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==Chapter 15 (At the Mall)==
===Types of stores===
*'''almacén''' - department store
*'''en la Red''' - online
*'''joyería''' - jewelry store
*'''librería''' - bookstore
*'''tienda de descuentos''' - discount store
*'''tienda de electrodomésticos''' - household appliance store
*'''zapatería''' - shoe store

===Accesories===
*'''anillo''' - ring
*'''anteojos de sol''' - sunglasses
*'''aretes''' - earrings
*'''bolso''' - purse
*'''cadena''' - collar
*'''cartera''' - wallet
*'''collar''' - necklace
*'''corbata''' - tie
*'''guantes''' - gloves
*'''llavero''' - key chain
*'''perfume''' - perfume
*'''pulsera''' - bracelet
*'''reloj pulsera''' - watch
*'''software''' - software

*'''Note''': In Argentina, ''billetera'' is used side-by-side with ''cartera'', althogh this is falling out of usage rapidly among youth.

===Relationships===
*'''novio''' - boyfriend
*'''novia''' - girlfriend

===Words at the mall===
*'''barato(a)''' - cheap
*'''caro(a)''' - expensive
*'''mirar''' - to look
*'''pagar''' - to pay
*'''vender''' - to sell

===To talk about the past===
*'''anoche''' - last night
*'''año pasado''' - last year
*'''ayer''' - yesterday
*'''hace (+ time expression)''' - ago
*'''semana pasada''' - last week

===Other words===
*'''¡Uf!''' - Ugh!, Yuck!

===Preterite of -ar verbs===
Preterite verbs talk about past actions. In Spanish, preterite verbs are conjugatied in the same manner as their endings. Below is the list of conjugation of preterite verbs of -ar verbs:

yo: -é

tú: -aste

Ud./él/ella: -ó

nosotros/nosotras: -amos

vosotros/vosotras: -asteis

Uds./ellos/ellas: -aron

Note that the ''nosotros(as)'' conjugate the same as the present.

Example conjugation, ''comprar'':
*'''compré''' - I bought
*'''compraste''' - you bought (singular)
*'''compró''' - he/she brought
*'''compramos''' - we bought
*'''comprasteis''' - you bought (plural)
*'''compraron''' - they bought

'''Note''': Usted and ustedes continue to be conjugated in 3rd person form when in preterite form.

===Preterite of -car and -gar verbs===
Verbs ending in -car and -gar have there own conjugations in the ''yo'' form. The conjugation is the same even if the verb has a stem change, such as ''jugar''.

*'''busqué''' - I looked for
*'''pagué''' - I payed
*'''jugué''' - I played

===Direct object pronouns===
Direct object pronouns in English are "it" and "them." In Spanish, there are two ways to say  these words.

*'''lo''' - it (masculine)
*'''la''' - it (feminine)
*'''los''' - them (masculine)
*'''las''' - them (feminine)

'''Note''': Direct object pronouns are always placed before the verb it involves in a sentence.

===Country Focus (Perú)===
[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|150px|right]]
[[Image:LocationPeru.png|noframe|150px|right]]
'''Peru''' (Spanish: Perú) is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups.

'''Factbox''':

-Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua

-Other Languages: Aymara, Native American language, European languages, Asian languages

-Capital: Lima

-Government: Democracy

-Area: 1,285,216 sq km (496,222 sq mi) (20th)

-Population: 28,750,770 (40th)


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