Archive:Far-right subcultures - Revision history

Idea: /* See also */

2026-09-29T18:45:13Z

Waza: Remove deletion notice and unused templates

2026-09-29T06:25:57Z

Remove deletion notice and unused templates

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	~~{{Short description\| Far right groups and organisations}}<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. -->~~
	~~{{Article for deletion/dated\|page=Far-right subcultures\|timestamp=20260924214539\|year=2026\|month=September\|day=24\|substed=yes\|help=off}}~~
	~~<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi\|page=Far-right subcultures\|date=24 September 2026\|result='''keep'''}} -->~~
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	~~{{Original research\|date=September 2026}}~~
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	~~{{Far-right politics sidebar\|Topics}}~~
	'''Far-right subcultures''' refers to the symbolism, ideology and traits that hold relevance to various politically [[Far-right politics\|extreme right-wing]] groups and organisations.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Patyi\|first1=Peter\|last2=Levická\|first2=Jana\|title=Attractiveness of Right Wing Oriented Movements and Subcultures in Modern Society of the Slovak Republic\|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences\|date=August 2014\|volume=143\|pages=832–837\|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.485\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web\|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis\|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de\|language=de\|access-date=2019-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110046/http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen%26gws_rd%3Dcr%26ei%3DCCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|archive-date=2017-02-21\|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{verification failed\|reason= source cited says nothing like this\|date=September 2026}}		'''Far-right subcultures''' refers to the symbolism, ideology and traits that hold relevance to various politically [[Far-right politics\|extreme right-wing]] groups and organisations.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Patyi\|first1=Peter\|last2=Levická\|first2=Jana\|title=Attractiveness of Right Wing Oriented Movements and Subcultures in Modern Society of the Slovak Republic\|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences\|date=August 2014\|volume=143\|pages=832–837\|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.485\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web\|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis\|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de\|language=de\|access-date=2019-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110046/http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen%26gws_rd%3Dcr%26ei%3DCCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|archive-date=2017-02-21\|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{verification failed\|reason= source cited says nothing like this\|date=September 2026}}

Waza: 405 revisions imported: Import with full history

2026-09-29T06:25:16Z

405 revisions imported: Import with full history

← Older revision	Revision as of 06:25, 29 September 2026
(No difference)

wikipedia>Bobfrombrockley: /* Hardbass and Fashwave */ Copy edit

2026-09-29T05:45:24Z

Hardbass and Fashwave: Copy edit

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	===Hardbass and Fashwave===		===Hardbass and Fashwave===
	In Europe and North America “in the current post skinhead era,… the far right has found new cultural forms that are less workerist, less masculinist and less crude in style” then earlier skinhead subcultures. Among these are [[Hardbass]] and [[Fashwave]]. <ref name=Larsen/> Hardbass is a “short-lived but vibrant far-right, post–White power music subculture in Europe during the early 2010s”, centered on electronic dance music genre.<ref name=Teitelbaum/>		In Europe and North America “in the current post skinhead era,… the far right has found new cultural forms that are less workerist, less masculinist and less crude in style” then earlier skinhead subcultures. Among these are [[Hardbass]] and [[Fashwave]]. <ref name=Larsen/> Hardbass is a “short-lived but vibrant far-right, post–White power music subculture in Europe during the early 2010s”, centered on an [[electronic dance music]] genre.<ref name=Teitelbaum/>

	===Alt right digital subcultures===		===Alt right digital subcultures===

wikipedia>Bobfrombrockley: /* Skinheads and white power music */ +cit

2026-09-29T05:39:37Z

Skinheads and white power music: +cit

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	“Emerging from the skinhead youth subculture in Britain at the end of the 1970s, and spreading to the continent and across the Atlantic in the following decade,” the [[white power music]] scene “served as accompaniment to a rising tide of racist and anti-immigrant violence in Germany, and become a focus of recruiting for the radical right world-wide.”<ref name="g998">{{cite journal \| last=Brown \| first=T. S. \| title=Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany \| journal=Journal of Social History \| volume=38 \| issue=1 \| date=2004-09-01 \| issn=0022-4529 \| doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| pages=157–178 \| url=https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>		“Emerging from the skinhead youth subculture in Britain at the end of the 1970s, and spreading to the continent and across the Atlantic in the following decade,” the [[white power music]] scene “served as accompaniment to a rising tide of racist and anti-immigrant violence in Germany, and become a focus of recruiting for the radical right world-wide.”<ref name="g998">{{cite journal \| last=Brown \| first=T. S. \| title=Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany \| journal=Journal of Social History \| volume=38 \| issue=1 \| date=2004-09-01 \| issn=0022-4529 \| doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| pages=157–178 \| url=https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>

	Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]]. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>		Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]].<ref name="n114"/><ref name="a570">{{cite web \| title=Neo-Nazi Music Festivals Are Funding Violent Extremism in Europe \| publisher=VICE \| date=2021-09-20 \| url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/neo-nazi-music-festivals-are-funding-violent-extremism-in-europe/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>

	In the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref> The music genres became integral to an increasingly international and violent scene in the late 1990s, leading to the [[SPLC]] to conclude “What was once a subculture of angry young racists is more and more the province of organized criminals.”<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen/>		In the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref> The music genres became integral to an increasingly international and violent scene in the late 1990s, leading to the [[SPLC]] to conclude “What was once a subculture of angry young racists is more and more the province of organized criminals.”<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen/>

wikipedia>Bobfrombrockley: /* Skinheads and white power music */ Capital

2026-09-29T05:37:05Z

Skinheads and white power music: Capital

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:37, 29 September 2026
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	Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]]. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>		Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]]. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>

	in the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref> The music genres became integral to an increasingly international and violent scene in the late 1990s, leading to the [[SPLC]] to conclude “What was once a subculture of angry young racists is more and more the province of organized criminals.”<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen/>		In the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref> The music genres became integral to an increasingly international and violent scene in the late 1990s, leading to the [[SPLC]] to conclude “What was once a subculture of angry young racists is more and more the province of organized criminals.”<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen/>

	===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===		===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===

wikipedia>Bobfrombrockley: /* Skinheads and white power music */ Better use of source

2026-09-29T05:36:35Z

Skinheads and white power music: Better use of source

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:36, 29 September 2026
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	“Emerging from the skinhead youth subculture in Britain at the end of the 1970s, and spreading to the continent and across the Atlantic in the following decade,” the [[white power music]] scene “served as accompaniment to a rising tide of racist and anti-immigrant violence in Germany, and become a focus of recruiting for the radical right world-wide.”<ref name="g998">{{cite journal \| last=Brown \| first=T. S. \| title=Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany \| journal=Journal of Social History \| volume=38 \| issue=1 \| date=2004-09-01 \| issn=0022-4529 \| doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| pages=157–178 \| url=https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>		“Emerging from the skinhead youth subculture in Britain at the end of the 1970s, and spreading to the continent and across the Atlantic in the following decade,” the [[white power music]] scene “served as accompaniment to a rising tide of racist and anti-immigrant violence in Germany, and become a focus of recruiting for the radical right world-wide.”<ref name="g998">{{cite journal \| last=Brown \| first=T. S. \| title=Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany \| journal=Journal of Social History \| volume=38 \| issue=1 \| date=2004-09-01 \| issn=0022-4529 \| doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| pages=157–178 \| url=https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>

	in the ~~1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much~~ of ~~the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents~~ and ~~immigrants was an integral part of their subculture~~.~~” They attracted young people through~~ white power ~~rock~~ music ~~and a vibrant scene~~. ~~However~~, the ~~scene subsided~~ in ~~most~~ of ~~Western Europe in the 21st century~~.<ref name=~~Larsen~~>{{cite ~~journal~~ \| last1=~~Larsen~~ \| first1=~~Jeppe Fuglsang~~ \| last2=~~Jensen~~ \| first2=~~Sune Qvotrup~~ \| title=~~The New~~ Far Right~~, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions~~ \| ~~journal~~=~~Studies in Conflict &~~ Terrorism ~~\| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10~~ \| date=~~2025~~-10-03 \| ~~issn~~=~~1057-610X \| doi=10~~.~~1080~~/~~1057610X.2022.2163458~~ \| ~~pages~~=~~1079–1099~~}}</ref>		Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]]. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>

