Ancient Iranian Medicine - Revision history

wikademia>Dr. Eme: /* External links */

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External links

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	* [http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/medical_sciences_avesta.php The Medical Science in Avesta]		* [http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/medical_sciences_avesta.php The Medical Science in Avesta]

	~~{{Traditional Medicine}}~~

	[[Category:Science and technology in Iran\| ]]		[[Category:Science and technology in Iran\| ]]
	[[Category:Persian history]]		[[Category:Persian history]]
	[[Category:History of Iran]]		[[Category:History of Iran]]

wikademia>Dr. Eme at 18:04, 13 September 2009

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	[[Category:Persian history]]		[[Category:Persian history]]
	[[Category:History of Iran]]		[[Category:History of Iran]]

	~~[[fr:Médecine dans la Perse antique]]~~
	~~[[ro:Medicina persană]]~~

wikademia>Wikademia at 04:09, 10 May 2009

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	In recent years, some experimental studies have indeed evaluated Medieval Iranian medical remedies using modern scientific methods. These studies raised the possibility of revival of traditional treatments on the basis of evidence-based medicine.<ref>A. Gorji et al. History of epilepsy in Medieval Iranian medicine. Neurosci-Biobehav-Rev. 2001 Jul; 25(5): 455-61</ref>		In recent years, some experimental studies have indeed evaluated Medieval Iranian medical remedies using modern scientific methods. These studies raised the possibility of revival of traditional treatments on the basis of evidence-based medicine.<ref>A. Gorji et al. History of epilepsy in Medieval Iranian medicine. Neurosci-Biobehav-Rev. 2001 Jul; 25(5): 455-61</ref>
			{{?}}
	== History and background ==		== History and background ==
	=== Pre-Islamic ===		=== Pre-Islamic ===

wikademia>Wikademia: 4 revisions

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wikademia>Ghorbanalibeik: Undid revision 282711879 by Ghorbanalibeik (talk)

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	{{Merge\|Medicine in medieval Islam\|date=October 2008}}		{{Merge\|Medicine in medieval Islam\|date=October 2008}}
	{{main\|Medicine in medieval Islam}}		{{main\|Medicine in medieval Islam}}

	~~<!-- Images -->~~
	~~image_name = Avicenna Persian Physician.jpg\|~~
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	One of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation, consolidation, coordination and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations. Some Iranian ''Hakim'' (practitioners) such as [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi]], known to the West as ''Rhazes'', and [[Avicenna\|Ibn Sina]], better known as ''Avicenna'', were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time, but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and skills <ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), p. V.</ref><ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), pp. 205–209.</ref>. "Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna" ("The Canon") and "Kitab al-hawi of Razi" ("Continens") were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries.<ref>N.G. Siraisi. In: Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1987), pp. 77–124.</ref><ref>W. Osler. In: The evolution of modern science, Yale University Press, New Haven (1921), p. 243.</ref>		One of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation, consolidation, coordination and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations. Some Iranian ''Hakim'' (practitioners) such as [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi]], known to the West as ''Rhazes'', and [[Avicenna\|Ibn Sina]], better known as ''Avicenna'', were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time, but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and skills <ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), p. V.</ref><ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), pp. 205–209.</ref>. "Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna" ("The Canon") and "Kitab al-hawi of Razi" ("Continens") were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries.<ref>N.G. Siraisi. In: Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1987), pp. 77–124.</ref><ref>W. Osler. In: The evolution of modern science, Yale University Press, New Haven (1921), p. 243.</ref>

wikademia>Ghorbanalibeik: /* After Islam */

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After Islam

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	{{Merge\|Medicine in medieval Islam\|date=October 2008}}		{{Merge\|Medicine in medieval Islam\|date=October 2008}}
	{{main\|Medicine in medieval Islam}}		{{main\|Medicine in medieval Islam}}

			<!-- Images -->
			image_name = Avicenna Persian Physician.jpg\|
			image_caption = \|
			signature = \|

	One of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation, consolidation, coordination and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations. Some Iranian ''Hakim'' (practitioners) such as [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi]], known to the West as ''Rhazes'', and [[Avicenna\|Ibn Sina]], better known as ''Avicenna'', were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time, but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and skills <ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), p. V.</ref><ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), pp. 205–209.</ref>. "Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna" ("The Canon") and "Kitab al-hawi of Razi" ("Continens") were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries.<ref>N.G. Siraisi. In: Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1987), pp. 77–124.</ref><ref>W. Osler. In: The evolution of modern science, Yale University Press, New Haven (1921), p. 243.</ref>		One of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation, consolidation, coordination and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations. Some Iranian ''Hakim'' (practitioners) such as [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi]], known to the West as ''Rhazes'', and [[Avicenna\|Ibn Sina]], better known as ''Avicenna'', were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time, but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and skills <ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), p. V.</ref><ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), pp. 205–209.</ref>. "Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna" ("The Canon") and "Kitab al-hawi of Razi" ("Continens") were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries.<ref>N.G. Siraisi. In: Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1987), pp. 77–124.</ref><ref>W. Osler. In: The evolution of modern science, Yale University Press, New Haven (1921), p. 243.</ref>

wikademia>Ghorbanalibeik: Undid revision 282711617 by Ghorbanalibeik (talk)

