wikademia>Eme: /* External links */

2010-05-18T20:59:25Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:59, 18 May 2010
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	* Westermann, Diedrich H. (1952). ''The Languages of West Africa''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.		* Westermann, Diedrich H. (1952). ''The Languages of West Africa''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

	==External links==		== External links ==
	*[http://goto.glocalnet.net/maho/webresources/general.html Web resources for African languages]		* [http://goto.glocalnet.net/maho/webresources/general.html Web resources for African languages]
	*[http://www.muturzikin.com/carteafrique.htm Linguistic maps of Africa from Muturzikin.com]		* [http://www.muturzikin.com/carteafrique.htm Linguistic maps of Africa from Muturzikin.com]

	~~{{Template group~~
	~~\|list =~~
	~~{{Languages of Africa}}~~
	~~{{Africa topics}}~~
	~~{{Countries and languages lists}}~~
	}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Africa}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Africa}}
	[[Category:Languages of Africa\| ]]		[[Category:Languages of Africa\| ]]

wikademia>Eme: from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_languages

2009-11-20T21:49:31Z

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_languages

New page

[[File:Languages of Africa map.svg|thumb|400px|Map showing the six language families represented in Africa.]]

There are an estimated 2,000 '''[[language]]s spoken in [[Africa]]'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Africa |year=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> The American linguist [[Joseph Greenberg]] argued that they fall into six major [[language family|linguistic families]]:

*[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] stretches from [[North Africa]] to the [[Horn of Africa]] and [[Southwest Asia]].

*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] is centered on [[Sudan]] and [[Chad]].

*[[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] covers [[West Africa|West]], [[Central Africa|Central]], and [[East Africa|Southeast Africa]].

*[[Khoe languages|Khoe]] is concentrated in the deserts of [[Namibia]] and [[Botswana]].

*[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] on Madagascar.

*[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] on the Southern tip of the continent.

There are also a few additional small families and minor languages that have yet to be classified.

In addition, Africa has a wide variety of [[sign language]]s, many of which are [[language isolate]]s.

Several African languages are [[whistled language|whistled]] to communicate over long distances.

Individual languages such as [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Amharic|Amharic]], and [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] are spoken by tens of millions of people.

About a hundred of the languages of Africa are widely used for inter-ethnic communication.

The high linguistic diversity of many African countries (Nigeria alone has 250 languages, one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world) has made [[language policy]] a vital issue in the post-colonial era. In recent years, African countries have become increasingly aware of the value of their linguistic inheritance. Language policies being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at [[multilingualism]]. For example, all African languages are considered [[languages of the African Union|official languages of the African Union]] (AU). 2006 was declared by the [[African Union]] as the "Year of African Languages".<ref>[http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001850/index.php African Union Summit 2006] Khartoum, Sudan. SARPN</ref> However, although many mid-sized languages are used on the radio, in newspapers, and in primary-school education, and some of the larger ones are considered [[national language]]s, only a few are [[official language|official]] at the national level.

== Language groups ==
Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of four [[Language family|language families]]: [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]], [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]], [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]], and [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]]. A handful of languages associated with the continent belong to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language families; the presence of the latter languages dates to 2,600 and 1,000 years ago, respectively. In addition, African languages include several [[unclassified languages]] and [[sign languages]].
=== Afroasiatic languages ===
{{Main|Afroasiatic languages}}

Afroasiatic languages are spoken across [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia]]. There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by 300 million people. The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are the [[Semitic languages]], the [[Cushitic languages]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], and the [[Chadic languages]]. The Semitic languages are the only branch of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages that is spoken outside of Africa.

Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (Semitic), [[Amharic|Amharic]] (Semitic), [[Somali language|Somali]] (Cushitic), [[Oromo language|Oromo]] (Cushitic), [[Berber languages|Tamazight]] (Berber), and [[Hausa language|Hausa]] (Chadic). Of the world's surviving language families, Afroasiatic has the longest written history, as both [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] are members.

=== Nilo-Saharan languages ===
{{Main|Nilo-Saharan languages}}

Nilo-Saharan is extremely diverse and thus a somewhat controversial grouping uniting over a hundred languages from southern [[Egypt]] to northern [[Tanzania]] and into [[Nigeria]] and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]], with the [[Songhay languages]] along the middle reaches of the [[Niger River]] as a geographic outlier. The languages share some unusual [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], but if they are related, most of the branches must have undergone major restructuring since diverging from their common ancestor. The inclusion of the [[Songhai languages]] is questionable, and doubts have been raised over the [[Koman languages|Koman]], [[Gumuz language|Gumuz]], and [[Kadu languages|Kadu]] branches.

