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'''Tourism''' is [[travel]] for [[recreation]]al, [[leisure]] or [[business]] purposes. The [[World Tourism Organization]] defines '''tourists''' as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited."<ref>{{cite web|year=1995|url=http://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf|title=UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics|page=14|format= PDF|publisher=World Tourism Organization|accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref> Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew to [[United States dollar|US$]]944 billion ([[euro]] 642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an increase in [[Real versus nominal value|real terms]] of 1.8%.<ref name="WTOjune09">{{cite journal|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2009|url=http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_2_en_excerpt.pdf|year=2009|month=June|publisher=World Tourism Organization|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|volume=7|issue=2|accessdate=3 August 2009}}</ref>

As a result of the [[late-2000s recession]], international [[Travel behavior|travel demand]] suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months.<ref name="WTO2008">{{cite journal|url=http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2008|publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]]|month=June|year=2008|volume=6|issue=2|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the [[2009 flu pandemic|H1N1 influenza virus]], resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts.<ref name=WTOjanuary10>{{cite journal|url=http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_1_en_excerpt.pdf|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer January 2010|publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]]|month=January|year=2010|volume=8|issue=1|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>

Tourism is vital for many countries, such as [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], [[Lebanon]], [[Spain]] and [[Thailand]], and many [[island nation]]s, such as [[The Bahamas]], [[Fiji]], [[Maldives]], and the [[Seychelles]], due to the large intake of money for businesses with their [[goods and services]] and the opportunity for employment in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industries]] associated with tourism. These service industries include [[transport|transportation services]], such as [[airline]]s, [[cruise ship]]s and [[taxicab]]s, [[hospitality service]]s, such as [[lodging|accommodations]], including [[hotel]]s and [[resort]]s, and entertainment venues, such as [[amusement park]]s, [[casino]]s, [[shopping mall]]s, [[music venue]]s and [[theatre]]s.

==Definition==
Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word "tour" is derived from the [[Latin]] ''tornare'' and the Greek ''tornos'', meaning "a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis." This meaning changed in modern English to represent "one's turn." The suffix ''–ism'' is defined as "an action or process; typical behavior or quality," whereas the suffix ''–ist'' denotes one that performs a given action. When the word "tour" and the suffixes ''–ism'' and ''–ist'' are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey that is a round trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point. Thus, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist.<ref name="theobald">{{cite book|last=Theobald|first=William F.|title=Global Tourism|publisher=[[Butterworth–Heinemann]]|location=Oxford [England]|year=1998|edition=2nd|pages=6–7|isbn=0750640227|oclc=40330075|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9dvK2ajv7zIC&lpg=PA10&dq=league%20of%20nations%20tourism%201936&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q=league%20of%20nations%20tourism%201936}}</ref>

In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to [[Permanent residency|permanent residence]] and are not connected with any earning activity."<ref name="1941define">{{cite book|title=Grundriß Der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre|last1=Hunziker |first1=W|last2=Krapf |first2=K|oclc=180109383|publisher=Polygr. Verl|language=German|location=Zurich|year=1942}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tourismus-management: Tourismus-marketing Und Fremdenverkehrsplanung|year=1998|publisher=[u.a.] de Gruyter |isbn=3110151855|last1=Spode|first1=Hasso |authorlink1=Hasso Spode|editor1-first= Günther|editor1-last= Haedrich|location=Berlin|oclc=243881885|language=German|chapter=Geschichte der Tourismuswissenschaft}}</ref> In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."<ref>{{cite book|last=Beaver|first=Allan|title=A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology|year=2002|publisher=CAB International|isbn=0851995829|page=313|location=Wallingford|oclc=301675778}}</ref> In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.<ref>{{cite web|title=The AIEST, its character and aims|url=http://www.aiest.org/org/idt/idt_aiest.nsf/en/index.html|author=International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref>

In 1994, the [[United Nations]] classified three forms of tourism in its ''Recommendations on Tourism Statistics'':<ref>{{cite journal|title=Recommendations on Tourism Statistics |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/newsletter/unsd_workshops/tourism/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf|work=Statistical Papers|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=12 July 2010|location=New York|date=1994|page=5|series=M|issue=83}}</ref>

*Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.
*Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
*Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

==World tourism statistics and rankings==
===Most visited countries by international tourist arrivals===
{{Main|World Tourism rankings}}
In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. In 2009, international tourists arrivals fell to 880 million, representing a worldwide decline of 4% as compared to 2008. The region most affected was Europe with a 6% decline.<ref name=WTOjanuary10/>

The [[World Tourism Organization]] reports the following ten countries as the most visited from 2006 to 2009 by the number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, [[Ukraine]] entered the top ten list, surpassing [[Russia]], [[Austria]] and [[Mexico]],<ref name="WTO2008"/> and in 2008, surpassed [[Germany]].<ref name=WTO2009>{{cite web|year=2009|url=http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2009 Edition|publisher = World Tourism Organization|accessdate=2009-10-04}} ''Click on the link "UNWTO Tourism Highlights" to access the pdf report.''</ref> In 2008, the [[U.S.]] displaced [[Spain]] from the second place. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the [[Europe|European continent]].

In 2009, [[Malaysia]] made it into the top 10 most visited countries' list. [[Malaysia]] secured the ninth position, just below [[Turkey]] and [[Germany]]. In 2008, [[Malaysia]] was in 11th position. Both [[Turkey]] and [[Germany]] climbed one rank in arrivals, occupying seventh and eighth positions respectively, while [[France]] continued to lead the ranks in terms of tourist arrivals.<ref name=WTO2010/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
! Rank||Country|| [[World Tourism Organization|UNWTO]]<br /> Regional<br />Market||International<br /> tourist<br /> arrivals<br /> (2009)<ref name=WTO2010>{{cite web|date=April 2010|url=http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_update_april_en_excerpt.pdf|title=UNTWO World Tourism Barometer Interim Update, April 2010|publisher = World Tourism Organization|accessdate=2010-05-07}}</ref>||International<br /> tourist<br /> arrivals<br /> (2008)<ref name=WTO2010/> ||International<br /> tourist<br /> arrivals<br /> (2007)<ref name=WTO2010/>||International<br /> tourist<br /> arrivals<br /> (2006)<ref name="WTO2010"/>
|-
|1||{{flag|France}}||Europe||align="right"|74.2 million||align="right"|79.2 million||align="right"|80.9 million||align="right"|77.9 million
|-
|2||{{flag|United States}}||North America||align="right"|54.9 million||align="right"|57.9 million||align="right"|56.0 million||align="right"|51.0 million
|-
|3||{{flag|Spain}}||Europe||align="right"|52.2 million||align="right"|57.2 million||align="right"|58.7 million||align="right"|58.0 million
|-
|4||{{flag|China}}||Asia||align="right"|50.9 million||align="right"|53.0 million||align="right"|54.7 million||align="right"|49.9 million
|-
|5||{{flag|Italy}}||Europe||align="right"|43.2 million||align="right"|42.7 million||align="right"|43.7 million||align="right"|41.1 million
|-
|6||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||Europe||align="right"|28.0 million||align="right"|30.1 million||align="right"|30.9 million||align="right"|30.7 million
|-
|7|| {{flag|Turkey}}||Europe||align="right"|25.5 million||align="right"|25.0 million||align="right"|22.2 million||align="right"|18.9 million
|-
|8||{{flag|Germany}}||Europe||align="right"|24.2 million||align="right"|24.9 million||align="right"|24.4 million||align="right"|23.6 million
|-
|9||{{flag|Malaysia}}||Asia||align="right"|23.6 million||align="right"|22.1 million||align="right"|21.0 million||align="right"|17.5 million
|-
|10|| {{flag|Mexico}}||North America||align="right"|21.5 million||align="right"|22.6 million||align="right"|21.4 million||align="right"|21.4 million
|}

===International tourism receipts===
International tourism receipts grew to {{US$|944}} billion ({{euro|642}} billion) in 2008, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8% from 2007.<ref name="WTOjune09" /> When the export value of international passenger transport receipts is accounted for, total receipts in 2008 reached a record of {{US$|1.1}} trillion, or over {{US$|3}} billion a day.<ref name="WTOjune09"/>