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 {{Merge|Medicine in medieval Islam|date=October 2008}}
 {{main|Medicine in medieval Islam}}
 One of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation, consolidation, coordination and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations. Some Iranian ''Hakim'' (practitioners) such as [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi]], known to the West as ''Rhazes'', and [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]], better known as ''Avicenna'', were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time, but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and skills <ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), p. V.</ref><ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), pp. 205–209.</ref>. "Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna" ("The Canon") and "Kitab al-hawi of Razi" ("Continens") were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries.<ref>N.G. Siraisi. In: Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1987), pp. 77–124.</ref><ref>W. Osler. In: The evolution of modern science, Yale University Press, New Haven (1921), p. 243.</ref>

wikademia>Ghorbanalibeik: /* After Islam */

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After Islam

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 {{Merge|Medicine in medieval Islam|date=October 2008}}
 {{main|Medicine in medieval Islam}}
 One of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation, consolidation, coordination and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations. Some Iranian ''Hakim'' (practitioners) such as [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi]], known to the West as ''Rhazes'', and [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]], better known as ''Avicenna'', were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time, but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and skills <ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), p. V.</ref><ref>C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), pp. 205–209.</ref>. "Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna" ("The Canon") and "Kitab al-hawi of Razi" ("Continens") were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries.<ref>N.G. Siraisi. In: Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1987), pp. 77–124.</ref><ref>W. Osler. In: The evolution of modern science, Yale University Press, New Haven (1921), p. 243.</ref>

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	===After Islam===		===After Islam===
	{{~~merge~~\|Medicine in medieval Islam}}		{{Merge\|Medicine in medieval Islam\|date=October 2008}}
	{{main\|Medicine in medieval Islam}}		{{main\|Medicine in medieval Islam}}

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	{{Traditional Medicine}}		{{Traditional Medicine}}

	[[Category:Science and technology in Iran\| ]]		[[Category:Science and technology in Iran\| ]]
	[[Category:Persian history]]		[[Category:Persian history]]

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	== History and background ==		== History and background ==
	===Pre-Islamic===		=== Pre-Islamic ===
	[[Image:Nabz pezeshk.jpg\|thumb\|Safavid lacquer work illustrating a physician taking the pulse of a patient. From a 17th century copy of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine. Wellcome Library, London.]]		[[Image:Nabz pezeshk.jpg\|thumb\|Safavid lacquer work illustrating a physician taking the pulse of a patient. From a 17th century copy of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine. Wellcome Library, London.]]
	The medical history of ancient Persia can be divided into three distinct periods. The sixth book of Zend-[[Avesta]] contains some of the earliest records of history of ancient Iranian medicine. The [[Vendidad]] in fact devotes most of the last chapters to medicine.<ref>For the Vendidad and Persian Medicine in general, see ''Darmesteter'' trans of The Zend-Avesta, Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol 4. Geschichte des Alten Persians, 1897. Dinkart: History of Antiquity Vol I.</ref>		The medical history of ancient Persia can be divided into three distinct periods. The sixth book of Zend-[[Avesta]] contains some of the earliest records of history of ancient Iranian medicine. The [[Vendidad]] in fact devotes most of the last chapters to medicine.<ref>For the Vendidad and Persian Medicine in general, see ''Darmesteter'' trans of The Zend-Avesta, Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol 4. Geschichte des Alten Persians, 1897. Dinkart: History of Antiquity Vol I.</ref>