	~~Over time~~, the ~~White~~ power music ~~subculture has produced~~ a ~~number~~ of music genres ~~including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC)~~ and ~~National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]]~~, ~~most notably~~ the ~~Ukrainian~~ [[~~Asgardsrei festival~~]]~~. According~~ to ~~one study, “The excitement of being part of~~ a subculture ~~community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest~~ of ~~significance~~ and ~~belonging, by providing them with a new sense~~ of ~~identity and affiliation~~.”<ref name="~~n114~~">{{cite web ~~\| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre~~ \| title=~~Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far~~ Right ~~Music Festivals in France~~ \| website=~~International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT~~ \| date=~~2024~~-07-02 \| url=https://~~icct~~.nl/~~publication~~/~~tuning~~-~~hate~~-~~uncovering~~-~~risks~~-~~associated~~-~~far~~-right~~-music-festivals-france~~ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>		in the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref> The music genres became integral to an increasingly international and violent scene in the late 1990s, leading to the [[SPLC]] to conclude “What was once a subculture of angry young racists is more and more the province of organized criminals.”<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen/>

	===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===		===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===

wikipedia>Bobfrombrockley: /* National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism */ Ok yes this is weaker

2026-09-29T05:31:39Z

National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism: Ok yes this is weaker

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	===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===		===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===
	[[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM) is a far right subculture		[[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM) is a far right subculture<ref name="l777">{{cite web \| last=Penteado \| first=Ricardo Cabral \| title=Sonic Hate: Examining Brazil's NSBM Scene and Its Global Networks \| website=GNET \| date=2025-02-10 \| url=https://gnet-research.org/2025/02/10/sonic-hate-examining-brazils-nsbm-scene-and-its-global-networks/ \| access-date=2026-09-29\|quote=The song titles produced by Brazilian NSBM bands provide a revealing lens into the ideological framework and propaganda strategies of this extremist subculture.}}</ref> embedded in the larger [[black metal]] music scene, especially in Northern Europe <ref name=Teitelbaum/> but spreading globally, including to South America.<ref name="l777"/><ref name="j443">{{cite \| last=Jun 2023 \| first=Alex Gendler / 03 \| title=Aryan Aztlan \| date=2023-06-03 \| url=https://thebattleground.eu/2023/06/03/aryan-aztlan/ \| language=en-GB \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref> Its participants express [[antisemitism]], [[White nationalism]] and nostalgia for 20th century fascism and [[Nazism]], motifs that stem from the [[pagan]] and [[anti-Christian]] tropes common in black metal lyrics and culture, rather than under the influence of far right political organisations.<ref name=Teitelbaum>{{cite web \| last=Teitelbaum \| title= The Study of Far-Right Music \| website=Music Research Annual \| date=2022-05-27 \| url=https://musicresearchannual.org/teitelbaum-the-study-of-far-right-music/?amp \| ref={{sfnref\|Music Research Annual\|2022}} \| access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> [[Heathenry]] has played a part in this subculture.<ref name="u966">{{cite web \| title=Black Metal Spreads Neo-Nazi Hate Message \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-22 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/black-metal-spreads-neo-nazi-hate-message/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref><ref name="z750">{{cite \| last=Alessio \| first=Dominic \| title=The Musical Is Political: Black Metal and the Extreme Right \| date=2021-08-10 \| url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/dominic-alessio-robert-wallis-black-metal-extreme-right-music-scene-news-41994/ \| language=en-US \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref><ref name="w819">{{cite book \| last1=Alessio \| first1=Dominic \| last2=Wallis \| first2=Robert J. \| title=Faith, folk and the far right: Racist and anti-racist Heathenry and occultism in Britain \| publisher=Manchester University Press \| date=2025-06-17 \| isbn=978-1-5261-7948-7 \| doi=10.7765/9781526179487 \| url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526179487/9781526179487.xml \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref>
	<ref name="l777">{{cite web \| last=Penteado \| first=Ricardo Cabral \| title=Sonic Hate: Examining Brazil's NSBM Scene and Its Global Networks \| website=GNET \| date=2025-02-10 \| url=https://gnet-research.org/2025/02/10/sonic-hate-examining-brazils-nsbm-scene-and-its-global-networks/ \| access-date=2026-09-29\|quote=The song titles produced by Brazilian NSBM bands provide a revealing lens into the ideological framework and propaganda strategies of this extremist subculture.}}</ref><ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>{{Failed verification\|date=September 2026\|reason=talking about white power music as a subculture, not nsbm}} embedded in the larger [[black metal]] music scene, especially in Northern Europe <ref name=Teitelbaum/> but spreading globally, including to South America.<ref name="l777"/><ref name="j443">{{cite \| last=Jun 2023 \| first=Alex Gendler / 03 \| title=Aryan Aztlan \| date=2023-06-03 \| url=https://thebattleground.eu/2023/06/03/aryan-aztlan/ \| language=en-GB \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref> Its participants express [[antisemitism]], [[White nationalism]] and nostalgia for 20th century fascism and [[Nazism]], motifs that stem from the [[pagan]] and [[anti-Christian]] tropes common in black metal lyrics and culture, rather than under the influence of far right political organisations.<ref name=Teitelbaum>{{cite web \| last=Teitelbaum \| title= The Study of Far-Right Music \| website=Music Research Annual \| date=2022-05-27 \| url=https://musicresearchannual.org/teitelbaum-the-study-of-far-right-music/?amp \| ref={{sfnref\|Music Research Annual\|2022}} \| access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> [[Heathenry]] has played a part in this subculture.<ref name="u966">{{cite web \| title=Black Metal Spreads Neo-Nazi Hate Message \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-22 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/black-metal-spreads-neo-nazi-hate-message/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref><ref name="z750">{{cite \| last=Alessio \| first=Dominic \| title=The Musical Is Political: Black Metal and the Extreme Right \| date=2021-08-10 \| url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/dominic-alessio-robert-wallis-black-metal-extreme-right-music-scene-news-41994/ \| language=en-US \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref><ref name="w819">{{cite book \| last1=Alessio \| first1=Dominic \| last2=Wallis \| first2=Robert J. \| title=Faith, folk and the far right: Racist and anti-racist Heathenry and occultism in Britain \| publisher=Manchester University Press \| date=2025-06-17 \| isbn=978-1-5261-7948-7 \| doi=10.7765/9781526179487 \| url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526179487/9781526179487.xml \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref>

