [[:Category:Culture\|Culture]]. These category routes can reveal connections that a single subject page misses.

			== Language, arts, and ideas ==

			* [[Language]] · [[Linguistics]] · [[Reading]] · [[Writing]]. These gateways serve learners who want to communicate clearly, study how languages work, or create better explanations for others.
			* [[Literature]] · [[Philosophy]] · [[Ethics]] · [[Religion]]. Read across traditions and viewpoints; start with general questions and contexts before following a specialized school or text.
			* [[Art]] · [[Music]] · [[Film]] · [[Design]]. Explore how people create, interpret, and teach expressive work, and how practice connects with history and criticism.
			* [[Communication]] · [[Media literacy]] · [[Translation]] · [[Public speaking]]. These subjects connect individual skills with the larger question of how ideas travel between people and communities.
			* [[:Category:Humanities\|Humanities]] · [[:Category:Languages\|Languages]] · [[:Category:Arts\|Arts]] · [[:Category:Philosophy\|Philosophy]]. Use the categories to find introductions and interdisciplinary work.

			== Technology and engineering ==

			* [[Portal:Technology\|Technology portal]] · [[Engineering]] · [[Design]] · [[Invention]]. Start with the purposes and tradeoffs of technology, then explore how useful systems are conceived, tested, maintained, and improved.
			* [[Computer science]] · [[Software]] · [[Internet]] · [[Information security]]. These broad subjects can lead to programming, networks, digital literacy, and responsible use of information systems.
			* [[Energy]] · [[Transportation]] · [[Infrastructure]] · [[Manufacturing]]. Explore the systems people depend on every day and the engineering decisions behind their reliability and environmental effects.
			* [[Agriculture]] · [[Food systems]] · [[Water]] · [[Housing]]. These practical fields connect science and engineering with access to basic needs and the design of resilient communities.
			* [[:Category:Technology\|Technology]] · [[:Category:Engineering\|Engineering]] · [[:Category:Computing\|Computing]] · [[:Category:Design\|Design]]. Follow these category trees for projects, explanations, and wider collections of resources.

			== Health and well-being ==

			* [[Portal:Health sciences\|Health sciences portal]] · [[Health]] · [[Public health]] · [[Medicine]]. Explore the broad study of health, care, prevention, and population needs before consulting a narrow condition or treatment page.
			* [[Nutrition]] · [[Physical activity]] · [[Sleep]] · [[Mental health]]. These gateways cover common dimensions of well-being and can connect readers to evidence, questions, and practical learning resources.
			* [[Health education]] · [[Health literacy]] · [[Healthcare systems]] · [[Community health]]. These topics help people understand health information and the institutions that provide care.
			* [[Disability]] · [[Accessibility]] · [[Aging]] · [[Caregiving]]. Explore how environments, services, and relationships can support participation and dignity across different stages and circumstances of life.
			* [[:Category:Health\|Health]] · [[:Category:Health sciences\|Health sciences]] · [[:Category:Public health\|Public health]]. Category paths may help locate broader overviews when a direct topic page is unfinished.

			== Living well and solving problems ==

			* [[Problem solving]] · [[Decision making]] · [[Planning]] · [[Conflict resolution]]. Use these starting points to define a problem, consider alternatives, work with other people, and learn from the results.
			* [[Personal finance]] · [[Employment]] · [[Housing]] · [[Food]]. These broad areas link practical daily choices with larger economic, social, and policy questions; begin with an overview before a local detail.
			* [[Relationships]] · [[Family]] · [[Community]] · [[Cooperation]]. Explore how people support one another, organize shared work, and respond when interests or needs differ.
			* [[Sustainability]] · [[Environment]] · [[Disaster preparedness]] · [[Community resilience]]. These gateways connect personal and local action with wider ecological and social systems.
			* [[Human rights]] · [[Justice]] · [[Democracy]] · [[Peace]]. Use these pages to examine values, institutions, evidence, and possible responses to public problems from multiple perspectives.
			* [[:Category:Life skills\|Life skills]] · [[:Category:Community\|Community]] · [[:Category:Sustainability\|Sustainability]]. Browse for connected projects and questions that do not fit neatly within an academic discipline.

			== Research and open questions ==

			* [[Research]] · [[Research methods]] · [[Literature review]] · [[Open questions]]. Begin by finding out what is known, what is uncertain, and what evidence would make progress possible.
			* [[Sources]] · [[Citation]] · [[Peer review]] · [[Reproducibility]]. These gateways can help a reader evaluate a claim and help a contributor make work easier for others to inspect and improve.
			* [[Interdisciplinary research]] · [[Citizen science]] · [[Collaborative research]] · [[Research ethics]]. Follow these paths when a question crosses fields or involves people outside a conventional research institution.
			* [[:Category:Research\|Research]] · [[:Category:Projects\|Projects]] · [[:Category:Open questions\|Open questions]]. Category pages can serve as living directories for work that is underway and work still waiting for contributors.

			== Build a useful path through the wiki ==

			* [[Learning projects]] · [[Courses]] · [[Tutorials]] · [[Study groups]]. A good path starts with an overview, names what a learner should already know, and offers several ways to practice or investigate further.
			* [[Teaching resources]] · [[Lesson plans]] · [[Discussion]] · [[Feedback]]. Educators and collaborators can use these gateways to turn a collection of pages into a sequence that supports questions and revision.
			* [[Help:Contents\|Help]] · [[Community]] · [[Site map]]. If you cannot find a suitable overview, propose one or improve an existing gateway so the next visitor has a clearer route.

			== Interesting pages ==
			* [[Indian fish names in different languages]]
			* [[Public health]]
			* [[Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk]]
			* [[Engineering]]

			This browse page is intentionally broad. Follow a link that matches your question, then use its own links and categories to go deeper. When a linked overview is missing, creating a careful introduction with good sources may be more useful than adding another isolated detail page.

New

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:31:50 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:31, 28 September 2026
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	This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.		This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

			* [[International Workers' Day]]
	* [[Witches in popular culture]]		* [[Witches in popular culture]]
	* [[Astromech (company)]]		* [[Astromech (company)]]

International Workers' Day

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:31:37 GMT

Show changes

International Workers' Day

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:10:50 GMT

by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Workers%27_Day&action=history

Show changes

New

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:09:51 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:09, 28 September 2026
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	This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.		This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

			* [[Witches in popular culture]]
	* [[Astromech (company)]]		* [[Astromech (company)]]
	* [[Sound proofing]]		* [[Sound proofing]]

Witches in popular culture

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:09:41 GMT

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	~~{{Short description\|Representations of witchcraft in modern media}}~~
	~~<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. -->~~
	~~{{Article for deletion/dated\|page=Witches in popular culture\|timestamp=20260927035632\|year=2026\|month=September\|day=27\|substed=yes\|help=off}}~~
	~~<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi\|page=Witches in popular culture\|date=27 September 2026\|result='''keep'''}} -->~~
	~~<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->~~
	~~{{Multiple issues\|~~
	~~{{One source\|date=October 2025}}~~
	~~{{Review\|date=October 2025}}~~
	~~{{Orphan\|date=June 2026}}~~
	}}

	[[Witches]] have been a prominent and enduring figure in popular culture across multiple media, including literature, film, television, music, and video games. Drawing from historical folklore, religious traditions, and literary [[Witch (archetype)\|archetypes]], popular representations of witches have evolved significantly over time, ranging from malevolent antagonists in fairy tales and horror stories to sympathetic protagonists in modern [[fantasy]] and [[supernatural fiction]], particularly in works aimed at [[Young adult literature\|young adult]] audiences. These portrayals have both reflected and shaped societal attitudes toward [[witchcraft]], [[femininity]], and the supernatural.		[[Witches]] have been a prominent and enduring figure in popular culture across multiple media, including literature, film, television, music, and video games. Drawing from historical folklore, religious traditions, and literary [[Witch (archetype)\|archetypes]], popular representations of witches have evolved significantly over time, ranging from malevolent antagonists in fairy tales and horror stories to sympathetic protagonists in modern [[fantasy]] and [[supernatural fiction]], particularly in works aimed at [[Young adult literature\|young adult]] audiences. These portrayals have both reflected and shaped societal attitudes toward [[witchcraft]], [[femininity]], and the supernatural.

