Archive:Russian Revolution - Revision history

wikademia>Wikademia: moved Russian Revolution to Archive:Russian Revolution

2009-06-07T14:50:14Z

moved Russian Revolution to Archive:Russian Revolution

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:50, 7 June 2009
(No difference)

160.253.0.7: /* Origins */

2006-12-12T20:58:47Z

Origins

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:58, 12 December 2006
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	==== Origins ====		==== Origins ====
	~~[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Coat of arms]] of [[Nikita Romanovich]].]]~~
	The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one [[Andrei Kobyla]], attested as a [[boyar]] in the service of [[Simeon of Russia\|Semyon I of Moscow]]. Later generations assigned to Kobyla the most illustrious [[pedigree]]s. At first it was claimed that he came to [[Moscow]] from [[Prussia]] in [[1341]], where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from [[Julius Caesar]] was published.		The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one [[Andrei Kobyla]], attested as a [[boyar]] in the service of [[Simeon of Russia\|Semyon I of Moscow]]. Later generations assigned to Kobyla the most illustrious [[pedigree]]s. At first it was claimed that he came to [[Moscow]] from [[Prussia]] in [[1341]], where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from [[Julius Caesar]] was published.[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Coat of arms]] of [[Nikita Romanovich]].]]

	It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla [[Russian language\|Russian]] for ''mare'', but his relatives were also nicknamed after [[horse]]s and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the [[Konyushy\|royal equerries]]. One of Kobyla's sons, [[Fyodor Koshka\|Fyodor]], a boyar in the [[Duma\|boyar duma]] of [[Dmitri Donskoi]], was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible]], the former family became known as Yakovlev ([[Alexander Herzen]] being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov.		It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla [[Russian language\|Russian]] for ''mare'', but his relatives were also nicknamed after [[horse]]s and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the [[Konyushy\|royal equerries]]. One of Kobyla's sons, [[Fyodor Koshka\|Fyodor]], a boyar in the [[Duma\|boyar duma]] of [[Dmitri Donskoi]], was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible]], the former family became known as Yakovlev ([[Alexander Herzen]] being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov.

160.253.0.7 at 20:57, 12 December 2006

2006-12-12T20:57:30Z

160.253.0.7: /* Freeing the Serfs */

2006-12-12T20:55:56Z

Freeing the Serfs

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 ===Freeing the Serfs===
-When Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs, many historians would argue that this action actually hurt Russia more than it helped the serfs. Czar Nicholas I in agreement with the land owners stipulated that the serfs would have to repay the government the amount for the land so that the Government could pay  back the landowners. The government originally had it such that the ‘loans’ would be for ten years but they ended the program around the fifth year.
+==== Pre-reform Russia ====
 ==Week 3==

160.253.0.7 at 20:48, 12 December 2006

2006-12-12T20:48:20Z

Show changes

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* Week 2 */

2006-12-12T02:49:13Z

Week 2

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:49, 12 December 2006
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	==Week 2==		==Week 2==
	===The Romanov Family===		===The Romanov Family===
	The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов, [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|pronounced]] {{IPA\|[rʌˈmanəf]}}) was the second and last [[royal\|imperial]] [[dynasty]] of [[Russia]], which ruled [[Muscovy]] and the [[Russian Empire]] for five generations from [[1613]] to [[1762]]. From 1762 to [[1917]] Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of [[Holstein-Gottorp]], which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as '''Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.''' <!-- The like situation may be observed with the House of Habsburg, which has become extinct in the mid-18th century and is now represented by a line of the House or Lorraine which inherited the Austrian crown with the Habsburg monicker. --> ~~[[Image:Romanov Flag.svg\|thumb\|300px\|Flag of the Romanov dynasty.]]~~		[[Image:Romanov Flag.svg\|thumb\|300px\|Flag of the Romanov dynasty.]] The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов, [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|pronounced]] {{IPA\|[rʌˈmanəf]}}) was the second and last [[royal\|imperial]] [[dynasty]] of [[Russia]], which ruled [[Muscovy]] and the [[Russian Empire]] for five generations from [[1613]] to [[1762]]. From 1762 to [[1917]] Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of [[Holstein-Gottorp]], which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as '''Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.''' <!-- The like situation may be observed with the House of Habsburg, which has become extinct in the mid-18th century and is now represented by a line of the House or Lorraine which inherited the Austrian crown with the Habsburg monicker. -->

	The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed		The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* Week 2 */