	===Siege Culture and accelerationism===		===Siege Culture and accelerationism===

wikipedia>Bobfrombrockley: /* Skinheads and white power music */ Red link

2026-09-29T05:27:54Z

Skinheads and white power music: Red link

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:27, 29 September 2026
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	in the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene. However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref>		in the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene. However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref>

	Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National ~~Socialism~~ Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei]] ~~festival~~. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>		Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]]. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>

	===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===		===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===

wikipedia>Bobfrombrockley: /* Key far right subcultures */ Better use of that source

2026-09-29T05:26:57Z

Key far right subcultures: Better use of that source

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:26, 29 September 2026
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	in the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene. However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref>		in the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene. However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref>

			Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialism Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei]] festival. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>

	===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===		===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===
	[[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM) is a far right subculture		[[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM) is a far right subculture
	<ref name="l777">{{cite web \| last=Penteado \| first=Ricardo Cabral \| title=Sonic Hate: Examining Brazil's NSBM Scene and Its Global Networks \| website=GNET \| date=2025-02-10 \| url=https://gnet-research.org/2025/02/10/sonic-hate-examining-brazils-nsbm-scene-and-its-global-networks/ \| access-date=2026-09-29\|quote=The song titles produced by Brazilian NSBM bands provide a revealing lens into the ideological framework and propaganda strategies of this extremist subculture.}}</ref><ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>{{Failed verification\|date=September 2026\|reason=talking about white power music as a subculture, not nsbm}}<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>{{Failed verification\|date=September 2026\|reason=talking about white power music as a subculture, not nsbm}} embedded in the larger [[black metal]] music scene, especially in Northern Europe <ref name=Teitelbaum/> but spreading globally, including to South America.<ref name="l777"/><ref name="j443">{{cite \| last=Jun 2023 \| first=Alex Gendler / 03 \| title=Aryan Aztlan \| date=2023-06-03 \| url=https://thebattleground.eu/2023/06/03/aryan-aztlan/ \| language=en-GB \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref> Its participants express [[antisemitism]], [[White nationalism]] and nostalgia for 20th century fascism and [[Nazism]], motifs that stem from the [[pagan]] and [[anti-Christian]] tropes common in black metal lyrics and culture, rather than under the influence of far right political organisations.<ref name=Teitelbaum>{{cite web \| last=Teitelbaum \| title= The Study of Far-Right Music \| website=Music Research Annual \| date=2022-05-27 \| url=https://musicresearchannual.org/teitelbaum-the-study-of-far-right-music/?amp \| ref={{sfnref\|Music Research Annual\|2022}} \| access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> [[Heathenry]] has played a part in this subculture.