Some of the more better known Nilo-Saharan languages are [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], [[Songhay language|Songhay]], [[Nubian languages|Nubian]], and the widespread [[Nilotic languages|Nilotic family]], which includes [[Luo languages|Luo]], [[Dinka language|Dinka]], and [[Maasai language|Maasai]]. The Nilo-Saharan languages are [[tone (linguistics)|tonal]].

=== Niger-Congo languages ===
{{Main|Niger-Congo languages}}

The Niger-Congo language family is the largest group of Africa (and probably of the world) in terms of the number of languages. One of its salient features is an elaborate [[noun class]] system with grammatical [[agreement (linguistics)|concord]]. The vast majority of languages of this family are [[tonal language|tonal]] such as [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] and [[Igbo language|Igbo]]. A major branch of Niger-Congo languages is the [[Bantu languages|Bantu family]], which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family put together (see Niger-Congo B (Bantu) in the map above).

The [[Niger-Kordofanian languages|Niger-Kordofanian]] language family, joining Niger-Congo with the [[Kordofanian languages]] of south-central [[Sudan]], was proposed in 1950s by [[Joseph Greenberg]]. Today, linguists often use "Niger-Congo" to refer to this entire family, including Kordofanian as a subfamily. One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger-Congo. [[Mande languages|Mande]] has been claimed to be equally or more divergent. Niger-Congo is generally accepted by linguists, though a few question the inclusion of Mande, [[Dogon languages|Dogon]], and [[Ubangian languages|Ubangian]].

=== Khoisan languages ===
{{Main|Khoisan languages}}

Khoisan is a term of convenience covering some 30 languages spoken by about 300,000 - 400,000 people. There are five Khoisan families which have not been shown to be related to each other. They are found mainly in [[Namibia]] and [[Botswana]]. Two geographic outliers are [[Sandawe language|Sandawe]] and [[Hadza language|Hadza]] of [[Tanzania]], which are [[language isolate]]s.

A striking and unusual feature of Khoisan languages is their use of [[click consonant]]s. Some neighbouring Bantu languages (notably [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]]) have clicks as well, but these were adopted from Khoisan languages. The Khoisan languages are [[tonal language|tonal]].

=== Other language families ===
====Austronesian and Indo-European====
Several languages spoken in Africa belong to language families concentrated or originating outside of the African continent: [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], the language of [[Madagascar]], is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language. [[Afrikaans]] is [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], as are the lexifiers of most African [[creole language|creoles]] (Afrikaans is the only Indo-European language developed in Africa from the colonial era).

Since the colonial era, Indo-European languages such as [[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] have held official status in many countries, and are widely spoken, generally as [[lingua franca]]s. (''See [[African French]] and [[Portuguese in Africa|African Portuguese]]''.) [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] such as [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] are spoken by [[South Asia]]n expatriates exclusively. In earlier historical times, other Indo-European languages could be found in various parts of the continent, such as [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] in Egypt, [[Latin|Latin]] in North Africa, and [[Persian language|Modern Persian]] in the [[Horn of Africa]].

==== Creole languages ====
Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past, a substantial proportion of the world's [[creole language]]s are to be found in Africa. Some are based on European languages (e.g. [[Sierra Leone Krio language|Krio]] from English in [[Sierra Leone]] and the very similar [[West African Pidgin English|Pidgin]] in [[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]], [[Cape Verdean Creole]] in [[Cape Verde]] and [[Guinea-Bissau Creole]] in [[Guinea-Bissau]] and [[Senegal]] both from Portuguese, [[Seychellois Creole]] from French in the [[Seychelles]], or [[Mauritian Creole]] in [[Mauritius]]); some are based on Arabic (e.g., [[Juba Arabic|Juba Arabic]] in the southern [[Sudan]], or [[Nubi language|Nubi]] in parts of [[Uganda]] and [[Kenya]]); some are based on local languages (e.g., [[Sango language|Sango]], the main language of the [[Central African Republic]].)