2006-12-12T02:48:42Z

Week 2

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:48, 12 December 2006
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	==Week 2==		==Week 2==
	===The Romanov Family===		===The Romanov Family===
	[[Image:~~Romanovs coa~~.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|~~right~~]]		The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов, [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|pronounced]] {{IPA\|[rʌˈmanəf]}}) was the second and last [[royal\|imperial]] [[dynasty]] of [[Russia]], which ruled [[Muscovy]] and the [[Russian Empire]] for five generations from [[1613]] to [[1762]]. From 1762 to [[1917]] Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of [[Holstein-Gottorp]], which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as '''Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.''' <!-- The like situation may be observed with the House of Habsburg, which has become extinct in the mid-18th century and is now represented by a line of the House or Lorraine which inherited the Austrian crown with the Habsburg monicker. --> [[Image:Romanov Flag.svg\|thumb\|300px\|Flag of the Romanov dynasty.]]

	The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed		The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* Week 2 */

2006-12-12T02:46:59Z

Week 2

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:46, 12 December 2006
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	==Week 2==		==Week 2==
	===The Romanov Family===		===The Romanov Family===
	[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right~~\|[[Coat of arms]]~~]]		[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right]]
	The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed		The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed

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	===Freeing the Serfs===		===Freeing the Serfs===
	When Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs, many historians would argue that this action actually hurt Russia more than it helped the serfs. Czar Nicholas I in agreement with the land owners stipulated that the serfs would have to repay the government the amount for the land so that the Government could pay back the landowners. The government originally had it such that the ‘loans’ would be for ten years but they ended the program around the fifth year.		When Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs, many historians would argue that this action actually hurt Russia more than it helped the serfs. Czar Nicholas I in agreement with the land owners stipulated that the serfs would have to repay the government the amount for the land so that the Government could pay back the landowners. The government originally had it such that the ‘loans’ would be for ten years but they ended the program around the fifth year.

	==Week 3==		==Week 3==
	===1905 Revolution===		===1905 Revolution===

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* The Romanov Family */

2006-12-12T02:44:42Z

The Romanov Family

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:44, 12 December 2006
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	==Week 2==		==Week 2==
	===The Romanov Family===		===The Romanov Family===
	[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Coat of arms]]		[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Coat of arms]]]]
	The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed		The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro at 02:44, 12 December 2006

2006-12-12T02:44:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:44, 12 December 2006
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	==Week 2==		==Week 2==
	===The Romanov Family===		===The Romanov Family===
			[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Coat of arms]]
	The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed		The Romanov family took over Russia in 1613 led by Mikhail Romanov. The actual family linage goes all the way back to Andrei Kobyla, a Boyar; the family rose to power when Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina married Ivan IV of Muscovy, better known as "Ivan the Terriable". When Ivan IV took the title of Czar, Anastasia became the first Tzarista. They were a happy couple until Anastasia suddenly and mysterously died which changed

			[[Image:Kostromatsar.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|''A crowd at the Hypatian Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar''.]]

	===Czarist Rule in Russia===		===Czarist Rule in Russia===

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:57, 12 December 2006
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	The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов, [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|pronounced]] {{IPA\|[rʌˈmanəf]}}) was the second and last [[royal\|imperial]] [[dynasty]] of [[Russia]], which ruled [[Muscovy]] and the [[Russian Empire]] for five generations from [[1613]] to [[1762]]. From 1762 to [[1917]] Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of [[Holstein-Gottorp]], which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as '''Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.''' <!-- The like situation may be observed with the House of Habsburg, which has become extinct in the mid-18th century and is now represented by a line of the House or Lorraine which inherited the Austrian crown with the Habsburg monicker. --> [[Image:Romanov Flag.svg\|thumb\|300px\|Flag of the Romanov dynasty.]]		The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов, [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|pronounced]] {{IPA\|[rʌˈmanəf]}}) was the second and last [[royal\|imperial]] [[dynasty]] of [[Russia]], which ruled [[Muscovy]] and the [[Russian Empire]] for five generations from [[1613]] to [[1762]]. From 1762 to [[1917]] Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of [[Holstein-Gottorp]], which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as '''Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.''' <!-- The like situation may be observed with the House of Habsburg, which has become extinct in the mid-18th century and is now represented by a line of the House or Lorraine which inherited the Austrian crown with the Habsburg monicker. --> [[Image:Romanov Flag.svg\|thumb\|300px\|Flag of the Romanov dynasty.]]