<ref name="u966">{{cite web \| title=Black Metal Spreads Neo-Nazi Hate Message \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-22 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/black-metal-spreads-neo-nazi-hate-message/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref><ref name="z750">{{cite \| last=Alessio \| first=Dominic \| title=The Musical Is Political: Black Metal and the Extreme Right \| date=2021-08-10 \| url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/dominic-alessio-robert-wallis-black-metal-extreme-right-music-scene-news-41994/ \| language=en-US \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref><ref name="w819">{{cite book \| last1=Alessio \| first1=Dominic \| last2=Wallis \| first2=Robert J. \| title=Faith, folk and the far right: Racist and anti-racist Heathenry and occultism in Britain \| publisher=Manchester University Press \| date=2025-06-17 \| isbn=978-1-5261-7948-7 \| doi=10.7765/9781526179487 \| url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526179487/9781526179487.xml \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref>		<ref name="l777">{{cite web \| last=Penteado \| first=Ricardo Cabral \| title=Sonic Hate: Examining Brazil's NSBM Scene and Its Global Networks \| website=GNET \| date=2025-02-10 \| url=https://gnet-research.org/2025/02/10/sonic-hate-examining-brazils-nsbm-scene-and-its-global-networks/ \| access-date=2026-09-29\|quote=The song titles produced by Brazilian NSBM bands provide a revealing lens into the ideological framework and propaganda strategies of this extremist subculture.}}</ref><ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>{{Failed verification\|date=September 2026\|reason=talking about white power music as a subculture, not nsbm}} embedded in the larger [[black metal]] music scene, especially in Northern Europe <ref name=Teitelbaum/> but spreading globally, including to South America.<ref name="l777"/><ref name="j443">{{cite \| last=Jun 2023 \| first=Alex Gendler / 03 \| title=Aryan Aztlan \| date=2023-06-03 \| url=https://thebattleground.eu/2023/06/03/aryan-aztlan/ \| language=en-GB \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref> Its participants express [[antisemitism]], [[White nationalism]] and nostalgia for 20th century fascism and [[Nazism]], motifs that stem from the [[pagan]] and [[anti-Christian]] tropes common in black metal lyrics and culture, rather than under the influence of far right political organisations.<ref name=Teitelbaum>{{cite web \| last=Teitelbaum \| title= The Study of Far-Right Music \| website=Music Research Annual \| date=2022-05-27 \| url=https://musicresearchannual.org/teitelbaum-the-study-of-far-right-music/?amp \| ref={{sfnref\|Music Research Annual\|2022}} \| access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> [[Heathenry]] has played a part in this subculture.<ref name="u966">{{cite web \| title=Black Metal Spreads Neo-Nazi Hate Message \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-22 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/black-metal-spreads-neo-nazi-hate-message/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref><ref name="z750">{{cite \| last=Alessio \| first=Dominic \| title=The Musical Is Political: Black Metal and the Extreme Right \| date=2021-08-10 \| url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/dominic-alessio-robert-wallis-black-metal-extreme-right-music-scene-news-41994/ \| language=en-US \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref><ref name="w819">{{cite book \| last1=Alessio \| first1=Dominic \| last2=Wallis \| first2=Robert J. \| title=Faith, folk and the far right: Racist and anti-racist Heathenry and occultism in Britain \| publisher=Manchester University Press \| date=2025-06-17 \| isbn=978-1-5261-7948-7 \| doi=10.7765/9781526179487 \| url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526179487/9781526179487.xml \| access-date=2026-09-29 \| page=}}</ref>

	===Siege Culture and accelerationism===		===Siege Culture and accelerationism===

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:45, 29 September 2026
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{div col\|colwidth=22em}}~~
	*[[Far-right politics]]		*[[Far-right politics]]
	*[[Far-right social centres]]		*[[Far-right social centres]]
Line 58:		Line 57:
	*[[Nazi chic]]		*[[Nazi chic]]
	*[[Skinhead]]s		*[[Skinhead]]s
	*[[White power music]]		*[[White power music]]
	~~{{div col end}}~~