The [[World Tourism Organization]] reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2009. It is noticeable that most of them are on the [[Europe|European continent]], but the United States continues to be the top earner.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! Rank||Country||[[World Tourism Organization|UNWTO]]<br />Regional<br />Market||International <br />Tourism<br />Receipts <br />(2009)<ref name=WTO2010/> ||International <br />Tourism<br />Receipts <br />(2008)<ref name=WTO2010/> ||International <br />Tourism<br />Receipts <br />(2007)<ref name="WTO2010"/> ||International <br />Tourism<br />Receipts <br />(2006)<ref name="WTO2010"/>
|-
|1||{{flag|United States}}||North America||align="right"|$94.2 billion||align="right"|$110.1 billion ||align="right"|$97.1 billion ||align="right"|$85.8 billion
|-
|2||{{flag|Spain}}||Europe||align="right"|$53.2 billion||align="right"|$61.6 billion ||align="right"|$57.6 billion||align="right"|$51.1 billion
|-
|3||{{flag|France}}||Europe ||align="right"|$48.7 billion||align="right"|$55.6 billion ||align="right"|$54.3 billion||align="right"|$46.3 billion
|-
|4||{{flag|Italy}}||Europe ||align="right"|$40.2 billion||align="right"|$45.7 billion ||align="right"|$42.7 billion||align="right"|$38.1 billion
|-
|5||{{flag|China}}||Asia||align="right"|$39.7 billion||align="right"|$40.8 billion || style="text-align:right;"|$37.2 billion||align="right"|$33.9 billion
|-
|6||{{flag|Germany}}||Europe ||align="right"|$34.7 billion||align="right"|$40.0 billion ||align="right"|$36.0 billion||align="right"|$32.8 billion
|-
|7||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||Europe ||align="right"|$30.1 billion||align="right"|$36.0 billion ||align="right"|$38.6 billion||align="right"|$34.6 billion
|-
|8||{{flag|Australia}}||Oceania||align="right"|$25.6 billion||align="right"|$24.8 billion ||align="right"|$22.3 billion||align="right"|$17.8 billion
|-
|9||{{flag|Turkey}}||Europe||align="right"|$21.3 billion||align="right"|$22.0 billion ||align="right"|$18.5 billion||align="right"|$16.9 billion
|-
|10||{{flag|Austria}}||Europe||align="right"|---||align="right"|$21.8 billion ||align="right"|$18.9 billion ||align="right"|$16.6 billion
|}

===International tourism expenditures===
The [[World Tourism Organization]] reports the following countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2009. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders.<ref name=WTO2010/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! Rank||Country||[[World Tourism Organization|UNWTO]]<br />Regional<br />Market||International <br />Tourism<br />Expenditures<br />(2009)<ref name=WTO2010/> ||International <br />Tourism<br />Expenditures<br />(2008)<ref name=WTO2010/> ||International <br />Tourism<br />Expenditures<br />(2007)<ref name=WTO2010/> || International <br />Tourism<br />Expenditures<br />(2006)<ref name="WTO2010"/>
|-
|1||{{flag|Germany}}||Europe||align="right"|$80.8 billion ||align="right"|$91.0 billion ||align="right"|$83.1 billion ||align="right"|$73.9 billion
|-
|2||{{flag|United States}}||North America ||align="right"|$73.1 billion ||align="right"|$79.7 billion||align="right"|$76.4 billion ||align="right"|$72.1 billion
|-
|3||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||Europe ||align="right"|$48.5 billion ||align="right"|$68.5 billion||align="right"|$71.4 billion ||align="right"|$63.1 billion
|-
|4||{{flag|China}}||Asia||align="right"|$43.7 billion ||align="right"|$36.2 billion ||align="right"|$29.8 billion ||align="right"|$24.3 billion
|-
|5||{{flag|France}}||Europe||align="right"|$38.9 billion ||align="right"|$43.1 billion ||align="right"|$36.7 billion ||align="right"|$31.2 billion
|-
|6||{{flag|Italy}}||Europe||align="right"|$27.8 billion ||align="right"|$30.8 billion ||align="right"|$27.3 billion ||align="right"|$23.1 billion
|-
|7||{{flag|Japan}}||Asia||align="right"|$25.1 billion ||align="right"|$27.9 billion ||align="right"|$26.5 billion ||align="right"|$26.9 billion
|-
|8||{{flag|Canada}}||North America||align="right"|$24.3 billion ||align="right"|$26.9 billion ||align="right"|$24.7 billion ||align="right"|$20.6 billion
|-
|9||{{flag|Russia}}||Europe||align="right"|$20.8 billion ||align="right"|$23.8 billion ||align="right"|$21.2 billion ||align="right"|$18.1 billion
|-
|10||{{flag|Netherlands}}||Europe ||align="right"|$20.7 billion ||align="right"|$21.7 billion||align="right"|$19.1 billion || style="text-align:center;"|$17.0 billion
|}