Talk:Witches in popular culture

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:09:24 GMT

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witches_in_popular_culture&action=history

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September 26, 2026
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September 23, 2026
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September 20, 2026
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Witches in popular culture

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{{Short description|Representations of witchcraft in modern media}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Witches in popular culture|timestamp=20260927035632|year=2026|month=September|day=27|substed=yes|help=off}}


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[[Witches]] have been a prominent and enduring figure in popular culture across multiple media, including literature, film, television, music, and video games. Drawing from historical folklore, religious traditions, and literary [[Witch (archetype)|archetypes]], popular representations of witches have evolved significantly over time, ranging from malevolent antagonists in fairy tales and horror stories to sympathetic protagonists in modern [[fantasy]] and [[supernatural fiction]], particularly in works aimed at [[Young adult literature|young adult]] audiences. These portrayals have both reflected and shaped societal attitudes toward [[witchcraft]], [[femininity]], and the supernatural.

== Historical context ==
The concept of witches has a deep association with witchcraft and has historically been viewed as the epitome of evil across most cultures. This negative perception largely originated in [[Europe]] through [[Christianity|Christian]] beliefs, where witches were accused of causing chaos through "vile behavior and demonic rituals". While often visualized as hideous females, male witches also existed, and in France, there were even believed to be more male witches than female. Discovery of a witch's true identity often led to fatal consequences, such as being burned at the stake or hanged, with the [[Salem witch trials|Salem Witch Trials]] being a well-known example.<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last1=Hartless |first1=Jaime |chapter=From "Born This Witch" to "Bad Bitch Witch" |date=2025-02-21 |title=The Witch Studies Reader |pages=318–330 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478060369-023 |access-date=2025-06-11 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-1-4780-6036-9 |last2=Smith |first2=Gabriella V. |doi=10.1215/9781478060369-023 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Witch representation in Western popular culture has evolved significantly, reflecting societal changes, particularly in feminist politics and views on women's agency. Historically, the witch served as a "controlling image," designed to warn women against defying patriarchal norms by embodying evil and isolation. This archetype, described by [[Barbara Creed]] as representing the "abject nature of femininity," conflated women's power with malevolence and naturalized gender inequality. However, the image of the witch has been reclaimed by feminists as an allegory for persecution or an emblem of resistance. This evolution raises questions about whether contemporary witch representations truly resist patriarchy or subtly reaffirm it.<ref name=":22" />

== Witches in film and television ==
Historically, witches in classic cinema and literature largely fit into two categories: the disempowered victim or the empowered evil.<ref name=":22" /> The disempowered victim trope is common in dramatizations of historical witch trials, such as ''[[Witchfinder General (film)|Witchfinder General]]'', highlighting how anxieties about women's sexuality led to persecution. The empowered evil witch is even more prevalent, embodying a dangerous femininity, as seen in films like ''Black Sunday'' or ''[[The Blood on Satan's Claw|The Blood on Satan’s Claw]]''. These witches are often depicted with beauty and grace that mask death and decay, ultimately serving as agents of Satan who must be defeated by men reasserting patriarchal law and order. This dichotomy limits women to either being powerful but morally corrupt, or powerless but beyond reproach, conflating female agency with evil. Queer theorists note that such either/or boxes marginalize those who don't fit, especially when combined with moral binaries like good/evil. Ultimately, this framework dictates that powerful women must be punished, and good women must suffer, both under patriarchal subjugation.<ref name=":22" />

=== Historical representations of witches (1960s-1980s) ===
More nuanced representations of witches began to emerge from the 1960s to the 1980s. This period followed the 1951 repeal of the Witchcraft Act in the UK, leading to a rise in Modern Pagan Witchcraft and a growing interest in alternative, environmentally friendly, and gender-balanced belief systems. The burgeoning second-wave feminist movement further fueled Wiccan interest in empowering the sacred feminine, particularly through Dianic Witchcraft focused on goddess worship.<ref name=":22" />[[File:Bewitched_1968.JPG|thumb|225x225px|Bewitched 1968]]Filmmakers like George Romero contributed to this shift with more sympathetic portrayals. His film ''[[Season of the Witch (1972 film)|Season of the Witch]]'' (1972), which he considered feminist, features a protagonist named Joan who turns to witchcraft to address dissatisfaction with her controlling husband and jealousy over her daughter's sexual freedom. The film notably deviates from traditional narratives by not punishing Joan for violating taboos, such as having an affair and accidentally killing her husband; instead, it ends with her tempting other housewives towards "witchy empowerment". However, the film's climax is ambivalent, suggesting that empowerment doesn't guarantee happiness or freedom.<ref name=":22" />
The TV show ''[[Bewitched]]'' (1964–72) introduced [[List of Bewitched characters|Samantha Stephens]], a suburban witch with morally neutral magical powers. While Samantha represents a prototype for future witches "born with" magic, her empowerment is often undercut by her controlling husband, Darren, who pressures her to abandon magic for "normalcy". Even when she rebels, her magic is typically domesticated to serve the patriarchal nuclear family. More radical figures like her mother Endora and cousin Serena, who embody a transgressive future for witches, are often narrative obstacles to Samantha's domestic bliss. This "old-school" media would often "queerbait" feminist viewers with rebellious characters only to ultimately punish them.<ref name=":22" />

=== The "Born This Witch" archetype (1990s-early 2000s) ===
The late twentieth century saw an explosion of positive witch representation, shifting the very source of witchiness. Instead of being branded by communities or making a pact with the Devil, these witches were simply born witches.<ref name=":22" />

This witchiness often became a family trait, passed down intergenerationally or genetically, as seen in ''[[Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)|Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]'' and ''Charmed''. Even without direct genetic ties, characters like [[Hermione Granger]] (''Harry Potter'') or [[Willow Rosenberg]] (''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'') possessed innate, internal magic. This marked a shift from the witch as a "temporary aberration" to a "species," an inherent identity.<ref name=":22" />

This boom in witch essentialism coincided with the "girl power" movement of the 1990s and early 2000s. Corporations and media capitalized on a sanitized version of women's empowerment, creating a market for witches who could serve as heroes for young girls.<ref name=":22" />

This trend also paralleled the LGBTQ movement's mobilization around essentialist understandings of identity, rejecting notions of sexuality as a "sinful lifestyle choice" in favor of innate, biologically determined identities. Like millennial gay/lesbian activists, the millennial witch was not "choosing to embrace evil" but was simply "born this witch".<ref name=":22" />

Witch essentialism offered empowerment by decoupling the witch from the traditional ''disempowered victim/empowered evil'' dichotomy, allowing them to be both good and powerful. This made them an aspirational figure for young girls without necessarily scandalizing religious communities. Examples of "good witches" from this era include [[Glinda]] from ''The Wizard of Oz'', [[Sabrina Spellman]], and the Charmed sisters, who use their powers to help others.<ref name=":22" />

=== Limitations and critiques of the "Born This Witch" archetype ===
Despite its empowering aspects, the "born this witch" archetype became another "controlling image" that naturalized inequality and created new limiting dichotomies.<ref name=":22" />

These magically empowered millennial witches were often trapped within heteronormative boundaries, not necessarily liberated in their romantic relationships or from traditional gender norms. The "good (girl) witch" was often expected to be feminine and have her story arc centered around romance rather than self-actualization.<ref name=":22" />

For instance, Hermione Granger, admired for her brilliance, primarily served as auxiliary support for Harry and a romantic interest for his best friend. Her competence was allowed only as long as it didn't challenge Harry's protagonist role, exemplified when she dismisses her own power in favor of "friendship and bravery". In this series, women's heroism is largely confined to sacrificing for their children (e.g., Lily Potter) or defending their families (e.g., Molly Weasley). Career-oriented women are often vilified (e.g., Rita Skeeter, Bellatrix Lestrange, Dolores Umbridge).<ref name=":22" />

A power-hungry "born this witch" was typically framed as threatening, echoing the Christian-inspired "evil witch" archetype. Willow Rosenberg initially used magic for good but later turned to it for personal gain, leading to a "dark magic spiral" that destroyed relationships and culminated in her becoming the season's "Big Bad" after her girlfriend's murder. While some argue her revenge arc provided catharsis, the narrative portrays her magical power as a dangerous temptation to be resisted. Willow eventually learns to fear her magic and must use light magic to combat the evil her dark magic brought into the world.<ref name=":22" />

When "good (girl) witches" stray from noble purposes, their magic may be confined or destroyed. In ''The Craft'', outcast witches Nancy, Bonnie, and Rochelle lose their powers, and Nancy is institutionalized after using magic for personal gain and vengeance, leading to a death. Critics have noted the film's discomforting demonization of characters like Nancy (poor, abuse survivor) and Rochelle (racially bullied) to uplift the "purity" of an upper-class white girl, Sarah. This suggests that the power of the "born this witch" is limited; she cannot use her magic for self-interest or revenge against systemic oppression, and the magic of non-straight, non-white, non-affluent, or unconventionally feminine witches is viewed with suspicion.<ref name=":22" />