	== Origins ==		==== Origins ====
	[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Coat of arms]] of [[Nikita Romanovich]].]]		[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Coat of arms]] of [[Nikita Romanovich]].]]
	The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one [[Andrei Kobyla]], attested as a [[boyar]] in the service of [[Simeon of Russia\|Semyon I of Moscow]]. Later generations assigned to Kobyla the most illustrious [[pedigree]]s. At first it was claimed that he came to [[Moscow]] from [[Prussia]] in [[1341]], where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from [[Julius Caesar]] was published.		The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one [[Andrei Kobyla]], attested as a [[boyar]] in the service of [[Simeon of Russia\|Semyon I of Moscow]]. Later generations assigned to Kobyla the most illustrious [[pedigree]]s. At first it was claimed that he came to [[Moscow]] from [[Prussia]] in [[1341]], where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from [[Julius Caesar]] was published.
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	It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla [[Russian language\|Russian]] for ''mare'', but his relatives were also nicknamed after [[horse]]s and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the [[Konyushy\|royal equerries]]. One of Kobyla's sons, [[Fyodor Koshka\|Fyodor]], a boyar in the [[Duma\|boyar duma]] of [[Dmitri Donskoi]], was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible]], the former family became known as Yakovlev ([[Alexander Herzen]] being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov.		It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla [[Russian language\|Russian]] for ''mare'', but his relatives were also nicknamed after [[horse]]s and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the [[Konyushy\|royal equerries]]. One of Kobyla's sons, [[Fyodor Koshka\|Fyodor]], a boyar in the [[Duma\|boyar duma]] of [[Dmitri Donskoi]], was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible]], the former family became known as Yakovlev ([[Alexander Herzen]] being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov.

	== Rise to power ==		==== Rise to power ====
	[[Image:Kostromatsar.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|''A crowd at the Hypatian Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar''.]]		[[Image:Kostromatsar.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|''A crowd at the Hypatian Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar''.]]
	The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, [[Anastacia of Russia\|Anastasia Zakharyina]], married the young [[Ivan IV of Russia\|Ivan IV of Muscovy]] in February 1547. When her husband assumed the title of [[tsar]], she was crowned the very first [[tsaritsa]]. Their marriage was an exceedingly happy one, but her untimely and mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, the tsar started [[Oprichnina\|the reign of terror]] against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger [[Feodor I of Russia\|Fyodor]], a pious and lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death.		The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, [[Anastacia of Russia\|Anastasia Zakharyina]], married the young [[Ivan IV of Russia\|Ivan IV of Muscovy]] in February 1547. When her husband assumed the title of [[tsar]], she was crowned the very first [[tsaritsa]]. Their marriage was an exceedingly happy one, but her untimely and mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, the tsar started [[Oprichnina\|the reign of terror]] against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger [[Feodor I of Russia\|Fyodor]], a pious and lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death.
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	On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son [[Mikhail I of Russia\|Mikhail Romanov]], then living at the [[Ipatiev Monastery]] of [[Kostroma]], burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother [[Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova]], who blessed him with the holy image of ''[[Our Lady of St. Theodore]]''. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to stress his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the Assembly of the Land on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally loved by the population as in-laws of [[Ivan the Terrible]] and innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.		On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son [[Mikhail I of Russia\|Mikhail Romanov]], then living at the [[Ipatiev Monastery]] of [[Kostroma]], burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother [[Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova]], who blessed him with the holy image of ''[[Our Lady of St. Theodore]]''. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to stress his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the Assembly of the Land on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally loved by the population as in-laws of [[Ivan the Terrible]] and innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.

	==The era of dynastic crises==		====The era of dynastic crises====

	Mikhail was succeeded by his only son [[Aleksey I of Russia\|Alexei]], who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon his death, there was a period of dynastic struggles between his children by his first wife ([[Feodor III of Russia\|Feodor III]], [[Sofia of Russia\|Sofia Alexeevna]], [[Ivan V of Russia\|Ivan V]]) and his son by his second wife, [[Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina]], the future [[Peter I of Russia\|Peter the Great]]. New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter, who had his only son [[Alexius Petrovich\|Alexei]] executed and never named another heir. The Romanov male line actually expired in 1730, with the death of [[Peter II of Russia\|Peter II]] on the very day of his projected wedding. The last female Romanovs were his aunts, Empresses [[Anna I of Russia\|Anna Ioannovna]] (1693-1740) and [[Elizabeth of Russia\|Elizabeth Petrovna]] (1709-1762), who reigned successively for most of the period from 1730 to 1762.		Mikhail was succeeded by his only son [[Aleksey I of Russia\|Alexei]], who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon his death, there was a period of dynastic struggles between his children by his first wife ([[Feodor III of Russia\|Feodor III]], [[Sofia of Russia\|Sofia Alexeevna]], [[Ivan V of Russia\|Ivan V]]) and his son by his second wife, [[Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina]], the future [[Peter I of Russia\|Peter the Great]]. New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter, who had his only son [[Alexius Petrovich\|Alexei]] executed and never named another heir. The Romanov male line actually expired in 1730, with the death of [[Peter II of Russia\|Peter II]] on the very day of his projected wedding. The last female Romanovs were his aunts, Empresses [[Anna I of Russia\|Anna Ioannovna]] (1693-1740) and [[Elizabeth of Russia\|Elizabeth Petrovna]] (1709-1762), who reigned successively for most of the period from 1730 to 1762.
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	[[Image:Greatimperialcrown.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|left\|[[Imperial Crown of Russia]].]]		[[Image:Greatimperialcrown.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|left\|[[Imperial Crown of Russia]].]]

