Anaximander - Revision history

wikademia>Eme: moved Beta:Anaximander to Anaximander over redirect

2009-11-08T16:54:51Z

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wikademia>Wikademia at 06:19, 29 April 2009

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	'''Anaximander''' ~~([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic\|??a??µa?d???}}''')~~ (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.		'''Anaximander''' (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.
	{{ntnes}}		{{ntnes}}
	Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.		Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.
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	== External links ==		== External links ==

	~~{{Wikisourcelang\|el\|??a??µa?d???\|Anaximander}}~~
	* [http://philoctetes.free.fr/unianaximandre.htm ''Philoctete'' - Anaximandre: Fragments] {{fr icon}} {{en icon}}		* [http://philoctetes.free.fr/unianaximandre.htm ''Philoctete'' - Anaximandre: Fragments] {{fr icon}} {{en icon}}
	* [http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximan.htm ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' - Anaximander]		* [http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximan.htm ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' - Anaximander]

wikademia>Wikademia: moved Archive:Anaximander to Anaximander over redirect

2009-04-12T19:47:43Z

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	'''Anaximander''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic\|??a??µa?d???}}''') (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.		'''Anaximander''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic\|??a??µa?d???}}''') (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.
	{{~~RightTOC~~}}		{{ntnes}}
	Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.		Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.

wikademia>Wikademia at 13:39, 30 March 2009

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	'''Anaximander''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic\|~~Ἀναξίμανδρος~~}}''') (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.		'''Anaximander''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic\|??a??µa?d???}}''') (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.
	{{RightTOC}}		{{RightTOC}}
	Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.		Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.
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	{{main\|Apeiron (cosmology)}}		{{main\|Apeiron (cosmology)}}

	The [[bishop]] [[Hippolytus of Rome]] (I, 5), and the later 6<sup>th</sup> century Byzantine philosopher [[Simplicius of Cilicia]], attribute to Anaximander the earliest use of the word ''[[Apeiron (cosmology)\|apeíron]]'' ({{Polytonic\|~~ἄπειρον~~}}/''infinite'' or ''limitless'') to designate the original principle. He was the first philosopher to employ, in a philosophical context, the term ''[[Arche\|~~arkhế~~]]'' ({{Polytonic\|~~ἀρχή~~}}), which until then had meant ''beginning'' or ''origin''. For him, it became no longer a mere point in time, but a source that could perpetually give birth to whatever will be.		The [[bishop]] [[Hippolytus of Rome]] (I, 5), and the later 6<sup>th</sup> century Byzantine philosopher [[Simplicius of Cilicia]], attribute to Anaximander the earliest use of the word ''[[Apeiron (cosmology)\|apeíron]]'' ({{Polytonic\|?pe????}}/''infinite'' or ''limitless'') to designate the original principle. He was the first philosopher to employ, in a philosophical context, the term ''[[Arche\|arkh?]]'' ({{Polytonic\|????}}), which until then had meant ''beginning'' or ''origin''. For him, it became no longer a mere point in time, but a source that could perpetually give birth to whatever will be.

	Aristotle writes (''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)\|Metaphysics]]'', I III 3-4) that the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy\|Pre-Socratics]] were searching for the ''element'' that constitutes all things. While each pre-Socratic philosopher gave a different answer as to the identity of this element ([[water (classical element)\|water]] for Thales and [[air (classical element)\|air]] for Anaximenes), Anaximander understood the beginning or first principle to be an endless, unlimited primordial mass (''apeiron''), subject to neither old age nor decay, that perpetually yielded fresh materials from which everything we perceive is derived.<ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''The Doctrines of the Philosophers'' (I, 3).</ref> He proposed the theory of the apeiron in direct response to the earlier theory of his teacher, Thales, who had claimed that the primary substance was water.		Aristotle writes (''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)\|Metaphysics]]'', I III 3-4) that the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy\|Pre-Socratics]] were searching for the ''element'' that constitutes all things. While each pre-Socratic philosopher gave a different answer as to the identity of this element ([[water (classical element)\|water]] for Thales and [[air (classical element)\|air]] for Anaximenes), Anaximander understood the beginning or first principle to be an endless, unlimited primordial mass (''apeiron''), subject to neither old age nor decay, that perpetually yielded fresh materials from which everything we perceive is derived.<ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''The Doctrines of the Philosophers'' (I, 3).</ref> He proposed the theory of the apeiron in direct response to the earlier theory of his teacher, Thales, who had claimed that the primary substance was water.
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	Anaximander maintains that all dying things are returning to the element from which they came (''apeiron''). The one surviving fragment of Anaximander's writing deals with this matter. Simplicius transmitted it as a quotation, which describes the balanced and mutual changes of the elements:<ref>[[Simplicius of Cilicia\|Simplicius]], ''Comments on Aristotle's Physics'' (24, 13):		Anaximander maintains that all dying things are returning to the element from which they came (''apeiron''). The one surviving fragment of Anaximander's writing deals with this matter. Simplicius transmitted it as a quotation, which describes the balanced and mutual changes of the elements:<ref>[[Simplicius of Cilicia\|Simplicius]], ''Comments on Aristotle's Physics'' (24, 13):