===Most visited cities===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;"| '''Top 10 most visited cities by estimated number of international visitors by selected year'''
|-
! style="background:#abcdef;" |City !! style="background:#abcdef;" |Country !! style="background:#abcdef;" |International<br /> visitors<br />(millions) !! style="background:#abcdef;"|Year/Notes
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[Paris]] ||{{FRA}}|| style="text-align:center;"|14.8 || 2009 (Excluding extra-muros visitors)<ref>Estimation extrapolated from [http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/7436&lng=fr Paris's tourism office : Key figures]</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[London]] ||{{UK}}|| style="text-align:center;"|14.1 || 2009<ref>{{cite web |title= Key Visitor Statistics - 2008|url= http://www.visitlondonmediacentre.com/images/uploads/London_-_Key_Visitor_Statistics_2009_-_Factsheet.pdf|year= 2010|work= Official website|publisher= Visit London|accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[Bangkok]] ||{{THA}}|| style="text-align:center;"|10.21 || 2008 (External study estimation)<ref name=Top150cities>{{cite web|date=10 January 2010|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/Euromonitor_Internationals_Top_City_Destination_Ranking|title=Trend Watch: Euromonitor International's Top City Destination Ranking|publisher=Euromonitor International|first=Caroline|last=Bremner|accessdate=8 April 2010}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
||[[Singapore]] ||{{SIN}}|| style="text-align:center;"|9.7 || 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Record Year For Tourism Receipts In 2009|url= http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html|publisher=[[Singapore Tourism Board]]|accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[Kuala Lumpur]]  ||{{MYS}}|| style="text-align:center;"|8.94 || 2008 (External study estimation)<ref name=Top150cities/>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[New York City]]  ||{{USA}}|| style="text-align:center;"|8.7 || 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=International Visitors to NYC 2009|url= http://www.nycgo.com/?event=view.article&id=78912|work=Official website|publisher=[[NYC & Company]]|year=2010|accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[Dubai]] ||{{UAE}}|| style="text-align:center;"|7.58 || 2008<ref name=Top150cities/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/14165/dubai-tourist-numbers-drop-57|title=Dubai tourist numbers drop 5.7%|date=1 February 2010|agency=Press Trust of India|work=eTurboNews|accessdate=9 April 2010}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[Istanbul]] ||{{TUR}}|| style="text-align:center;"|7.51 || 2009<ref>{{cite web|page=4|title=Istanbul Hotel Market|http://www.colliersinternational.com/Content/Repositories/Base/Markets/Istanbul/English/Market_Report/PDFs/2010_1_Colliers_Turkey_Review_ENG.pdf|publisher=[[Colliers International]]|year=2010|accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[Hong Kong]] ||{{CHN}}|| style="text-align:center;"|7.01 ||2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Cumulative Sameday and Overnight Visitor Arrivals Summary by Country/Territory of Residence - 2009|url=http://partnernet.hktb.com/pnweb/jsp/doc/listDoc.jsp?doc_id=129117|work= Official website|publisher=[[Hong Kong Tourism Board]]|accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:left;"
|| [[Shanghai]] ||{{CHN}}|| style="text-align:center;"|6.7 || 2007<ref>[http://www.travelmole.com/stories/1126668.php Source: Shanghai Municipal Tourism Administration Commission. Travelmole.com]</ref>
|}