	==The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty==		====The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty====
	The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia, however, kept the surname Romanov and sought to emphasise their female-line descent from [[Peter I of Russia\|Peter the Great]]. [[Paul I of Russia\|Paul I]] was particularly proud to be great-grandson of the illustrious Russian monarch, although his German-born mother, [[Catherine II of Russia\|Catherine II]] (of the House of [[Anhalt-Zerbst]]), insinuated in her memoirs that Paul's real father had been her lover [[Serge Saltykov]]. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul established the [[house law]] of the Romanovs, one of the strictest in Europe, basing the succession to [[agnatic primogeniture]], as well as requiring [[Eastern Orthodox Church\|Orthodox faith]] from the monarch and dynasts, as well as from the consort of emperor and from those of first heirs in line. Later, Alexander I, facing prospect of a [[Morganatic marriage\|morganatic]] alliance of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of Russian dynasts had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or [[sovereignty \| sovereign]] house). Otherwise their children forfeited all rights to the throne.		The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia, however, kept the surname Romanov and sought to emphasise their female-line descent from [[Peter I of Russia\|Peter the Great]]. [[Paul I of Russia\|Paul I]] was particularly proud to be great-grandson of the illustrious Russian monarch, although his German-born mother, [[Catherine II of Russia\|Catherine II]] (of the House of [[Anhalt-Zerbst]]), insinuated in her memoirs that Paul's real father had been her lover [[Serge Saltykov]]. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul established the [[house law]] of the Romanovs, one of the strictest in Europe, basing the succession to [[agnatic primogeniture]], as well as requiring [[Eastern Orthodox Church\|Orthodox faith]] from the monarch and dynasts, as well as from the consort of emperor and from those of first heirs in line. Later, Alexander I, facing prospect of a [[Morganatic marriage\|morganatic]] alliance of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of Russian dynasts had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or [[sovereignty \| sovereign]] house). Otherwise their children forfeited all rights to the throne.

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	[[Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia\|Constantine Pavlovich]] and [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia\|Michael Alexandrovich]], although sometimes counted among Russian monarchs, were not crowned and never reigned. They both married morganatically, as did Alexander II with his second wife. Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: [[Paul of Russia\|Paul]] (1796-1801), [[Alexander I of Russia\|Alexander I]] (1801-1826), [[Nicholas I of Russia\|Nicholas I]] (1826-56), [[Alexander II of Russia\|Alexander II]] (1856-81), [[Alexander III of Russia\|Alexander III]] (1881-94), and [[Nicholas II of Russia\|Nicholas II]] (1894-1917).		[[Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia\|Constantine Pavlovich]] and [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia\|Michael Alexandrovich]], although sometimes counted among Russian monarchs, were not crowned and never reigned. They both married morganatically, as did Alexander II with his second wife. Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: [[Paul of Russia\|Paul]] (1796-1801), [[Alexander I of Russia\|Alexander I]] (1801-1826), [[Nicholas I of Russia\|Nicholas I]] (1826-56), [[Alexander II of Russia\|Alexander II]] (1856-81), [[Alexander III of Russia\|Alexander III]] (1881-94), and [[Nicholas II of Russia\|Nicholas II]] (1894-1917).