=== The "Bad Bitch Witch" archetype (21st century) ===
The twenty-first century has seen the rise of the "bad bitch witch", a potentially more revolutionary archetype driven by growing religious disaffiliation and a resurgence of feminist anger. Popular culture's embrace of moral ambiguity, though often benefiting masculine antiheroes, has also produced complex women who unapologetically wreak havoc on their oppressors without being punished.<ref name=":22" />

These "bad bitch witches" use their magic to challenge traditional archetypes and actualize the subtextual empowerment that resistant readers have long found in witch narratives. They escape the ''disempowered victimhood/empowered evil'' trap that constrained their predecessors.<ref name=":22" />

Examples include the protagonists of ''The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina'', who initially worship Satan but ultimately overthrow him to build a matriarchal witch society, recognizing their subjugation to the Dark Lord was akin to Christian patriarchal constraints.<ref name=":22" />

Rowena MacLeod from ''Supernatural'' deconstructs the ''empowered evil'' archetype. Despite damning her soul for power and being slut-shamed, she proudly embraces being an "evil skank" and remains unapologetically devious. Even her ultimate sacrifice is for her belief in magic and prophecy, not altruism, and she ends the series happily ruling the underworld, unlike past "evil witches" who were punished.<ref name=":22" />

Thomasin from ''[[The Witch (2015 film)|The Witch]]'' deconstructs ''disempowered victimhood''. Initially appearing as a passive victim of anti-witch hysteria, she rejects this status by signing the Devil's book and choosing "to live deliciously," triumphantly rising nude into the air with the coven. This portrays how religious and patriarchal oppression can ironically forge the very witch they fear.<ref name=":22" />

The ''[[Fear Street (film series)|Fear Street]]'' trilogy similarly reveals that Sarah Fier, initially presented as a malevolent "evil witch," was falsely accused due to her taboo love. Her ghostly vengeance targets a wealthy, white family who made a demonic pact, ultimately ending their tyrannical grip and bringing about a more just world.<ref name=":22" />

These portrayals have the potential to empower women to embrace transgressive liberation, allowing them to lean into "darker urges to punish agents of the systems of inequality". These witches are unapologetic about their sexuality and unafraid to be "mean". Unlike some previous archetypes, embracing this "badness" does not always lead to new forms of subjugation or death, as seen with Susie Bannion in the ''Suspiria'' remake, who transforms from victim to a powerful goddess capable of both mercy and brutal retaliation.<ref name=":22" />

=== Limitations and critiques of the "Bad Bitch Witch" archetype ===
Despite their transgressive appeal, not all critics find these portrayals empowering. Some argue that characters like Thomasin merely submit to a new form of patriarchy, and some real-life witches express concern that associating witches with Satan feeds negative stereotypes. The "bad bitch witch" archetype is not inherently utopian, and its limitations are demonstrated in shows like ''[[American Horror Story: Coven]]''. This series illustrates how intersecting identities (such as race, femininity, and attractiveness) influence who is permitted to transgress and who is punished. While white, conventionally attractive witches like Madison and Zoe receive empowerment for retaliatory violence, Queenie, who is "othered" due to her fatness and Blackness, is punished through her power being tied to [[self-harm]] as a "human Voodoo doll". The persistence of the "evil witch" framework often undermines the power of these transgressive witches. Powerful figures like Supreme Witch Fiona Goode and Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau, despite being ultimate "bad bitch witches," are ultimately punished with damnation. The show concludes with a "good (girl) witch" archetype, Cordelia, leading a "White feminist" witch academy that is largely white despite performative nods to diversity. The history of witch representation is not a linear, progressive narrative. New and old frameworks often coexist, meaning the "moral restrictions of the 'born this witch'" continue to influence newer stories, and the "bad bitch witch" can easily revert to the maligned "evil witch" Simply embracing the transgressive witch archetype does not guarantee inclusive and feminist representation. Often, it ignores power dynamics and reinforces regressive binaries like white/Black or thin/fat. For witch representation to be truly inclusive, it requires empowering women, LGBTQ+ people, and people of color to tell stories that reflect their lived experiences. Only then, the sources argue, can the witch truly live "deliciously".<ref name=":22" />

== Witches in animated films ==
[[Maleficent]] from ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (1959): Identified as a "malevolent fairy" and a Disney Witch who lives up to her title as "Mistress of All Evil". She places a curse on Princess Aurora and can hypnotize her or transform into a dragon.<ref>Straayer, Chris. "Femme Fatale or Lesbian Femme: Bound in Sexual Différance." ''Gender Meets Genre in Postwar Cinemas'', University of Illinois Press, 2012, pp. 219-. {{ISBN|9780252036613}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Jocelyn Y. |date=January 16, 2008 |title=As Vampira, Actress Hosted Fright Films |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113972214/maila-nurmi-1921-2008/ |access-date=December 2, 2022 |work=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago, IL |pages=2–10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>

[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|Madam Mim]] from ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' (1963): Described as a "wicked and villainous witch" who uses her magical abilities to make others' lives miserable. She is a "cruel and depraved woman" who despises anything wholesome, such as sunlight, and can transform into various forms, including a dragon.<ref>Thomas, Brennan. “The Transformative Magic of Education in Walt Disney’s The Sword in the Stone.” ''M/C Journal'', vol. 26, no. 5, 2023, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2993</nowiki></ref>

[[Ursula (The Little Mermaid)|Ursula]] from ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989): One of the most popular witches in the Disney world. She was exiled from Atlantica by King Triton and seeks revenge. Ursula strikes a deal with Ariel to exchange her voice for human legs, aiming to permanently bind Ariel to her and gain the upper hand over King Triton.<ref>Susman, Gary (November 14, 2014). "'The Little Mermaid' Facts: 25 Things You Didn't Know About the Disney Masterpiece". ''Moviefone''. Aol Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula, Villain of Little Mermaid |url=http://www.disneyvillains.net/Ursula.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120051646/http://www.disneyvillains.net/Ursula.php |archive-date=2008-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.disneyvillains.net}}</ref>

[[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]] from ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992): Recognized as one of the most popular wizards in the Disney universe. He is an "evil sorcerer" and royal vizier who desires more power, aiming to overthrow young Jasmine’s kingdom and become the Sultan of Agrabah.

[[Dr. Facilier]] from ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' (2009): An "evil Wizard" and "evil witch doctor/bokor". He turns Prince Naveen into an amphibian and plans to rule New Orleans with the help of his "friends on the other side."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Mike |date=2009-11-22 |title=New Orleans setting for 'Princess and the Frog' is a Disney dream come true for one man |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/new-orleans-setting-for-princess-and-the-frog-is-a-disney-dream-come-true-for/article_c84036c3-ff1c-5fcd-94e3-9f7e916b774e.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Witches]]
[[Category:Topics in popular culture]]
[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]

Problems in living

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:07:16 GMT

Created page with "'''Problems in living''' are problems that human encounter, and they can be minor or major in severity. This area is to help facilitate an understanding of problems in living as it relates to what they are, how they can be identified and conceptualized, and how learning, teaching, and research can be utilized to help solve and resolve problems in living so that all of humanity can benefit, individually and collectively. Problems in living can cause inconvenience. Problem..."

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'''Problems in living''' are problems that human encounter, and they can be minor or major in severity. This area is to help facilitate an understanding of problems in living as it relates to what they are, how they can be identified and conceptualized, and how learning, teaching, and research can be utilized to help solve and resolve problems in living so that all of humanity can benefit, individually and collectively. Problems in living can cause inconvenience. Problems in living can elicit emotional distress. There are many ways to potentially solve problems in living. Some problems in living plague humanity for hundreds or thousands of years. Some problems in living are inherent in the human condition. Regardless, humans have flourished for thousands of years, and if one looks back at humanity even longer, for tens and arguably hundreds of thousands of years, since humans evolved from other hominid species millennia ago. [[File:The Thinker (24284172271).jpg|thumb|right]]

This area is partially to present problems in living from a Szaszian perspective. According to psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, psychiatry is the medicalization of problems in living. Thomas Szasz was a psychiatry profession and wrote extensively about the history of psychiatry and in relation to that also, humans existential and practical need to solve problems in living in life.