==== Unclassified languages ====
A fair number of [[unclassified languages]] are reported in Africa; many remain unclassified simply for lack of data, but among the better-investigated ones may be listed:

* possibly Afroasiatic: [[Ongota language|Ongota]]
* possibly Nilo-Saharan: [[Shabo language|Shabo]]
* possibly Niger-Congo: [[Bangi-me]], [[Laal (language)|Laal]], and [[Jalaa language|Jalaa]].
* possibly Khoe: [[Kwadi language|Kwadi]]

Less well investigated ones include [[Bete language|Bete]], [[Bung language|Bung]], [[Kujargé language|Kujarge]], [[Lufu language|Lufu]], [[Mpre language|Mpre]], [[Oropom language|Oropom]], and [[Weyto language|Weyto]]. Several of these are extinct, and adequate comparative data is thus unlikely to be forthcoming.

==== Sign languages ====
{{Seealso|List of sign languages#Africa}}

Many African countries have national sign languages, such as [[Algerian Sign Language]], [[Tunisian Sign Language]], [[Ethiopian Sign Language]], while other sign languages are restricted to small areas or single villages, such as [[Adamorobe Sign Language]] in [[Ghana]]. Tanzania has seven, one for each of its schools for the Deaf, all of which are discouraged. Not much is known since little has been published on these languages.

==Language in Africa==
Throughout the long multilingual history of the African continent, African languages have been subject to phenomena like language contact, language expansion, language shift, and language death. A case in point is the [[Bantu expansion]], in which Bantu-speaking peoples expanded over most of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], thereby displacing Khoi-San speaking peoples in much of [[East Africa]]. Another example is the Islamic expansion in the 7th century AD, which led to the extension of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] to much of North Africa.

[[Trade language]]s are another age-old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape. Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication ([[Lingua franca|linguae francae]]). Of particular importance in this respect are [[Dioula language|Jula]] (western West Africa), [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] (West Africa, mainly across the Sahel), [[Hausa language|Hausa]] (eastern West Africa), [[Lingala language|Lingala]] (Congo), [[Swahili language|Swahili]] (East Africa) and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (North Africa and the Horn of Africa).

After gaining independence, many African countries, in the search for national unity, selected one language (generally the former colonial language) to be used in government and education. In recent years, African countries have become increasingly aware of the importance of linguistic diversity. Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism.

===Official languages===
[[Image:Official LanguagesMap-Africa.png|thumb|330px|Official languages - in many African countries there are several official languages.]]
Besides the former colonial languages of English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish, only a few languages are official at the national level. These are:
*[[Arabic language|Arabic]], in [[Algeria]], [[Comoros]], [[Chad]], [[Djibouti]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html CIA - The World Factbook]</ref> [[Morocco]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], and [[Tunisia]]
*[[Swahili language|Swahili]] in [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Burundi]], and [[Rwanda]]
*[[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] in [[Malawi]]
*[[Amharic|Amharic]] in [[Ethiopia]]
*[[Somali language|Somali]] in [[Somalia]]
*[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] in [[Eritrea]] (technically a [[working language]])
*[[Kinyarwanda]] in [[Rwanda]] and the closely related [[Kirundi]] in [[Burundi]]
*[[Sango language|Sango]] in the [[Car (disambiguation)|CAR]]
*[[Swazi language|Swazi]] in [[Swaziland]] and [[South Africa]]
*[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] in [[Madagascar]]
*[[Seychellois Creole]] in the [[Seychelles]]
*[[Shona language|Shona]] in [[Zimbabwe]]
*[[Afrikaans]], [[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Sepedi|Pedi]], [[Sesotho|Sotho]], [[Setswana|Tswana]], [[SiSwati|Swazi]], [[Tshivenda|Venda]], and [[Xitsonga|Tsonga]] in [[South Africa]], the only multilingual country with widespread official status for its indigenous languages, in addition to English.<ref>[http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm]</ref>

===Cross-border languages===
The colonial borders established by European powers following the [[Berlin Conference (1884)|Berlin Conference]] in 1884-5 divided a great many ethnic groups and African language speaking communities. In a sense, then, "cross-border languages" is a misnomer. Nevertheless it describes the reality of many African languages, which has implications for divergence of language on either side of a border (especially when the official languages are different), standards for writing the language, etc.