	: "{{Polytonic\|~~Ἀναξίμανδρος~~ [...] ~~λέγει δ~~' ~~αὐτὴν μήτε ὕδωρ μήτε ἄλλο τι τῶν καλουμένων εἶναι στοιχείων~~, ~~ἀλλ~~' ~~ἑτέραν τινὰ φύσιν ἄπειρον~~, ~~ἐξ ἧς ἅπαντας γίνεσθαι τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτοῖς κόσμους· ἐξ ὧν δὲ ἡ γένεσίς ἐστι τοῖς οὖσι~~, καὶ τὴν φθορὰν εἰς ταῦτα γίνεσθαι κατὰ τὸ χρεών· διδόναι γὰρ αὐτὰ δίκην καὶ τίσιν ἀλλήλοις τῆς ἀδικίας κατὰ τὴν τοῦ χρόνου τάξιν, ~~ποιητικωτέροις οὕτως ὀνόμασιν αὐτὰ λέγων~~. δῆλον δὲ ὅτι τὴν εἰς ἄλληλα μεταβολὴν τῶν τεττάρων στοιχείων οὗτος θεασάμενος οὐκ ἠξίωσεν ἕν τι τούτων ὑποκείμενον ποιῆσαι, ~~ἀλλά τι ἄλλο παρὰ ταῦτα· οὗτος δὲ οὐκ ἀλλοιουμένου τοῦ στοιχείου τὴν γένεσιν ποιεῖ~~, ~~ἀλλ~~' ~~ἀποκρινομένων τῶν ἐναντίων διὰ τῆς αἰδίου κινήσεως~~.}}"		: "{{Polytonic\|??a??µa?d??? [...] ???e? d' a?t?? µ?te ?d?? µ?te ???? t? t?? ?a???µ???? e??a? st???e???, ???' ?t??a? t??? f?s?? ?pe????, ?? ?? ?pa?ta? ???es?a? t??? ???a???? ?a? t??? ?? a?t??? ??sµ???· ?? ?? d? ? ???es?? ?st? t??? ??s?, ?a? t?? f????? e?? ta?ta ???es?a? ?at? t? ??e??· d?d??a? ??? a?t? d???? ?a? t?s?? ???????? t?? ?d???a? ?at? t?? t?? ?????? t????, p???t???t????? ??t?? ???µas?? a?t? ?????. d???? d? ?t? t?? e?? ?????a µetaß???? t?? tett???? st???e??? ??t?? ?eas?µe??? ??? ????se? ?? t? t??t?? ?p??e?µe??? p???sa?, ???? t? ???? pa?? ta?ta· ??t?? d? ??? ???????µ???? t?? st???e??? t?? ???es?? p??e?, ???' ?p??????µ???? t?? ??a?t??? d?? t?? a?d??? ????se??.}}"

	Punctuation does not exist in [[Ancient Greek]] and quotes usually blend with surrounding text. Consequently, deciding where they start and where they end is often difficult. However, it is generally accepted that this quote is not Simplicius' own interpretation, but Anaximander's writing, in "somewhat poetic terms".</ref>		Punctuation does not exist in [[Ancient Greek]] and quotes usually blend with surrounding text. Consequently, deciding where they start and where they end is often difficult. However, it is generally accepted that this quote is not Simplicius' own interpretation, but Anaximander's writing, in "somewhat poetic terms".</ref>
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	Such an accomplishment is more significant than it at first appears. Anaximander most likely drew this map for three reasons.<ref>As established by Marcel Conche, ''Anaximandre. Fragments et témoignages'', introduction (p. 43-47).</ref> First, it could be used to improve navigation and trade between [[Miletus]]' colonies and other colonies around the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Second, [[Thales]] would probably have found it easier to convince the [[Ionia]]n [[Polis\|city-states]] to join in a federation in order to push the [[Medes\|Median]] threat away if he possessed such a tool. Finally, the philosophical idea of a global representation of the world simply for the sake of knowledge was reason enough to design one.		Such an accomplishment is more significant than it at first appears. Anaximander most likely drew this map for three reasons.<ref>As established by Marcel Conche, ''Anaximandre. Fragments et témoignages'', introduction (p. 43-47).</ref> First, it could be used to improve navigation and trade between [[Miletus]]' colonies and other colonies around the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Second, [[Thales]] would probably have found it easier to convince the [[Ionia]]n [[Polis\|city-states]] to join in a federation in order to push the [[Medes\|Median]] threat away if he possessed such a tool. Finally, the philosophical idea of a global representation of the world simply for the sake of knowledge was reason enough to design one.