==History==
Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, [[multilingualism|learn new languages]], experience new cultures and to taste different [[cuisine]]s. Long ago, at the time of the [[Roman Republic]], places such as [[Baiae]] were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word ''tourism'' was used by 1811 and ''tourist'' by 1840.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=t&p=16|title=Online Etymology Dictionary: tour|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref> In 1936, the [[League of Nations]] defined ''foreign tourist'' as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the [[United Nations]], amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.<ref name="theobald"/>

===Leisure travel===
Leisure travel was associated with the [[Industrial Revolution]] in the [[United Kingdom]]{{ndash}} the first European country to promote [[Leisure|leisure time]] to the increasing industrial population.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new [[middle class]]. [[Cox & Kings]] was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx|title=Cox & Kings Website}}</ref>

The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In [[Nice]], [[France]], one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the [[French Riviera]], the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the ''Promenade des Anglais''; in many other historic resorts in [[continental Europe]], old, well-established palace hotels have names like the ''Hotel Bristol'', the ''Hotel Carlton'' or the ''Hotel Majestic''{{ndash}} reflecting the dominance of [[England|English]] customers.

Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of such nature often visited are: [[Mexico]], [[Bali]] in [[Indonesia]], [[Brazil]], [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Malaysia]], the various [[Polynesia]]n tropical islands, [[Queensland]] in [[Australia]], [[Thailand]], and [[Florida]] and [[Hawaii]] in the [[United States]].

===Winter tourism===
{{See also|List of ski areas and resorts|Winter sport}}

Major [[ski resort]]s are located in the various European countries (e.g. [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Czech Republic]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Norway]], [[List of ski areas and resorts in Europe#Poland|Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]]), [[Canada]], the [[United States]], [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]].

===Mass tourism ===
Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the [[transport]] of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

In the [[United States]], the first [[seaside resort]]s in the European style were at [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]] and [[Long Island]], [[New York]].

In [[Continental Europe]], early resorts included: [[Ostend]], popularized by the people of [[Brussels]]; [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ([[Pas-de-Calais]]) and [[Deauville]] ([[Calvados]]) for the [[Paris]]ians; and [[Heiligendamm]], founded in 1793, as the first seaside resort on the [[Baltic Sea]].

===Adjectival tourism===
{{mainlist|List of adjectival tourisms}}

Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include:

{{Multicol|65%}}
* [[Agritourism]]
* [[Culinary tourism]]
* [[Cultural tourism]]
* [[Ecotourism]]
* [[Extreme tourism]]
* [[Geotourism]]
* [[Heritage tourism]]
* [[LGBT tourism]]
{{Multicol-break}}
* [[Medical tourism]]
* [[Nautical tourism]]
* [[Pop-culture tourism]]
* [[Poverty tourism]]
* [[Religious tourism]]
* [[Space tourism]]
* [[War tourism]]
* [[Wildlife tourism]]
{{Multicol-end}}

==Recent developments==
There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Tourists have high levels of [[disposable income]], considerable leisure time, are well educated, and have sophisticated tastes.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted [[destination hotel]]s.

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as [[Wide-body aircraft|jumbo jets]], [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost airlines]] and more accessible [[airport]]s have made many types of tourism more affordable. WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8477508 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US]. ''The Guardian.'' April 28, 2009.</ref> There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by [[Electronic commerce|internet sales]] of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer [[dynamic packaging]], in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the [[September 11 attacks]] and [[terrorism|terrorist threats]] to tourist destinations, such as in [[Bali]] and several European cities. Also, on [[December 26, 2004]], a tsunami, caused by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], hit the [[List of Asian countries and territories|Asian countries]] on the [[Indian Ocean]], including the [[Maldives]]. Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This, together with the vast [[clean-up]] operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.

The terms ''tourism'' and ''travel'' are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms ''tourism'' and ''tourist'' are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.

===Sustainable tourism===
"Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, [[Biodiversity|biological diversity]] and life support systems." ([[World Tourism Organization]])

[[Sustainable development]] implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" ([[Brundtland Commission|World Commission on Environment and Development]], 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecotourism.org/webmodules/webarticlesnet/templates/eco_template.aspx?articleid=95&zoneid=2 |title=Sustainable Tourism |publisher=Ecotourism.org |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>

===Ecotourism===
{{Main|Ecotourism}}
Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights.