==Discussion questions==

* What might society look like if most all problems in living are solved for all of humanity?
* Is it generally better to prioritize solving major or minor problems in living?
** What types of problems in living are best to solve first?
* Are there other ways that problems in living can be categorized or conceptualized?
* What are the unintended consequences of medicalizing problems in living?
* Throughout the history of education, how has research been applied to help humans solve and resolve problems in living?
* What are good strategies for solving problems in living?
* What role does personal responsibility play in identifying and solving problems in living?

== Categories of problems in living ==
* [[Economic problems]]
* [[Social problems]]
* [[Spiritual problems]]
* [[Ecological problems]]
* [[Political problems]]
* [[Health problems]]
* [[Philosophical problems]]
* [[Technological problems]]

== Specific examples of problems and examples ==
* People in a geographic region do not have sufficient access to caloric needs.
* Balancing the need for power for AI data centers with the needs of the entire population.
* Expensive prices of high bandwidth memory.
* Lack of clean drinking water.
* No back up plan for humanity in case another huge meteor impacts Earth like during the time of the dinosaurs.
* Fuel prices being too expensive.
* Social conflict between family members.
* Social conflict between friends.
* Someone feeling a lack of meaning and purpose in life.
* A lack of educational opportunities.
* Feeling stuck in a job that does not pay a living wage.
* A lack of reliable transportation.
* There can be an infinite # of types of problems in living.

== Strategies for solving problems in living ==
* Apply [[academic research]] to problems in living.
* Start a [[business]] around helping other solve problems in living.
* Identify problems in living. Prioritize which problems in living will benefit most from solving first. Create a plan to solve the problem in living. Implement the plan to solve the problem in living. Evaluate the success of the implemented plans. If the plan was successful, choose a new problem in living to solve and repeat these steps. If the plan was not successful, change the failed plan or create a new plan to solve the problem in living and try to implement and then evaluate the new or modified plan for solving the problem in living.

== See also ==
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Thomas Szasz]]
* [[Social factors influencing health]] / [[Social determinants of health]]
* [[Sociology]]
* [[Anthropology]]

[[Category:Philosophy of psychiatry]]
[[Category:Social problems]]
[[Category:Problem solving]]
[[Category:Social determinants of health]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Outlaw involuntary treatment

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 06:06:14 GMT

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Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:56:48 GMT

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	This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.		This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

			* [[Astromech (company)]]
	* [[Sound proofing]]		* [[Sound proofing]]
	* [[Critical community psychology]]		* [[Critical community psychology]]

Astromech (company)

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:56:33 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:56, 28 September 2026
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	~~<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. -->~~
	<!-- The nomination page for this article already existed when this tag was added. If this was because the article had been nominated before, and you wish to renominate it, please replace "page=Astromech (company)" with "page=Astromech (company) (2nd nomination)" below before proceeding with the nomination.
	~~-->{{Article for deletion/dated\|page=Astromech (company)\|timestamp=20260913023531\|year=2026\|month=September\|day=13\|substed=yes}}~~
	~~<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi\|page=Astromech (company)\|date=13 September 2026\|result='''keep'''}} -->~~
	~~<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->{{Short description\|American AI biotech company}}~~
	~~{{Infobox company~~
	~~\| name = Astromech AI Corp.~~
	~~\| logo =~~
	~~\| former_name =~~
	~~\| type = [[Privately held company\|Private]]~~
	~~\| industry = [[Biology]]~~
	\| incorporated = [[Delaware]]<ref name=dmagazine>{{cite web \|last1=Swanger \|first1=Ben \|title=Astromech, the New AI Startup from Ben Lamm of Colossal Biosciences \|url=https://www.dmagazine.com/business-economy/2026/03/ben-lamm-astromech-colossal/ \|magazine=[[D Magazine]] \|date=31 March 2026}}</ref>
	~~\| founded = {{Start date and age\|2025\|08}}~~
	~~\| founders = [[Ben Lamm]]<br>[[George Church (geneticist)\|George Church]]~~
	~~\| defunct = <!-- {{End date\|YYYY\|MM\|DD}} -->~~
	~~\| hq_location = [[Austin, Texas]]<ref name=dmagazine/>~~
	~~\| hq_location_city =~~
	~~\| hq_location_country =~~
	~~\| num_locations =~~
	~~\| num_locations_year = <!-- Year of num_locations data (if known) -->~~
	~~\| area_served = <!-- or: areas_served = -->~~
	~~\| key_people =~~
	~~\| products =~~
	~~\| production =~~
	~~\| production_year = <!-- Year of production data (if known) -->~~
	~~\| brands =~~
	~~\| services =~~
	~~\| owner = <!-- or: owners = -->~~
	~~\| parent =~~
	~~\| divisions =~~
	~~\| subsidiaries =~~
	~~\| website = {{URL\|https://astromech.com}}~~
	}}

	'''Astromech AI Corp.''' is an American startup building a predictive engine for biology using [[Genomics\|genomic]] data.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Knapp \|first1=Alex \|title=This Billionaire Is Using AI To Forecast Evolutionary Change \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/the-prototype/2026/08/21/this-billionaire-is-using-ai-to-forecast-evolutionary-change/ \|magazine=[[Forbes]] \|date=21 August 2026}}</ref> It has operated in [[stealth mode]] since August 2025 with plans to become a warning system for evolution by "predicting where biological systems are going, identifying where biological systems may be vulnerable and why those changes could be happening" to forecast disease risk, [[drug resistance]], food supply chain threats and system vulnerabilities.<ref name=dallasnews>{{cite web \|last1=Richie \|first1=Sasha \|title=Colossal AI spinoff hits $3.8 billion valuation, targets aging with first model \|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/article/astromech-colossal-biological-ai-startup-funding-22394802.php \|newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] \|date=20 August 2026}}</ref><ref name=austinbusiness/>		'''Astromech AI Corp.''' is an American startup building a predictive engine for biology using [[Genomics\|genomic]] data.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Knapp \|first1=Alex \|title=This Billionaire Is Using AI To Forecast Evolutionary Change \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/the-prototype/2026/08/21/this-billionaire-is-using-ai-to-forecast-evolutionary-change/ \|magazine=[[Forbes]] \|date=21 August 2026}}</ref> It has operated in [[stealth mode]] since August 2025 with plans to become a warning system for evolution by "predicting where biological systems are going, identifying where biological systems may be vulnerable and why those changes could be happening" to forecast disease risk, [[drug resistance]], food supply chain threats and system vulnerabilities.<ref name=dallasnews>{{cite web \|last1=Richie \|first1=Sasha \|title=Colossal AI spinoff hits $3.8 billion valuation, targets aging with first model \|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/article/astromech-colossal-biological-ai-startup-funding-22394802.php \|newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] \|date=20 August 2026}}</ref><ref name=austinbusiness/>

Talk:Swedish/Astromech (company)

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:55:59 GMT

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Swedish/Astromech (company)

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:55:59 GMT

Idea moved page Swedish/Astromech (company) to Astromech (company)

New page

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Astromech (company)|timestamp=20260913023531|year=2026|month=September|day=13|substed=yes}}

{{Short description|American AI biotech company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Astromech AI Corp.
| logo =
| former_name =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Biology]]
| incorporated = [[Delaware]]<ref name=dmagazine>{{cite web |last1=Swanger |first1=Ben |title=Astromech, the New AI Startup from Ben Lamm of Colossal Biosciences |url=https://www.dmagazine.com/business-economy/2026/03/ben-lamm-astromech-colossal/ |magazine=[[D Magazine]] |date=31 March 2026}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date and age|2025|08}}
| founders = [[Ben Lamm]]<br>[[George Church (geneticist)|George Church]]
| defunct = 
| hq_location = [[Austin, Texas]]<ref name=dmagazine/>
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country =
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| production =
| production_year = 
| brands =
| services =
| owner = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsidiaries =
| website = {{URL|https://astromech.com}}
}}

'''Astromech AI Corp.''' is an American startup building a predictive engine for biology using [[Genomics|genomic]] data.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knapp |first1=Alex |title=This Billionaire Is Using AI To Forecast Evolutionary Change |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/the-prototype/2026/08/21/this-billionaire-is-using-ai-to-forecast-evolutionary-change/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=21 August 2026}}</ref> It has operated in [[stealth mode]] since August 2025 with plans to become a warning system for evolution by "predicting where biological systems are going, identifying where biological systems may be vulnerable and why those changes could be happening" to forecast disease risk, [[drug resistance]], food supply chain threats and system vulnerabilities.<ref name=dallasnews>{{cite web |last1=Richie |first1=Sasha |title=Colossal AI spinoff hits $3.8 billion valuation, targets aging with first model |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/article/astromech-colossal-biological-ai-startup-funding-22394802.php |newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |date=20 August 2026}}</ref><ref name=austinbusiness/>