	Surely aware of the sea's convexity, he may have designed his map on a slightly rounded metal surface. The centre or “navel” of the world ({{Polytonic\|~~ὀμφαλός γῆς~~}}/''omphalós ~~gẽs~~'') could have been [[Delphi]], but is more likely in Anaximander's time to have been located near Miletus. The [[Aegean Sea]] was near the map's centre and enclosed by three continents, themselves located in the middle of the ocean and isolated like islands by sea and rivers. [[Europe]] was bordered on the south by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and was separated from [[Asia]] by the [[Black Sea\|Pontus Euxinus]] (the Black Sea), the [[Sea of Azov\|Lake Maeotis]], and, further east, either by the [[Rioni River\|Phasis River]] (now called the Rioni) or the [[Tanais]]. The [[Nile]] flowed south into the ocean, separating [[Ancient Libya\|Libya]] (which was the name for the part of the then-known [[Africa]]n continent) from Asia.		Surely aware of the sea's convexity, he may have designed his map on a slightly rounded metal surface. The centre or “navel” of the world ({{Polytonic\|?µfa??? ???}}/''omphalós g?s'') could have been [[Delphi]], but is more likely in Anaximander's time to have been located near Miletus. The [[Aegean Sea]] was near the map's centre and enclosed by three continents, themselves located in the middle of the ocean and isolated like islands by sea and rivers. [[Europe]] was bordered on the south by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and was separated from [[Asia]] by the [[Black Sea\|Pontus Euxinus]] (the Black Sea), the [[Sea of Azov\|Lake Maeotis]], and, further east, either by the [[Rioni River\|Phasis River]] (now called the Rioni) or the [[Tanais]]. The [[Nile]] flowed south into the ocean, separating [[Ancient Libya\|Libya]] (which was the name for the part of the then-known [[Africa]]n continent) from Asia.

	=== Gnomon ===		=== Gnomon ===
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	== Works ==		== Works ==

	According to the ''Suda'':<ref>Themistius and Simplicius also mention some work "on nature". The list could refer to book titles or simply their topics. Again, no one can tell because there is no punctuation sign in Ancient Greek. Furthermore, this list is incomplete since the ''Suda'' ends it with {{Polytonic\|~~ἄλλα τινά~~}}, thus implying "other works".</ref>		According to the ''Suda'':<ref>Themistius and Simplicius also mention some work "on nature". The list could refer to book titles or simply their topics. Again, no one can tell because there is no punctuation sign in Ancient Greek. Furthermore, this list is incomplete since the ''Suda'' ends it with {{Polytonic\|???a t???}}, thus implying "other works".</ref>

	* ''[[On Nature]]'' ({{Polytonic\|~~Περὶ φύσεως~~}} / ''Perì phúseôs'')		* ''[[On Nature]]'' ({{Polytonic\|?e?? f?se??}} / ''Perì phúseôs'')
	* ''Around the Earth'' ({{Polytonic\|~~Γῆς περίοδος~~}} / ''~~Gễs~~ períodos'')		* ''Around the Earth'' ({{Polytonic\|G?? pe???d??}} / ''G?s períodos'')
	* ''On Fixed Bodies'' ({{Polytonic\|~~Περὶ τῶν ἀπλανῶν~~}} / ''Perì ~~tỗn aplanỗn~~'')		* ''On Fixed Bodies'' ({{Polytonic\|?e?? t?? ?p?a???}} / ''Perì t?n aplan?n'')
	* ''The Sphere'' ({{Polytonic\|~~Σφαῖρα~~}} / ''~~Sphaĩra~~'')		* ''The Sphere'' ({{Polytonic\|Sfa??a}} / ''Sphaira'')