Some prominent Africans such as former [[Mali]]an president and current [[Chairperson of the African Union Commission|Chairman of the African Commission]], [[Alpha Oumar Konaré]], have referred to cross-border languages as a factor that can promote African unity.<ref>[http://www.acalan.org/ African languages for Africa's development] ACALAN (French & English)</ref>

===Language change and planning===
Language is not static in Africa any more than in other world regions. In addition to the (probably modest) impact of borders, there are also cases of [[dialect levelling]] (such as in [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and probably many others), [[Koiné language|koinés]] (such as [[N'Ko]] and possibly [[Runyakitara language|Runyakitara]]), and emergence of new dialects (such as [[Sheng (linguistics)|Sheng]]). In some countries there are official efforts to develop [[Standard language|standardized language]] versions.

There are also many less widely spoken languages that may be considered [[endangered language]]s.

===Demographics===
{{see|Demographics of Africa}}
Of the 890 million Africans (as of 2005), about 17% speak an [[varieties of Arabic|Arabic dialect]]. About 10% speak [[Swahili]], the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of Southeastern Africa, about 5% speak a [[Berber languages|Berber]] dialect, and about 5% speak [[Hausa language|Hausa]], a West African ''lingua franca''. Other important West African languages are [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and [[Fula language|Fula]]. Major Northeast African languages are [[Oromo language|Oromo]] and [[Somali language|Somali]]. Important South African languages are [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Afrikaans]] (related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]]).
English, French and Portuguese are important languages: 130, 115 and 20 million speak them as secondary in general.

List of major African languages (by total number of speakers in million):
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-name || number of speakers (millions)
|-
|[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (North Africa, Horn of Africa)|| 100 native + 30 secondary
|-
|[[Berber languages|Berber]] (North Africa) || 40 native + 4 secondary
|-
|[[Swahili language|Swahili]] (East Africa) || 5 native + 80 secondary
|-
|[[Hausa language|Hausa]] (West Africa) || 24 native + 15 secondary
|-
|[[Oromo language|Oromo]] (Northeast Africa) || 25
|-
|[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (South Africa) || 9 native + 16 secondary
|-
|[[Somali language|Somali]] (Horn of Africa) || 18-21
|-
|[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] (West Africa) || 19 native + 2 secondary
|-
|[[Igbo language|Igbo]] (West Africa) || 18 native + 1 secondary
|-
|[[Amharic|Amharic]] (Northeast Africa) || 14 native + 3 secondary
|-
|[[Shona language|Shona]] || 15 native + 2 secondary
|-
|[[Bambara language|Bambara]] (West Africa) || 3 native + 10 secondary
|-
|[[Akan language|Twi]] || 8 native + 2 secondary
|-
|[[Ibibio language|Ibibio Language]] (Ibibio/Annang/Efik, Nigeria) || 8-12
|-
|[[Fula language|Fula]] (West Africa)|| 10-16
|-
|[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] (Madacascar) || 17
|-
|[[Afrikaans]] (South Africa) || 6-7 native + 6-7 secondary
|-
|[[Lingala language|Lingala]] (Democratic Republic of the Congo) || 2 native + 10 secondary
|-
|[[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] (Southeast Africa) || 10
|-
|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (South Africa) || 7
|-
|[[Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]] (Rwanda) || 7
|-
|[[Kongo language|Kongo]] || 7
|-
|[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] || 7
|-
|[[Gbe languages|Gbe]] || 7
|-
|[[Tshiluba language|Tshiluba]] (Democratic Republic of the Congo) || 6
|-
|[[Wolof language|Wolof]] || 3 native + 3 secondary
|-
|[[Gikuyu language|Gikuyu]] (Kenya) || 5
|-
|[[Mòoré language|More]] (West Africa) || 5
|-
|[[Kirundi]] (Central Africa) || 5
|-
|[[Sotho language|Sotho]] (South Africa) || 5
|-
|[[Luhya languages|Luhya]] || 4
|-
|[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (Southern Africa) || 4
|-
|[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] (West Africa) || 4
|-
|[[Umbundu language|Umbundu]] (Angola) || 4
|-
|[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] (South Africa) || 4
|- Malinke ( West Africa) 5 Native + 9 Secondary
|}

== Linguistic features ==
Some linguistic features are particularly common among languages spoken in Africa, whereas others seem less common. Such shared traits probably are not due to a common origin of all African languages. Instead, some may be due to [[language contact]] (resulting in borrowing) and specific idioms and phrases may be due to a similar cultural background.