Founders [[Ben Lamm]] and [[George Church (geneticist)|George Church]] initially raised $30 million in funding and closed an additional $10.5 million in March 2026, valuing the company at $2 billion.<ref name=dmagazine/><ref name=austinbusiness>{{cite web |last1=Sechler |first1=Bob |last2=Wistrom |first2=Brent |title=Colossal Biosciences co-founders raise funds for new biology-focused AI startup |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2025/08/14/astromech-colossal-biosciences-ai-austin-biology.html |newspaper=[[Austin Business Journal]] |date=14 August 2025}}</ref> In August 2026, Astromech's valuation nearly doubled to $3.8 billion after $20 million in further funding to expand its research team and scale how it trains its [[AI models]].<ref name=dallasnews/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shen |first1=Lucinda |title=Colossal spin-off Astromech hits $3.8B valuation |url=https://www.axios.com/pro/biotech-deals/2026/08/20/colossal-spin-off-astromech-double-valuation |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|date=20 August 2026}}</ref> The company's first model is working to generate hypotheses for the biological sources of longevity, having mapped 46 genes for cellular maintenance and cancer resistance to date.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heilweil |first1=Rebecca |title=How Colossal is incubating an empire of startups |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/91592688/how-colossal-is-incubating-an-empire-of-startups |magazine=[[Fast Company]] |date=20 August 2026}}</ref>

The company's name is a reference to [[Astromech droids]] in ''[[Star Wars]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosas |first1=Leonardo |title=Dallas billionaire sees second startup achieve unicorn status |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2026/04/03/benjamin-lamm-ai-startup-astromech-2-billion-valua.html |newspaper=[[Dallas Business Journal]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biotechnology companies established in 2025]]
[[Category:Biotechnology companies of the United States]]

Swedish/Astromech (company)

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:55:48 GMT

by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astromech_(company)&action=history

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Talk:Swedish/Astromech (company)

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:55:45 GMT

by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astromech_(company)&action=history

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Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:54:28 GMT

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Innovative Multicultural Curricula (IMCC)

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 05:17:41 GMT

US partner universities

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	== US partner universities ==		== US partner universities ==

	*[[The University of Texas at Austin]] - [http://www.fipse.aed.org/grantshow.cfm?grantNumber=P116J960043 FIPSE grants]		* [[The University of Texas at Austin]] - [http://www.fipse.aed.org/grantshow.cfm?grantNumber=P116J960043 FIPSE grants]
	*[[Oklahoma State University–Stillwater]]		* [[Oklahoma State University–Stillwater]]
	*[[University of Virginia]]		* [[University of Virginia]]

	[[Category:University associations and consortia]]		[[Category:University associations and consortia]]
	[[Category:Educational organizations]]		[[Category:Educational organizations]]

	~~[[fr:Innovative Multicultural Curricula for the Young EC and US Engineers and Scientists]]~~

New

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:51:14 GMT

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Talk:Pink certificate

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:48:54 GMT

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_certificate&action=history

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Talk:Pink certificate

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:48:46 GMT

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curprev 09:55, October 20, 2015 Benskerim talk contribs 2,261 bytes +2,261 ←Created page with ' The '''Pink Certificate''' (Turkish: Pembe Tezkere) is the colloquial name for an official certificate given to those who are unable to pursue a career in t...' thank

Pink certificate

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:48:31 GMT

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	~~<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi\|page=Pink certificate\|date=20 September 2026\|result='''keep'''}} -->~~
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	~~{{Short description\|Military discharge certificate given due to sexual orientation}}<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. -->~~
	~~{{Article for deletion/dated\|page=Pink certificate\|timestamp=20260920070514\|year=2026\|month=September\|day=20\|substed=yes\|help=off\|outcome=merging\|target=LGBTQ rights in Turkey}}~~
	In [[Turkey]], '''pink certificate''' ({{langx\|tr\|Pembe tezkere}}) is the colloquial name for a military discharge certificate given to those who are discharged or considered exempt from [[military service]] due to their [[sexual orientation]]. The Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, under Article 17 of "Mental Health and Diseases," explains that the case of "advanced sexual disorders," which are "explicitly apparent in the person's whole life," could cause "objectionable situations in the military environment".<ref>Art. 17, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Sağlık Yeteneği Yönetmeliği (Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, No. 86/11092), http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225235236/http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html \|date=2013-02-25 }} [28.05.2012].</ref> To receive such a discharge, individuals must "prove" their [[homosexuality]], under the examination of military doctors and [[psychologist]]s.		In [[Turkey]], '''pink certificate''' ({{langx\|tr\|Pembe tezkere}}) is the colloquial name for a military discharge certificate given to those who are discharged or considered exempt from [[military service]] due to their [[sexual orientation]]. The Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, under Article 17 of "Mental Health and Diseases," explains that the case of "advanced sexual disorders," which are "explicitly apparent in the person's whole life," could cause "objectionable situations in the military environment".<ref>Art. 17, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Sağlık Yeteneği Yönetmeliği (Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, No. 86/11092), http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225235236/http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html \|date=2013-02-25 }} [28.05.2012].</ref> To receive such a discharge, individuals must "prove" their [[homosexuality]], under the examination of military doctors and [[psychologist]]s.

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

	~~{{Sexual orientation and gender identity in the military}}~~

	[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Turkey]]		[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Turkey]]
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	[[Category:LGBTQ military history]]		[[Category:LGBTQ military history]]
	[[Category:Military history of Turkey]]		[[Category:Military history of Turkey]]

	~~[[tr:Pembe Tezkere]]~~

Pink certificate

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:48:11 GMT

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_certificate&action=history

New page

{{Short description|Military discharge certificate given due to sexual orientation}}
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Pink certificate|timestamp=20260920070514|year=2026|month=September|day=20|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=merging|target=LGBTQ rights in Turkey}}
In [[Turkey]], '''pink certificate''' ({{langx|tr|Pembe tezkere}}) is the colloquial name for a military discharge certificate given to those who are discharged or considered exempt from [[military service]] due to their [[sexual orientation]]. The Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, under Article 17 of "Mental Health and Diseases," explains that the case of "advanced sexual disorders," which are "explicitly apparent in the person's whole life," could cause "objectionable situations in the military environment".<ref>Art. 17, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Sağlık Yeteneği Yönetmeliği (Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation, No. 86/11092), http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225235236/http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20176.html |date=2013-02-25 }} [28.05.2012].</ref> To receive such a discharge, individuals must "prove" their [[homosexuality]], under the examination of military doctors and [[psychologist]]s.

== Background ==

=== Homosexuality in Turkey ===
{{main|Sexual and gender minorities in the Ottoman Empire|LGBT history in Turkey|LGBT rights in Turkey}}
[[File:An ottoman miniature from the book Sawaqub al-Manaquib depicting Homosexuality.jpg|thumb|An illustration from the 19th century book ''Sawaqub al-Manaquib'' depicting homosexual anal sex with a wine boy. Titled at source as "Spilling the wine"]]
The first piece of [[LGBTQ]] legislation was passed during the [[Ottoman Caliphate]], when homosexuality, {{lang|tr|[[köçek]]ler}} (young dancer slaves) and [[sodomy]] were decriminalized in 1858, as part of wider reforms during the {{lang|tr|[[Tanzimat]]}}.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Where is it illegal to be gay?|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595|access-date = 2015-12-11|date = 2014-02-10|archive-date = 2019-06-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190601210145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595|url-status = live}}</ref> The first Turkish LGBTQ organizations were founded in the early 1990s, [[Lambda Istanbul]], the first of such organizations, was founded in 1993 as a cultural space for the [[LGBT community]], becoming an official organization in 2006.<ref>"Özetle; Lambdaistanbul Ne Yaptı?" (Türkçe). Lambdaistanbul resmi sitesi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2011.</ref> Historically, although homosexuality has not enjoyed a public platform, participation in [[Pride parade|pride marches]], and public acceptance and visibility have risen slowly over the past few years. In spring 2010, Turkey's [[Ministry of Family and Social Policy (Turkey)|Minister of State Responsible for Women and Family Affairs]], [[Selma Aliye Kavaf]], attracted much media attention when she made a controversial statement during an interview with the daily {{lang|tr|[[Hürriyet]]}} newspaper: "I believe that [[Homosexuality as a disease|homosexuality is a biological disorder, a disease]]. It is something that needs to [[Conversion therapy|get treated]]."<ref>["Ben eşcinselliğin biyolojik bir bozukluk, bir hastalık olduğuna inanıyorum. Tedavi edilmesi gereken bir şey bence."]; Bildirici, Faruk (2010), “Eşcinsellik hastalık, tedavi edilmeli”, ''Hürriyet'', 07.05.2010, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/14031207.asp?gid=59 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529221736/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/14031207.asp?gid=59 |date=2012-05-29 }} [28.05.2012]; see also ''Hürriyet'' (2010), “‘Homosexuality is a disease’ says Turkish minister”, ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 03.07.2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216homosexuality-is-a-disease821 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155719/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216homosexuality-is-a-disease821 |date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> This sparked national as well as international interest in the state of LGBT rights and individuals in Turkey for a brief time as a reaction: [[LGBT activism|LGBT activists]] organized a march on [[İstiklal Avenue]] to call for an apology, homosexuality became a topic of discussion on a public level,<ref>Oral Çalışlar (9 Mart 2010). "'Ahlaktan sorumlu' kadın bakan...". ''Radikal''.</ref> and international media outlets criticized the statement, as well as Turkey's stance on homosexuality.<ref>“Türkische Ministerin hält Schwulsein für krank”, Welt Online, 11.03.2010, https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article6729324/Tuerkische-Ministerin-haelt-Schwulsein-fuer-krank.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215132933/https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article6729324/Tuerkische-Ministerin-haelt-Schwulsein-fuer-krank.html |date=2018-02-15 }} [28.05.2012].</ref>