	== See also ==		== See also ==
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	* Aristotle: ''[[On Generation and Corruption]]'' (II, 5) Translated by [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/corruption/ H. H. Joachim]		* Aristotle: ''[[On Generation and Corruption]]'' (II, 5) Translated by [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/corruption/ H. H. Joachim]
	* Aristotle: ''[[On the Heavens]]'' (II, 13) Translated by [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/heavens/ J. L. Stocks]		* Aristotle: ''[[On the Heavens]]'' (II, 13) Translated by [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/heavens/ J. L. Stocks]
	* [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg\|~~15px~~]] Aristotle: ''[[s:Physics (Aristotle)\|Physics]] (III, 5, 204 b 33-34)		* [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg\|16px]] Aristotle: ''[[s:Physics (Aristotle)\|Physics]] (III, 5, 204 b 33-34)
	* [[Censorinus]]: ''De Die Natali'' (IV, 7) See original text at [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Censorinus/text*.html LacusCurtius]		* [[Censorinus]]: ''De Die Natali'' (IV, 7) See original text at [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Censorinus/text*.html LacusCurtius]
	* {{cite wikisource\|On divination\|[[Cicero]]}} (I, 50, 112)		* {{cite wikisource\|On divination\|[[Cicero]]}} (I, 50, 112)
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	* [[Seneca the Younger]]: ''Natural Questions'' (II, 18)		* [[Seneca the Younger]]: ''Natural Questions'' (II, 18)
	* [[Simplicius of Cilicia\|Simplicius]]: ''Comments on Aristotle's Physics'' (24, 13-25; 1121, 5-9)		* [[Simplicius of Cilicia\|Simplicius]]: ''Comments on Aristotle's Physics'' (24, 13-25; 1121, 5-9)
	* [[Strabo]]: ''[[Geographica\|Geography]]'' (I, 1) Books ~~1‑7~~, ~~15‑17~~ translated by [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html H. L. Jones]		* [[Strabo]]: ''[[Geographica\|Geography]]'' (I, 1) Books 1-7, 15-17 translated by [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html H. L. Jones]
	* [[Themistius]]: ''Oratio'' (36, 317)		* [[Themistius]]: ''Oratio'' (36, 317)
	* ''The [[Suda]]'' Search for Anaximander [http://www.stoa.org/sol/ online]		* ''The [[Suda]]'' Search for Anaximander [http://www.stoa.org/sol/ online]
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	~~{{Commonscat\|Anaximander}}~~

	{{Wikisourcelang\|el\|~~Αναξίμανδρος~~\|Anaximander}}		{{Wikisourcelang\|el\|??a??µa?d???\|Anaximander}}
	* [http://philoctetes.free.fr/unianaximandre.htm ''Philoctete'' - Anaximandre: Fragments] {{fr icon}} {{en icon}}		* [http://philoctetes.free.fr/unianaximandre.htm ''Philoctete'' - Anaximandre: Fragments] {{fr icon}} {{en icon}}
	* [http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximan.htm ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' - Anaximander]		* [http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximan.htm ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' - Anaximander]

wikademia>Wikademia at 17:32, 25 March 2009

2009-03-25T17:32:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:32, 25 March 2009
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	'''Anaximander''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic\|Ἀναξίμανδρος}}''') (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.		'''Anaximander''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic\|Ἀναξίμανδρος}}''') (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus\|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.
			{{RightTOC}}
	Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.		Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,<ref>[[Themistius]], ''Oratio'' 36, §317</ref> although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.

wikademia>Wikademia at 20:52, 14 March 2009

2009-03-14T20:52:46Z

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 '''Anaximander''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: '''{{Polytonic|Ἀναξίμανδρος}}''') (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a [[pre-Socratic]] [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] philosopher who lived in [[Miletus]], a city of [[Ionia]]. He belonged to the [[Milesian school]] and learned the teachings of his master [[Thales]]. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]] and [[Pythagoras]] amongst his pupils.
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 * {{ScienceWorldBiography | urlname=Anaximander | title=Anaximander of Miletus (610-ca. 546 BC)}}
 [[Category:610 BC births]]
 [[Category:546 BC deaths]]
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 [[Category:Presocratic philosophers]]
 [[Category:Ancient Milesians]]

wikademia>Wikademia: 1 revision

2009-03-14T20:51:20Z

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