===Pro-poor tourism===
The potential tourism has to help the very poorest in developing countries has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development and the issue has been addressed either through small scale projects in local communities and by Ministries of Tourism attempting to attract huge numbers of tourists. Research by the [[Overseas Development Institute]] suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain climbing in [[Tanzania]] or cultural tourism in [[Luang Prabang]], [[Laos]].<ref name="odi.org.uk">Mitchell, Jonathan (2009) Value chain analysis and poverty reduction at scale [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2675.pdf] London: Overseas Development Institute</ref> For tourism to successfully reach the poor efforts must be made for tourists to use local currency, for locals to develop relevant skills and to ensure that exclusive contracts do not dominate the sector.<ref name="odi.org.uk"/>

===Recession tourism===
Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Identified by American entrepreneur [[Matt Landau]] (2007), recession tourism is defined by low-cost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further.

===Medical tourism===
{{Main|Medical tourism}}
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in [[Southeast Asia]], [[India]], [[Eastern Europe]] and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. [[dentistry]]), traveling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".

===Educational tourism===
Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in [[Student exchange program|Student Exchange Programs]] and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.

===Creative tourism===
Creative tourism has existed as a form of [[cultural tourism]], since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the [[Grand Tour]], which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards,<ref name="ct">{{cite book|last=Wurzburger|first=Rebecca|coauthors=et al|title=Creative Tourism: A Global Conversation: How to Provide Unique Creative Experiences for Travelers Worldwide: As Presented at the 2008 Santa Fe & UNESCO International Conference on Creative Tourism in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA|publisher=Sunstone Press|location=Santa Fe|date=2009|isbn=9780865347243|oclc=370387178}}</ref> who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the [[European Commission]], including cultural and crafts tourism, known as [[sustainable tourism]]. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in the [[culture]] of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.<ref name="ct"/>

Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as [[UNESCO]], who through the [[Creative Cities Network]], have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, [[authenticity (reenactment)|authentic]] experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a [[Location (geography)|place]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}

More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and New Zealand.

===Dark tourism===
One emerging area of special interest tourism has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-dar2.htm|title=Dark Tourism|last=Quinion|first=Michael|date=26 November 2005|work=World Wide Words|accessdate=9 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lennon|first1=J. John |first2=Malcolm|last2=Foley|location=London|title=Dark Tourism|publisher=Continuum|date=2000|isbn=0826450636 |oclc=44603703}}</ref> as [[Dark tourism|"dark" tourism]]. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of [[genocide]], for example: [[Internment|concentration camps]].  Dark tourism remains a small [[niche market]], driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Chris|coauthors=et al|title=Tourism: Principles and Practice|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|location=Harlow|date=2005|edition=3rd|isbn=027368406X|oclc=466952897}}</ref>

==Growth==
[[File:The tall ships races.jpg|thumb|230px|[[The Tall Ships' Races]] 2007 in [[Szczecin]], [[Poland]]]]
The [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4&nbsp;%.<ref name="predict">{{cite web | year = 2004| url = http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm  | title =
Long-term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision | publisher = World Tourism}}</ref> With the advent of [[electronic commerce|e-commerce]], tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet. {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.

It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context.<ref name="correl">{{cite web | year = 2007| url = http://global-culture.org/blog/2007/01/27/airports-tourists/  | title =
airports & tourists | publisher = Global Culture}}</ref>  Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their [[Community-based economics|local economies]].  This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

[[Space tourism]] is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a [[space elevator]] make [[Human spaceflight|space travel]] cheap.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on [[solar energy|solar-powered]] airplanes or large [[Airship|dirigibles]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} Underwater hotels, such as [[Hydropolis]], expected to open in [[Dubai]] in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps [[Seasteading|floating cities]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

===Sports travel===
Since the late 1970s packaged [[sports travel]] has become increasingly popular. Events such as rugby and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include flights, hotels and excursions. 