In 2011, Turkey witnessed the biggest pride march to date in [[Southeast Europe]], with participation reaching over 10,000, and with support from parties such as the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP) and the [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP).<ref>'''^''' http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25227029/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095803/http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25227029/ |date=2014-10-06 }}</ref> In 2013, the [[Istanbul Pride]] march consisted of over 100,000 people, due in large part to the [[Gezi Park protests]] taking place at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gay Pride in Istanbul groot succes|url = http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html|website = telegraaf.nl|access-date = 2015-12-11|language = nl-NL|archive-date = 2017-07-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210152/http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Regulatory framework ===
Article 17 of the Turkish Armed Forces Health Regulation originally classified homosexuality as a "psychosexual disorder". In 2015 the regulation's wording was revised to refer instead to "sexual identity and behavioural disorders", though homosexuality has continued to serve as grounds for exemption under the amended language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=T. |date=2021-04-01 |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X19866874 |journal=Men and Masculinities |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=127–143 |doi=10.1177/1097184X19866874 |issn=1097-184X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5e468c96a2e28667f0cc3645895b8f9cd9c574bb |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=}}</ref>

=== Conscription ===
{{main|Conscription in Turkey}}
The Conscription Law that dictates conscription as mandatory was introduced in 1919 at the start of the [[Turkish War of Independence]] and has stayed in force since then.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1111-20141210.pdf|title = Askerlik Kanunu|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163923/http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1111-20141210.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> Compulsory military service in Turkey applies to all male citizens from twenty to forty years of age, with no legal alternative.<ref>Maddie (1927). ''111 Sayili Askerlik Kanunu''.</ref> There has been significant rise in critical discussions about the topic of mandatory conscription, however most [[Turkish government|government]] as well as military officials still oppose the idea of changing Turkey's conscription system.<ref>As, inter alia, Erdoğan's reaction to the latest ruling on conscientious objection of the ECHR in the Erçep vs. Turkey case (CJ 22.11.2011, no. 43965/04).</ref> Those who oppose performing military service face three options: they can decide to become a deserter by either leaving the country, or trying to find other ways to escape the grip of the state; they can declare to be a conscientious objector, a decision which is followed by legal persecution in the form of a prison sentence; or they can try to find a way to get (legally) exempted within the framework of health regulations.<ref name=":0" /> The Turkish military considers homosexuality a "[[psychosexual disorder]]", and thereby worthy of discharge.<ref name=":2" />

Upon completion of their military service, Turks receive a certificate of completion; a certificate of discharge (colloquially referred to as the "pink certificate" or "rotten certificate") if they reveal their homosexual identity any time during the service, in accordance with the health regulation frameworks, or engage in homosexual acts.<ref>{{Cite web |title="We Need a Law for Liberation": Gender, Sexuality, and Human Rights in a Changing Turkey: VI. Discrimination and Abuse in Other Spheres |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/turkey0508/7.htm? |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref>

== Conditions for acquiring the "Pink Certificate" ==

=== Military Health Regulations ===
The Military Health Regulation for the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] looks to the 1968 [[American Psychiatrists Association]]'s definition of homosexuality as a disease in the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]]'' released that year.<ref>{{cite news|date=2012-03-25|title='PEMBE TEZKERE' BELGESEL OLDU|work=ANKA|url=http://www.medyatava.com/haber.asp?id=91272|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904000221/http://www.medyatava.com/haber.asp?id=91272|archive-date=2012-09-04|ref=Medyatava|access-date=2015-10-20}}</ref> As such, homosexuals who are discharged or exempt from military service receive the same report as those who have mental or physical disabilities, and are considered to have a psychosexual disorder. In order to receive this report, individuals have to "prove their homosexuality," undergoing what the [[Human Rights Watch]] calls "humiliating and degrading" examinations and tests.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|title=Proving you're gay to the Turkish Army|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17474967|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2015-10-20|date=2012-03-26|last1=Azizlerli|first1=Emre|archive-date=2016-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041532/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17474967|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey: Homophobic Violence Points to Rights Crisis|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|website=HRW.org|date=21 May 2008 |access-date=2015-10-20|archive-date=2008-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121161701/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2009, the report of the [[European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement|EU Commission on Enlargement]] stated that "the Turkish Armed Forces have a health regulation which defines homosexuality as a 'psychosexual' illness and identifies homosexuals as unfit for military service. Conscripts who declare their homosexuality have to provide photographic proof (a photograph of the person on the [[Bottom (position)|receiving end]] of [[Anal sex#Male to male|anal intercourse]]). A small number have had to undergo humiliating medical examinations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf|title=TURKEY 2009 PROGRESS REPORT|access-date=2015-10-20|archive-date=2016-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528102959/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These steps are taken, according to the military, to make sure that the system is not being exploited by deserters in order to skip mandatory military service, which has been a historical problem.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: military service, Turkey, July 2025 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/turkey-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-military-service-turkey-october-2023-accessible |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote box|quote = "With the picture it was a bit difficult. The face had to be recognizable as well as the penis and the ass. To put all this into a square was a bit complicated. Twice I got cramps because of the position. […] I also got humiliated at the selection, before they announce it [the final diagnosis]. There are about 12 military people, big ones, with uniforms and everything. […] They all looked one by one at the pictures and I had to bring ten pictures, ten different positions there. This is the difficulty of course, but I managed to do it. And at every single picture they looked and compared it with me. I was standing in the middle. And then they asked me questions. For example which positions I like and if I use this position they see regularly. Questions like that."|align = right|bgcolor = #c6dbf7|width = 48%|fontsize = 75%|tstyle = |border = 1px|title = Interview with a Homosexual Draftee|source = Irlenkauser, Julian. "Gender Identities and the Turkish Military." Thesis. European University Viadrina / Istanbul Bilgi University, 2012.}}

=== Acquiring the "Pembe Tezkere" ===

==== Changes to the exemption process since 2015 ====
Until 2015 conscripts seeking exemption on grounds of homosexuality were commonly required to undergo rectal examination and to submit explicit photographic or video evidence of sexual acts to a military medical board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=UK Home |date=2023-10-01 |title=Country Policy and Information Note Turkey: Military service [Version 3.0] |archive-url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2100650.html |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65368fc826b9b1000daf1dc5/TUR+CPIN+-+Military+service.pdf |archive-date=October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Reporting from late 2015 indicates the military quietly amended its practice so that a conscript's own declaration, together with observed behaviour, became sufficient grounds for exemption, without a requirement for physical examination or photographic proof.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey’s paid exemption from military service system begins - AL-MONITOR: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/11/turkeys-paid-exemption-from-military-service-begins.html |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPIN's 2023 correspondence with the UK Foreign, commonwealth & Development Office States that, following Turkey's 2016 coup attempt and the constitutional abolition of the military court system the following year, the exemption assessment is now typically conducted at government hospitals rather than military ones, although the process is still initiated by referral to a military hospital psychiatric board.<ref name=":4" /> Despite the removal of physical examinations, multiple sources describe the process as still relying heavily on subjective, stereotyped assessments of the applicant's "effeminacy" - dress, mannerisms, and self-presentation, rather than on sexual orientation as such.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Tankut |date=2019-08-01 |title=Comrades-in-[Each Other's]-Arms: Homosociality, Masculinity and Effeminacy in the Turkish Army |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334888643_Comrades-in-Each_Other's-Arms_Homosociality_Masculinity_and_Effeminacy_in_the_Turkish_Army |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=24 |pages=127–143 |doi=10.1177/1097184X19866874}}</ref>