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	[[efficacy]] tests,<ref>D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", ''Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics'' '''67''' (5), p. 447-450 [449].</ref><ref>Walter J. Daly and D. Craig Brater (2000), "Medieval contributions to the search for truth in clinical medicine", ''Perspectives in Biology and Medicine'' '''43''' (4), p. 530–540 [536], [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]</ref>		[[efficacy]] tests,<ref>D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", ''Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics'' '''67''' (5), p. 447-450 [449].</ref><ref>Walter J. Daly and D. Craig Brater (2000), "Medieval contributions to the search for truth in clinical medicine", ''Perspectives in Biology and Medicine'' '''43''' (4), p. 530–540 [536], [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]</ref>
	and [[clinical pharmacology]];<ref>D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", ''Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics'' '''67''' (5), p. 447-450 [448].</ref>		and [[clinical pharmacology]];<ref>D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", ''Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics'' '''67''' (5), p. 447-450 [448].</ref>
	recognized the importance of [[dietetics]] and the influence of climate and environment on health;<ref>[http://www.unani.com/avicenna%20story%203.htm The Canon of Medicine], The American Institute of Unani Medicine, 2003.</ref> distinguished [[mediastinitis]] from [[pleurisy]]; discovered the contagious nature of [[phthisis]] and [[tuberculosis]], and the distribution of [[disease]]s by [[water]] and [[soil]]; provided the first careful descriptions of [[skin]] troubles, [[sexually transmitted disease]]s, [[perversion]]s, and [[Nervous system\|nervous]] [[ailment]]s,<ref name=Sarton>[[George Sarton]], ''Introduction to the History of Science''.<br>([[cf.]] Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997), [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html Quotations From Famous Historians of Science], Cyberistan.</ref> as well the use of [[ice]] to treat [[fever]]s; and ~~seperated~~ medicine from [[pharmacology]], which was important to the development of the [[pharmaceutical sciences]].<ref name=Saad>Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", ''Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' '''2''' (4), p. 475-479 [476]. [[Oxford University Press]].</ref>		recognized the importance of [[dietetics]] and the influence of climate and environment on health;<ref>[http://www.unani.com/avicenna%20story%203.htm The Canon of Medicine], The American Institute of Unani Medicine, 2003.</ref> distinguished [[mediastinitis]] from [[pleurisy]]; discovered the contagious nature of [[phthisis]] and [[tuberculosis]], and the distribution of [[disease]]s by [[water]] and [[soil]]; provided the first careful descriptions of [[skin]] troubles, [[sexually transmitted disease]]s, [[perversion]]s, and [[Nervous system\|nervous]] [[ailment]]s,<ref name=Sarton>[[George Sarton]], ''Introduction to the History of Science''.<br>([[cf.]] Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997), [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html Quotations From Famous Historians of Science], Cyberistan.</ref> as well the use of [[ice]] to treat [[fever]]s; and separated medicine from [[pharmacology]], which was important to the development of the [[pharmaceutical sciences]].<ref name=Saad>Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", ''Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' '''2''' (4), p. 475-479 [476]. [[Oxford University Press]].</ref>

	In the 14th century, the [[Persian language]] medical work ''Tashrih al-badan'' (''Anatomy of the body''), by [[Mansur ibn Ilyas]] (c. 1390), contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, [[Nervous system\|nervous]] and [[circulatory system]]s.<ref>{{Harvard reference \|last=Turner \|first=Howard R. \|title=Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction \|		In the 14th century, the [[Persian language]] medical work ''Tashrih al-badan'' (''Anatomy of the body''), by [[Mansur ibn Ilyas]] (c. 1390), contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, [[Nervous system\|nervous]] and [[circulatory system]]s.<ref>{{Harvard reference \|last=Turner \|first=Howard R. \|title=Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction \|
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	In the 10th century work of [[Shahnameh\|Shahnama]], [[Ferdowsi]] describes a [[Caesarean section]] performed on [[Rudaba]], during which a special [[wine]] agent was prepared by a [[Zoroastrianism\|Zoroastrian]] priest and used as an [[anesthetic]]<ref>''Medicine throughout Antiquity''. Benjamin Lee Gordon. 1949. p.306</ref> to produce unconsciousness for the operation.<ref>[[Edward Granville Browne]], ''Islamic Medicine'', Goodword Books, 2002, ISBN 81-87570-19-9 p.79</ref> Although largely mythical in content, the passage illustrates working knowledge of [[anesthesia]] in ancient [[Persia]].		In the 10th century work of [[Shahnameh\|Shahnama]], [[Ferdowsi]] describes a [[Caesarean section]] performed on [[Rudaba]], during which a special [[wine]] agent was prepared by a [[Zoroastrianism\|Zoroastrian]] priest and used as an [[anesthetic]]<ref>''Medicine throughout Antiquity''. Benjamin Lee Gordon. 1949. p.306</ref> to produce unconsciousness for the operation.<ref>[[Edward Granville Browne]], ''Islamic Medicine'', Goodword Books, 2002, ISBN 81-87570-19-9 p.79</ref> Although largely mythical in content, the passage illustrates working knowledge of [[anesthesia]] in ancient [[Persia]].

	==Notes==		== Notes ==
	[[Image:Iranian-medical-books.PNG\|right\|thumb\|450px\|Some of most influential medical texts in medieval Persian medicine]]		[[Image:Iranian-medical-books.PNG\|right\|thumb\|450px\|Some of most influential medical texts in medieval Persian medicine]]
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	==See also==		== See also ==
	*[[Science in Iran]]		* [[Science in Iran]]
	*[[Islamic medicine]]		* [[Islamic medicine]]

	==External links==		== External links ==
	*[http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/medical_sciences_avesta.php The Medical Science in Avesta]		* [http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/medical_sciences_avesta.php The Medical Science in Avesta]

	{{Traditional Medicine}}		{{Traditional Medicine}}