=== Phonological ===
Some phonetic features include:
* certain phoneme types, such as [[implosive consonant|implosives]]
* doubly articulated [[Labial-velar consonant|labial-velar stops]] like {{IPA|/kp/}} and {{IPA|/ɡb/}}
* [[prenasalized consonant]]s
* [[Click consonant|clicks]]
* the lower high (or 'near close') [[vowel]]s {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}}

Phoneme types that are relatively uncommon in African languages include [[uvular consonant]]s, [[diphthong]]s, and [[front vowel|front rounded vowels]].

[[Tonal language]]s are found throughout the world but are especially numerous in Africa. Both the Nilo-Saharan and the Khoi-San phyla are fully tonal. The large majority of the Niger-Congo languages is also tonal. Tonal languages are also found in the Omotic, Chadic, and South & East Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic. The most common type of tonal system opposes two tone levels, High (H) and Low (L). [[Tone contour|Contour tone]]s do occur, and can often be analysed as two or more tones in succession on a single syllable. ''Tone melodies'' play an important role, meaning that it is often possible to state significant generalizations by separating tone sequences ('melodies') from the segments that bear them. [[Tonal sandhi]] processes like tone spread, tone shift, and downstep and downdrift are common in African languages.


=== Syntactic ===
Widespread syntactical structures include the common use of adjectival verbs and the expression of comparison by means of a verb 'to surpass'.

=== Semantic ===
Quite often, only one term is used for both animal and meat; the word ''nama'' or ''nyama'' for animal/meat is particularly widespread in otherwise widely divergent African languages.

== See also ==
=== General ===
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African languages]]
* [[Languages of the African Union]]
* [[Writing systems of Africa]]
* [[Journal of West African Languages]]

=== Works ===
* ''[[Polyglotta Africana]]''
* ''[[The Languages of Africa]]''

=== Classifiers ===

* [[Karl Richard Lepsius|Karl Lepsius]]
* [[Wilhelm Bleek]]
* [[Carl Meinhof]]
* [[Diedrich Hermann Westermann|Diedrich Westermann]]
* [[Joseph Greenberg]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Childs, G. Tucker (2003). ''An Introduction to African Languages.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
* Chimhundu, Herbert (2002). ''Language Policies in Africa.'' (Final report of the Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa.) Revised version. UNESCO.
* [[Robert Needham Cust|Cust, Robert Needham]] (1883). ''Modern Languages of Africa''.
* Ellis, Stephen (ed.) (1996). ''Africa Now: People - Policies - Institutions.'' The Hague: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS).
* Elugbe, Ben (1998) "Cross-border and major languages of Africa." In K. Legère (editor), ''Cross-border Languages: Reports and Studies, Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages, National Institute for Educational Development (NIED), Okahandja, 23-27 September 1996.'' Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
* Ethnologue.com's [http://www.ethnologue.com/country_index.asp?place=Africa Africa]: A listing of African languages and language families.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1983). 'Some areal characteristics of African languages.' In Ivan R. Dihoff (editor), ''Current Approaches to African Linguistics'', Vol. 1 (''Publications in African Languages and Linguistics'', Vol. 1), Dordrecht: Foris, 3-21.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). ''[[The Languages of Africa]]'' (2nd edition with additions and corrections). Bloomington: Indiana University.
* Heine, Bernd and Derek Nurse (editors) (2000). ''African Languages: An Introduction.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Webb, Vic and Kembo-Sure (editors) (1998). ''African Voices: An Introduction to the Languages and Linguistics of Africa.'' Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
* Wedekind, Klaus (1985). "Thoughts when drawing a map of tone languages." In ''Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere'' 1, 105-24.
* Westermann, Diedrich H. (1952). ''The Languages of West Africa''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

==External links==
*[http://goto.glocalnet.net/maho/webresources/general.html Web resources for African languages]
*[http://www.muturzikin.com/carteafrique.htm Linguistic maps of Africa from Muturzikin.com]

{{Template group
|list =
{{Languages of Africa}}
{{Africa topics}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Africa}}
[[Category:Languages of Africa| ]]

About African languages - Revision history

wikademia>Eme: /* External links */

wikademia>Eme: from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_languages