== Current procedure ==
Based on correspondence collated in the 2025 CPIN, the process now generally proceeds as follows: a conscript is referred by a civilian doctor to a psychiatrist, who in turn refers him to the nearest military hospital; an initial session is held with a psychiatrist, followed by a second session before a committee of a psychologist, psychiatrist and psychiatric nurse.<ref name=":3" /> If the committee finds the applicant to be gay, bisexual or trans, it issues an "unfit for military service" report, which is forward to a Military Council for approval or refusal. An applicant refused an exemption may appeal through a lawyer within 30 days, triggering re-examination at a different military hospital; a further refusal can be appealed to the Ministry of National Defence's Health Department and ultimately to the Ministry Supreme Administrative Court.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Zaken |first=Ministerie van Algemene |date=2022-03-02 |title=General Country of Origin Information Report Turkey (March 2022) {{!}} Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/2022/03/02/general-country-of-origin-information-report-turkey-march-2022 |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=www.government.nl |publisher=Ministerie van Algemene Zaken |language=en}}</ref> Family testimony can still form part of the evidentiary basis in some cases, with a relative or friend asked to confirm the applicant's sexual orientation, and applicants sometimes asked to demonstrate involvement in LGBTI organisations or attendance at Pride events.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== Criticisms ==
Excluding homosexuals from the military has been widely regarded as a controversial topic, with its negative effects not only confined to the context of military service.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bacon|first1=Perry Jr.|last2=O'Keefe|first2=Ed|date=2010-05-28|title=House votes to end 'don't ask, don't tell' policy|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/27/AR2010052704540.html|url-status=live|access-date=2015-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023065731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/27/AR2010052704540.html|archive-date=2017-10-23|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The process by which homosexuals are excluded from the military has received criticism from international and national actors for a multitude of reasons and has been called a "Human Rights Crisis" by the Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: Homophobic Violence Points to Rights Crisis|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121161701/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/22/turkey18900.htm|archive-date=2008-11-21|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=21 May 2008 |access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> The process correlates sexual orientation with arbitrary factors, such as "feminine" qualities or "promiscuity," and propagates [[Anti-LGBT rhetoric|false narratives]], [[homophobia]] and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]], inside and outside of the military.<ref name="We Need a Law for Liberation">{{Cite web|date=2008-05-22|title=We Need a Law for Liberation|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/05/21/we-need-law-liberation/gender-sexuality-and-human-rights-changing-turkey|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125015051/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/05/21/we-need-law-liberation/gender-sexuality-and-human-rights-changing-turkey|archive-date=2015-11-25|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> The involvement of family members means homosexuals are forced to [[Coming out of the closet|come out]], the pressure of which might deter the option to acquire the pink certificate, and continue military service hiding their identity. This leads increased homophobia, blackmail and violence towards homosexuals or effeminate men, since homosexuals in the army have no place to report such violent discrimination, and no protection from it.<ref name="We Need a Law for Liberation"/> The insistence on family is a tactic that exploits feelings of shame, forcing the family to be interrogated about their child's sexual identity, often accompanied by inappropriate questions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = 'Pembe Tezkere'ye Koğuş İşkencesi {{!}} Kaos GL Haber Portalı|url = http://www.kaosgl.com/sayfa.php?id=11122|website = www.kaosgl.com|access-date = 2015-12-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123457/http://www.kaosgl.com/sayfa.php?id=11122|archive-date = 2015-12-22|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Talking about homosexuality in the military is also a taboo, and challenging the ''[[status quo]]'' can be met with legal challenges, as it is considered illegal to insult the Turkish army.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Turkey's new penal code touches raw nerves|url = http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266|website = EurActiv {{!}} EU News & policy debates, across languages|access-date = 2015-12-11|language = en-GB|last = admin|date = 2005-06-02|archive-date = 2015-11-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117184322/http://www.euractiv.com/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266|url-status = live}}</ref> Furthermore, mandatory military service holds a very honorable place in [[Turkish culture]], and not participating in this rite of passage carries a huge social stigma. The stigma stays with the individual for a lifetime, severely damaging the possibility of being hired, as employers typically request proof that the employee has done their military service. In addition, employers can discern the sexuality of potential employees from their discharge papers (differentiating between those discharged for physical or mental disabilities, and for homosexuality), further reducing chances of employment, and resulting in the employee being fired if such behaviours are discovered.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bir Hakemin Hayatını Karartan Klişe: Eşcinsellik Hastalıktır|url = http://bianet.org/bianet/bianet/128434-bir-hakemin-hayatini-karartan-klise-escinsellik-hastaliktir|website = Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi|access-date = 2015-12-11|archive-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091933/http://bianet.org/bianet/bianet/128434-bir-hakemin-hayatini-karartan-klise-escinsellik-hastaliktir|url-status = live}}</ref>

Human rights organisations and the [[European Commission]] have continued to raise concerns notwithstanding the procedural changes: The European Commission's Turkey 2020 Report noted that no changes had been made to the military disciplinary system or to the medical regulations defining homosexuality as a disorder, and the exemption report itself does not state a reason for a conscript's unfitness, which employers may interpret as evidence of the holder's sexual orientation when it is produced during hiring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Report 2020 - Enlargement and Eastern Neighbourhood |url=https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/turkiye-report-2020_en |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=enlargement.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Key findings of the 2020 Report on Turkey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/da/https:////ec.europa.eu//commission//presscorner//detail//da//country_20_1791 |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[LGBT history in Turkey]]
*[[LGBT rights in Turkey]]
*[[Homosexuality test (disambiguation)]]
*[[Sexual orientation and military service]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sexual orientation and gender identity in the military}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Turkey]]
[[Category:Military slang and jargon]]
[[Category:Turkish Land Forces]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people and military service]]
[[Category:LGBTQ military history]]
[[Category:Military history of Turkey]]

[[tr:Pembe Tezkere]]

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Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:47:50 GMT

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	This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.		This is a [[lists\|list]] of relatively new pages on this wiki. A lot of them can be linked to from other pages, and then removed from here, as appropriate.

			* [[Freedom of the press in China]]
			* [[Britain–Australia Society]]
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	* [[G0.238-0.071]]		* [[G0.238-0.071]]

Talk:Britain–Australia Society

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:47:07 GMT

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Britain–Australia Society

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:46:51 GMT

External links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 The '''Britain–Australia Society''' was established in 1971<ref>{{cite web | title=Companies House Registration | website=Service.Gov.UK | url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01030451 | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> to promote historic and contemporary links between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Its London headquarters is in the Australia Centre within [[Australia House]].<ref name="BASweb">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society - About Us | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> It has other branches throughout the United Kingdom.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
@@ Line 75: / Line 56: @@
 == External links ==
 * [http://www.ausbrit.org Australia–Britain Society]
 * [http://www.menziesfoundation.org.au The Menzies Foundation]
@@ Line 81: / Line 61: @@
 * [http://britain-australia.org.uk/baset/ Britain-Australia Society Education Trust]
 * [https://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/nswact/our-partnerships/rfds-friends-uk/ RFDS Friends in the UK]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Britain-Australia Society}}

Britain–Australia Society

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:46:33 GMT

by https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain%E2%80%93Australia_Society&action=history

New page

{{Short description|London-based friendship society}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Britain–Australia Society|timestamp=20260920073141|year=2026|month=September|day=20|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=redirecting|target=Australia–United Kingdom relations}}



{{Multiple issues|{{Tone|date=February 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Primary|date=September 2026}}}}{{Infobox organization
| image = BritOz emblem.png
| formation = {{Start date and age|1971|df=y}}
| founder = [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carington]]
| headquarters = [[Australia House]], London
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[William Hague]]
| leader_title2 = Chairman of the Board
| leader_name2 = Damian J. Walsh
| website = {{URL|https://www.britain-australia.org.uk}}
}}
The '''Britain–Australia Society''' was established in 1971<ref>{{cite web | title=Companies House Registration | website=Service.Gov.UK | url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01030451 | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> to promote historic and contemporary links between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Its London headquarters is in the Australia Centre within [[Australia House]].<ref name="BASweb">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society - About Us | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ | access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> It has other branches throughout the United Kingdom.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