===Latest trends===
As a result of the [[late-2000s recession]], international arrivals suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008.  Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7% during the first eight months of 2008. The Asian and Pacific markets were affected and Europe stagnated during the boreal summer months, while the [[Americas]] performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keeping a 6% growth from January to August 2008. Only the [[Middle East]] continued its rapid growth during the same period, reaching a 17% growth as compared to the same period in 2007.<ref name="WTOBarometer08">{{cite web|url= http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom08_3_en_Excerpt.pdf|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer October 2008|author=[[World Tourism Organization]] |publisher=UNWTO |year=2008 |month=October|accessdate=2008-11-17|format=PDF}} Volume 6, Issue 3</ref> This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with a negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy continues to decline.<ref name="WTOBarometer08"/> As the global economic situation deteriorated dramatically during September and October as a result of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|global financial crisis]], growth of international tourism is expected to slow even further for the remaining of 2008, and this slowdown in demand growth is forecasted to continue into 2009 as [[recession]] has already hit most of the top spender countries, with long-haul travel expected to be the most affected by the [[Crisis (Marxian)|economic crisis]].<ref name="WTOBarometer08"/> This negative trend intensified as international tourist arrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009, and the decline was exacerbated in some regions due to the outbreak of the [[2009 flu pandemic|influenza AH1N1 virus]].<ref name="WTOjune09"/>

==Human right==
On the 15th of April 2010, European Commissioner [[Antonio Tajani]] attracted attention and criticism after the British newspaper, ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', reported he had unveiled a plan declaring tourism as a [[Human rights|human right]]. According to the article, pensioners, youths and those too poor to afford it should have their travel subsidised by the taxpayer. Tajani's program will be piloted until 2013 and then put into full operation. In introducing his plan, Tajani stated, "Travelling for tourism today is a right. The way we spend our holidays is a formidable indicator of our quality of life." His spokesman added, "Why should someone from the Mediterranean not be able to travel to Edinburgh in summer for a breath of cool, fresh air; why should someone from Edinburgh not be able to travel to Greece in winter?"<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Get packing: Brussels decrees holidays are a human right |first=Bojan|last=Pancevski|newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=18 April 2010 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7100943.ece }}</ref><ref name"npost">{{cite news |title=Vacationing a human right, EU chief says |first=Katherine |last=Laidlaw |newspaper=National Post |date=19 April 2010 |url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2923469 }}</ref>

EurActiv, an independent media portal, criticized the article by ''The Sunday Times'' as an example of misleading information about the EU to appear in the British press and then picked up by other Anglo-Saxon media and blogs, and [[Wikipedia]]. EurActiv stated that "the article on ''The Sunday Times'' never quotes the commissioner as having made such a statement. Nevertheless, it pursues the argument under the headline "Brussels decrees holidays as a human right," underlining the alleged "hundreds of millions of pounds" that pursuing the idea would cost taxpayers." Wikipedia was criticized by EurActiv regarding the difficulty that Commissioner Tajani's team had with changing the wrong information on the encyclopedia, and echoed European Commission spokesperson Pia Ahrenkilde Hansen's statement that "ethics in digital communications is definitely a subject which deserves to be addressed."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/infosociety/uk-born-euromyths-echoed-wikipedia-news-494082 |title=UK-born euromyths echoed by Wikipedia|date=18 May 2010|publisher=EurActiv |accessdate=30 June 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
<!-- ONLY LIST THOSE LINKS NOT IN THE TOURISM NAVBOX BELOW -->
{{Portal|Geography}}
*[[Historical archive on tourism]]

*[[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report]]
*[[World-Point Academy of Tourism]]
*[[World Tourism rankings]]
*[[World Travel Monitor]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1= Wilkerson|first1=Chad|year=2003|title=Travel and Tourism: An Overlooked Industry in the U.S. and Tenth District|journal= Economic Review|issn= 0161-2387|volume=88|issue=Third Quarter |pages=45–72|url=http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/Pdf/3q03wilk.pdf|oclc= 295437935}}

==See also==
* [[Tourism]]

[[Category:Tourism| ]]
[[Category:Entertainment]]
[[Category:Leisure]]
[[Category:Service industries]]