	==Downfall==		====Downfall====
	[[Image:ChurchOn Blood.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|[[Yekaterinburg]]'s "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were executed.]]		[[Image:ChurchOn Blood.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|[[Yekaterinburg]]'s "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were executed.]]
	All these emperors (except Alexander III) had German-born consorts, a circumstance that cost the Romanovs their popularity during [[World War I]]. Nicholas's wife [[Alexandra of Hesse\|Alexandra Fyodorovna]], although devoutly [[Russian Orthodox Church\|Orthodox]], was particularly hated by the populace.		All these emperors (except Alexander III) had German-born consorts, a circumstance that cost the Romanovs their popularity during [[World War I]]. Nicholas's wife [[Alexandra of Hesse\|Alexandra Fyodorovna]], although devoutly [[Russian Orthodox Church\|Orthodox]], was particularly hated by the populace.
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	In September 2006, Empress Marie Fedorovna, the consort of Alexander III, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral beside her husband. Having fled Russia at the time of the Revolution, she had spent her remaining years in exile in her native Denmark, where she was initially buried in Roskilde Cathedral. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate set of ceremonies, including at St. Isaac's officiated by the Patriarch. For monarchists, the reburial of the Empress in the former imperial capital so many years after her death further underscored the downfall of the dynasty.		In September 2006, Empress Marie Fedorovna, the consort of Alexander III, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral beside her husband. Having fled Russia at the time of the Revolution, she had spent her remaining years in exile in her native Denmark, where she was initially buried in Roskilde Cathedral. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate set of ceremonies, including at St. Isaac's officiated by the Patriarch. For monarchists, the reburial of the Empress in the former imperial capital so many years after her death further underscored the downfall of the dynasty.

	==Contemporary Romanovs==		====Contemporary Romanovs====
	[[Image:Moscow Kremlin Egg.jpg\|thumb\|One of the imperial [[Fabergé egg]]s presented by Nicholas II to his wife.]]		[[Image:Moscow Kremlin Egg.jpg\|thumb\|One of the imperial [[Fabergé egg]]s presented by Nicholas II to his wife.]]
	The Romanov family continues to exist today. [[Grand Duchess]] [[Maria Vladimirovna of Russia]] is seen by many to have the strongest claim to the Russian throne. However, despite the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)\|collapse of the Soviet Union]] and campaigns by her supporters for recognition as the [[Constitutional monarchy\|constitutional monarch]], it seems unlikely that she will ever gain the throne. The Russian people have so far evidenced little popular support for the resurrection of a Russian monarchy, even on a constitutional basis.		The Romanov family continues to exist today. [[Grand Duchess]] [[Maria Vladimirovna of Russia]] is seen by many to have the strongest claim to the Russian throne. However, despite the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)\|collapse of the Soviet Union]] and campaigns by her supporters for recognition as the [[Constitutional monarchy\|constitutional monarch]], it seems unlikely that she will ever gain the throne. The Russian people have so far evidenced little popular support for the resurrection of a Russian monarchy, even on a constitutional basis.
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	Maria Vladimirovna's claim to the throne is contested. The biggest objection is the assertion that although her father was a dynast, Maria Vladimirovna is not. They argue that the marriage of her parents, Vladimir Cyrillovich and Leonida Bagration-Mukharsky was not one between equals. The Bagration-Mukharskys were decended from the medieval Kings of Georgia, but since Georgia's incorporation into the Russian empire had been regarded as nobility and not royalty in Russia, Maria and her defenders argue that the Bagration-Mukarskys were indeed royal, and that the marriage was between equals, and thus Maria is a dynast. One of her critics is the [[Romanov Family Association]] which claims as members all male-line descendants of Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia]]. It is unclear how many of the claimed members actually participate in the association's activities. Maria and her late father clearly did not participate but were nevertheless listed as members. Prince [[Nicholas Romanov]] (who styles himself ''His Highness, Prince Nicholas Romanovich, Prince of Russia'') is the president of the association. It is sometimes alleged that Prince Nicholas is the senior genealogical male-line descendant of Nicholas I, but it is difficult to see the basis for this claim since there are living male-line descendants of Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]]. Prince Nicholas is descended from one of Alexander II's younger brothers.		Maria Vladimirovna's claim to the throne is contested. The biggest objection is the assertion that although her father was a dynast, Maria Vladimirovna is not. They argue that the marriage of her parents, Vladimir Cyrillovich and Leonida Bagration-Mukharsky was not one between equals. The Bagration-Mukharskys were decended from the medieval Kings of Georgia, but since Georgia's incorporation into the Russian empire had been regarded as nobility and not royalty in Russia, Maria and her defenders argue that the Bagration-Mukarskys were indeed royal, and that the marriage was between equals, and thus Maria is a dynast. One of her critics is the [[Romanov Family Association]] which claims as members all male-line descendants of Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia]]. It is unclear how many of the claimed members actually participate in the association's activities. Maria and her late father clearly did not participate but were nevertheless listed as members. Prince [[Nicholas Romanov]] (who styles himself ''His Highness, Prince Nicholas Romanovich, Prince of Russia'') is the president of the association. It is sometimes alleged that Prince Nicholas is the senior genealogical male-line descendant of Nicholas I, but it is difficult to see the basis for this claim since there are living male-line descendants of Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]]. Prince Nicholas is descended from one of Alexander II's younger brothers.