In 1971, [[Robert Menzies|Sir Robert Menzies]] and [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]], former [[Prime minister|Prime Ministers]] of Australia and the United Kingdom, re-founded the pre-existing Australia Club to form two [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] and non-commercial societies, based in the United Kingdom and Australia.<ref name="BASnewsApr2024">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society newsletter April 2024 | website=Britain-Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/post/april-2024-newsletter | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Events ==
A primary activity is organising events including diplomatic dinners, seminars and social gatherings. The West Country branch arranges an annual service of remembrance and lunch in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath, England]], honouring the memory of Admiral [[Arthur Phillip]].<ref name="BASwestPhillip">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society West Country Branch Arthur Phillip service | website=BritOzWest | url=https://britozwest.org.uk/arthur-phillip-history/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The Society grants an occasional Britain–Australia Society Award to recognise a person who has been recognized for contributing to the relations between the United Kingdom and Australia. Past recipients have been [[Barry Humphries]], [[Lord Hague]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[David Attenborough]], [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]], and Samantha Cohen.<ref name="BASevent-photos">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society event photos | website=Flickr | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/99036525@N06/albums/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Branches are maintained in [[Cambridge]]shire, [[Suffolk]], [[Norfolk]], [[Leicestershire]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Portsmouth]], and the [[West Country]]. Regional functions are held by these branches in addition to centrally-organised activities.<ref name="BASbranches">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society branches | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/branches | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

The Patron of the Society was [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. The President is [[William Hague|William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond]] (the founding President was [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]]). Since March 2019, the chairman is Damian Walsh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our People |url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/ourpeople |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=BAS |language=en}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}{{col-1-of-2}}

=== Vice Presidents ===
* The [[List of High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner for Australia]] – ''ex officio''
* Peter Benson
* Brian Harris
* [[Roger Carrick|Sir Roger Carrick]]
* Rohan Courtney
* [[Alastair Goodlad, Baron Goodlad|The Lord Goodlad]]
* Michael Whalley
{{col-2-of-2}}

=== Honorary Vice-presidents ===
* Dale Eaton
* [[Helen Liddell, Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke|The Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke]]
* Sylvia Countess of Limerick
* [[Vestey_Holdings|George Vestey]]
Deceased:
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[June Mendoza]]
* [[Barry Tuckwell]]

=== CEO ===
* Louise Mulley
{{col-end}}

== Sponsors ==
The administration and events are funded by membership subscriptions, management fees and corporate sponsors, including [[Australian Government]] agencies and businesses and organisations with an Australian interest in the United Kingdom or a British interest in Australia.<ref name="BASsponsors">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society sponsors | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/#comp-jz8r9xlm | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

== Affiliates ==
Three [[Charitable Trust|charitable trust]]s are maintained by the society:
* The Britain–Australia Society Educational Trust provides sponsorship for both countries.<ref name="BASET">{{cite web | title=Britain-Australia Society Education Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/baset | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The Northcote Trust funds postgraduate scholarships to Australia.<ref name="Northcote Trust">{{cite web | title=The Northcote Trust | website=Britain Australia Society | url=https://www.britain-australia.org.uk/northcote | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
* The [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] – Friends in the UK.<ref name="RFDScontact">{{cite web | title=The Royal Flying Doctor Service Friends in the UK | website=Royal Flying Doctor Service UK | url=https://royalflyingdoctor.org.uk/contact-1 | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>
Australian Britain–Australia Society members have reciprocal rights when in Britain, and vice versa.<ref name="ABSreciprocity">{{cite web | title=Australia-Britain Society recoprocity | website=Australia-Britain Society | url=https://www.ausbrit.org/nsw-home/collegiate-groups/ | access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.ausbrit.org Australia–Britain Society]
* [http://www.menziesfoundation.org.au The Menzies Foundation]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/northcote The Northcote Trust]
* [http://britain-australia.org.uk/baset/ Britain-Australia Society Education Trust]
* [https://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/nswact/our-partnerships/rfds-friends-uk/ RFDS Friends in the UK]

{{Australia–United Kingdom relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britain-Australia Society}}
[[Category:Clubs and societies in London]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in Australia]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Australia friendship associations]]
[[Category:United Kingdom friendship associations]]
[[Category:British-Australian culture]]

User:Idea

Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:43:41 GMT

Created page with "Special:SpecialPages"

New page

[[Special:SpecialPages]]

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Idea — Mon, 28 Sep 2026 04:41:46 GMT

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	~~<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. -->~~
	<!-- The nomination page for this article already existed when this tag was added. If this was because the article had been nominated before, and you wish to renominate it, please replace "page=Astromech (company)" with "page=Astromech (company) (2nd nomination)" below before proceeding with the nomination.
	~~-->{{Article for deletion/dated\|page=Astromech (company)\|timestamp=20260913023531\|year=2026\|month=September\|day=13\|substed=yes}}~~
	~~<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi\|page=Astromech (company)\|date=13 September 2026\|result='''keep'''}} -->~~
	~~<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->{{Short description\|American AI biotech company}}~~
	~~{{Infobox company~~
	~~\| name = Astromech AI Corp.~~
	~~\| logo =~~
	~~\| former_name =~~
	~~\| type = [[Privately held company\|Private]]~~
	~~\| industry = [[Biology]]~~
	\| incorporated = [[Delaware]]<ref name=dmagazine>{{cite web \|last1=Swanger \|first1=Ben \|title=Astromech, the New AI Startup from Ben Lamm of Colossal Biosciences \|url=https://www.dmagazine.com/business-economy/2026/03/ben-lamm-astromech-colossal/ \|magazine=[[D Magazine]] \|date=31 March 2026}}</ref>
	~~\| founded = {{Start date and age\|2025\|08}}~~
	~~\| founders = [[Ben Lamm]]<br>[[George Church (geneticist)\|George Church]]~~
	~~\| defunct = <!-- {{End date\|YYYY\|MM\|DD}} -->~~
	~~\| hq_location = [[Austin, Texas]]<ref name=dmagazine/>~~
	~~\| hq_location_city =~~
	~~\| hq_location_country =~~
	~~\| num_locations =~~
	~~\| num_locations_year = <!-- Year of num_locations data (if known) -->~~
	~~\| area_served = <!-- or: areas_served = -->~~
	~~\| key_people =~~
	~~\| products =~~
	~~\| production =~~
	~~\| production_year = <!-- Year of production data (if known) -->~~
	~~\| brands =~~
	~~\| services =~~
	~~\| owner = <!-- or: owners = -->~~
	~~\| parent =~~
	~~\| divisions =~~
	~~\| subsidiaries =~~
	~~\| website = {{URL\|https://astromech.com}}~~
	}}

	'''Astromech AI Corp.''' is an American startup building a predictive engine for biology using [[Genomics\|genomic]] data.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Knapp \|first1=Alex \|title=This Billionaire Is Using AI To Forecast Evolutionary Change \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/the-prototype/2026/08/21/this-billionaire-is-using-ai-to-forecast-evolutionary-change/ \|magazine=[[Forbes]] \|date=21 August 2026}}</ref> It has operated in [[stealth mode]] since August 2025 with plans to become a warning system for evolution by "predicting where biological systems are going, identifying where biological systems may be vulnerable and why those changes could be happening" to forecast disease risk, [[drug resistance]], food supply chain threats and system vulnerabilities.<ref name=dallasnews>{{cite web \|last1=Richie \|first1=Sasha \|title=Colossal AI spinoff hits $3.8 billion valuation, targets aging with first model \|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/article/astromech-colossal-biological-ai-startup-funding-22394802.php \|newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] \|date=20 August 2026}}</ref><ref name=austinbusiness/>		'''Astromech AI Corp.''' is an American startup building a predictive engine for biology using [[Genomics\|genomic]] data.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Knapp \|first1=Alex \|title=This Billionaire Is Using AI To Forecast Evolutionary Change \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/the-prototype/2026/08/21/this-billionaire-is-using-ai-to-forecast-evolutionary-change/ \|magazine=[[Forbes]] \|date=21 August 2026}}</ref> It has operated in [[stealth mode]] since August 2025 with plans to become a warning system for evolution by "predicting where biological systems are going, identifying where biological systems may be vulnerable and why those changes could be happening" to forecast disease risk, [[drug resistance]], food supply chain threats and system vulnerabilities.<ref name=dallasnews>{{cite web \|last1=Richie \|first1=Sasha \|title=Colossal AI spinoff hits $3.8 billion valuation, targets aging with first model \|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/technology/article/astromech-colossal-biological-ai-startup-funding-22394802.php \|newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] \|date=20 August 2026}}</ref><ref name=austinbusiness/>

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