	==References==		==References==

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:25, 29 September 2026
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	~~{{Short description\| Far right groups and organisations}}<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. -->~~
	~~{{Article for deletion/dated\|page=Far-right subcultures\|timestamp=20260924214539\|year=2026\|month=September\|day=24\|substed=yes\|help=off}}~~
	~~<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi\|page=Far-right subcultures\|date=24 September 2026\|result='''keep'''}} -->~~
	~~<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->~~
	~~{{Multiple issues\|~~
	~~{{Lead too short\|date=May 2026}}{{Unfocused\|date=September 2026}}~~
	~~{{Original research\|date=September 2026}}~~
	}}
	~~{{Far-right politics sidebar\|Topics}}~~
	'''Far-right subcultures''' refers to the symbolism, ideology and traits that hold relevance to various politically [[Far-right politics\|extreme right-wing]] groups and organisations.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Patyi\|first1=Peter\|last2=Levická\|first2=Jana\|title=Attractiveness of Right Wing Oriented Movements and Subcultures in Modern Society of the Slovak Republic\|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences\|date=August 2014\|volume=143\|pages=832–837\|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.485\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web\|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis\|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de\|language=de\|access-date=2019-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110046/http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen%26gws_rd%3Dcr%26ei%3DCCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|archive-date=2017-02-21\|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{verification failed\|reason= source cited says nothing like this\|date=September 2026}}		'''Far-right subcultures''' refers to the symbolism, ideology and traits that hold relevance to various politically [[Far-right politics\|extreme right-wing]] groups and organisations.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Patyi\|first1=Peter\|last2=Levická\|first2=Jana\|title=Attractiveness of Right Wing Oriented Movements and Subcultures in Modern Society of the Slovak Republic\|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences\|date=August 2014\|volume=143\|pages=832–837\|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.485\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web\|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis\|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de\|language=de\|access-date=2019-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110046/http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen%26gws_rd%3Dcr%26ei%3DCCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL\|archive-date=2017-02-21\|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{verification failed\|reason= source cited says nothing like this\|date=September 2026}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:39, 29 September 2026
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	“Emerging from the skinhead youth subculture in Britain at the end of the 1970s, and spreading to the continent and across the Atlantic in the following decade,” the [[white power music]] scene “served as accompaniment to a rising tide of racist and anti-immigrant violence in Germany, and become a focus of recruiting for the radical right world-wide.”<ref name="g998">{{cite journal \| last=Brown \| first=T. S. \| title=Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany \| journal=Journal of Social History \| volume=38 \| issue=1 \| date=2004-09-01 \| issn=0022-4529 \| doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| pages=157–178 \| url=https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>		“Emerging from the skinhead youth subculture in Britain at the end of the 1970s, and spreading to the continent and across the Atlantic in the following decade,” the [[white power music]] scene “served as accompaniment to a rising tide of racist and anti-immigrant violence in Germany, and become a focus of recruiting for the radical right world-wide.”<ref name="g998">{{cite journal \| last=Brown \| first=T. S. \| title=Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany \| journal=Journal of Social History \| volume=38 \| issue=1 \| date=2004-09-01 \| issn=0022-4529 \| doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| pages=157–178 \| url=https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 \| access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>

	Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]]. According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>		Over time, the White power music subculture has produced a number of music genres including [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) and National Socialist Black Metal (NSBM). There are several white power concert networks (such as [[Blood and Honour]] and [[Hammerskins]]) and [[music festivals]], most notably the Ukrainian [[Asgardsrei festival]].<ref name="n114"/><ref name="a570">{{cite web \| title=Neo-Nazi Music Festivals Are Funding Violent Extremism in Europe \| publisher=VICE \| date=2021-09-20 \| url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/neo-nazi-music-festivals-are-funding-violent-extremism-in-europe/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> According to one study, “The excitement of being part of a subculture community contesting the mainstream norms might indeed contribute to attracting individuals, particularly youth in quest of significance and belonging, by providing them with a new sense of identity and affiliation.”<ref name="n114">{{cite web \| last1=Demuynck \| first1=Méryl \| last2=Cresson \| first2=Pierre \| title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France \| website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT \| date=2024-07-02 \| url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref>

	In the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref> The music genres became integral to an increasingly international and violent scene in the late 1990s, leading to the [[SPLC]] to conclude “What was once a subculture of angry young racists is more and more the province of organized criminals.”<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen/>		In the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene.<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal \| last1=Larsen \| first1=Jeppe Fuglsang \| last2=Jensen \| first2=Sune Qvotrup \| title=The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions \| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism \| publisher=Routledge \| volume=48 \| issue=10 \| date=2025-10-03 \| issn=1057-610X \| doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458 \| pages=1079–1099}}</ref> The music genres became integral to an increasingly international and violent scene in the late 1990s, leading to the [[SPLC]] to conclude “What was once a subculture of angry young racists is more and more the province of organized criminals.”<ref name="a169">{{cite web \| title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right \| website=Southern Poverty Law Center \| date=2025-10-24 \| url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ \| access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.<ref name=Larsen/>