wikademia>Wikademia: moved Russian Revolution/Week 2 to Archive:Russian Revolution/Week 2

2009-06-07T14:50:15Z

moved Russian Revolution/Week 2 to Archive:Russian Revolution/Week 2

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wikademia>Wikademia: 6 revisions

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wikademia>Gabriel Spiro at 02:33, 3 June 2007

2007-06-03T02:33:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:33, 3 June 2007
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	==Questions==		==Questions==
	[[Russian Revolution/Questions#Week 2\|Week 2 Questions]]		[[Russian Revolution/Questions#Week 2\|Week 2 Questions]]
	[[Category:~~History~~]]		[[Category:Russian Revolution]]

	==Next week's materials==		==Next week's materials==
	[[Russian_Revolution/Week 3\|Week 3]]		[[Russian_Revolution/Week 3\|Week 3]]

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* Questions */

2007-04-13T14:15:23Z

Questions

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			==Next week's materials==
			[[Russian_Revolution/Week 3\|Week 3]]

wikademia>JWSchmidt: Category:History

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Category:History

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	==Questions==		==Questions==
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			[[Category:History]]

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* Questions */

2006-12-19T01:16:14Z

Questions

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	==Questions==		==Questions==
	[[Russian Revolution/Questions#Week 2]]		[[Russian Revolution/Questions#Week 2\|Week 2 Questions]]

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* The Romanov Family */

2006-12-19T01:06:37Z

The Romanov Family

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	===Czarist Rule in Russia===		===Czarist Rule in Russia===
	To understand why Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs from serfdom, we must look at Russia in the mid-18th century.		To understand why Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs from serfdom, we must look at Russia in the mid-18th century.

			==Questions==
			[[Russian Revolution/Questions#Week 2]]

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: New page: =Week 2= ==The Romanov Family== ===Introduction=== The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов), was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled [[Muscov...

2006-12-14T23:29:15Z

New page: =Week 2= ==The Romanov Family== ===Introduction=== The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов), was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled [[Muscov...

New page

=Week 2=
==The Romanov Family==
===Introduction===
The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов), was the second and last [[royal|imperial]] [[dynasty]] of [[Russia]], which ruled [[Muscovy]] and the [[Russian Empire]] for five generations from [[1613]] to [[1762]]. From 1762 to [[1917]] Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a [[Romanov]] grand duchess to the Duke of [[Holstein-Gottorp]], which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as '''Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.'''  [[Image:Romanov Flag.svg|thumb|300px|Flag of the Romanov dynasty.]]

==== Origins ====
The Romanov’s earliest common ancestor is [[Andrei Kobyla]], attested as a [[boyar]] in the service of [[Simeon of Russia|Semyon I of Moscow]]. Later generations would be assigned to Kobyla, the most illustrious [[pedigree]]s. At first it was claimed that he came to [[Moscow]] from [[Prussia]] in [[1341]], where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from [[Julius Caesar]] was published, but has since been rejected and disproved.[[Image:Romanovs coa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Coat of arms]] of [[Nikita Romanovich]].]]

It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla [[Russian language|Russian]] for ''mare'', but his relatives were also nicknamed after [[horse]]s and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the [[Konyushy|royal equerries]]. One of Kobyla's sons, [[Fyodor Koshka|Fyodor]], a boyar in the [[Duma|boyar duma]] of [[Dmitri Donskoi]], was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible]], the former family became known as Yakovlev ([[Alexander Herzen]] being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov.

==== Rise to power ====
The Romanovs came to power when [[Anastacia of Russia|Anastasia Zakharyina]] married the young [[Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan IV of Muscovy]] in February 1547. After her husband assumed the title of [[tsar]], she was crowned the very first [[tsaritsa]]. Their marriage was a happy one, but her untimely and mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, the tsar started [[Oprichnina|the reign of terror]] against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger [[Feodor I of Russia|Fyodor]], a pious and lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death.

Throughout Fyodor's reign, the Russian government was contested between his brother-in-law and his Romanov cousins. Upon the death of childless Fyodor, the 700-year-old line of Moscow [[Rurik Dynasty|Rurikids]] came to an end. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs and was elected new tsar. The Romanovs' fortunes again changed drastically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in 1606. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov was raised him to the dignity of [[patriarch]]. Upon expulsion of [[Poles]] from [[Moscow]] in 1612, the [[Zemsky Sobor|Assembly of the Land]] offered the Russian crown to several [[Rurikid]] and [[Gediminid]] princes, but all of them declined the honour of it.

On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son [[Mikhail I of Russia|Mikhail Romanov]], then living at the [[Ipatiev Monastery]] of [[Kostroma]], burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother [[Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova]], who blessed him with the holy image of ''[[Our Lady of St. Theodore]]''. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to stress his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the Assembly of the Land on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally loved by the population as in-laws of [[Ivan the Terrible]] and innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.

====The era of dynastic crises====

Mikhail was succeeded by his only son [[Aleksey I of Russia|Alexei]], who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon his death, there was a period of dynastic struggles between his children by his first wife ([[Feodor III of Russia|Feodor III]], [[Sofia of Russia|Sofia Alexeevna]], [[Ivan V of Russia|Ivan V]]) and his son by his second wife, [[Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina]], the future [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]]. New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter, who had his only son [[Alexius Petrovich|Alexei]] executed and never named another heir. The Romanov male line actually expired in 1730, with the death of [[Peter II of Russia|Peter II]] on the very day of his projected wedding. The last female Romanovs were his aunts, Empresses [[Anna I of Russia|Anna Ioannovna]] (1693-1740) and [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth Petrovna]] (1709-1762), who reigned successively for most of the period from 1730 to 1762.

As neither Anna nor Elizabeth produced a male heir, the succession could devolve either on a [[Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick]] grand-nephew of Anna ([[Ivan VI of Russia]]) or on a [[Holstein]] nephew of Elizabeth ([[Peter III of Russia|Duke Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp]]), who was also an heir presumptive to the thrones of [[Sweden]]. Elizabeth naturally favoured her own nephew, although he was of petulant character. With the accession of Karl Peter Ulrich as Emperor Peter III in [[1762]] the new reigning dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp, or Oldenburg-Romanov, began.
[[Image:Greatimperialcrown.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Imperial Crown of Russia]].]]

====The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty====
The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia, however, kept the surname Romanov and sought to emphasise their female-line descent from [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]]. [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] was particularly proud to be great-grandson of the illustrious Russian monarch, although his German-born mother, [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] (of the House of [[Anhalt-Zerbst]]), insinuated in her memoirs that Paul's real father had been her lover [[Serge Saltykov]]. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul established the [[house law]] of the Romanovs, one of the strictest in Europe, basing the succession to [[agnatic primogeniture]], as well as requiring [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox faith]] from the monarch and dynasts, as well as from the consort of emperor and from those of first heirs in line. Later, Alexander I, facing prospect of a [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]] alliance of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of Russian dynasts had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or [[sovereignty | sovereign]] house). Otherwise their children forfeited all rights to the throne.

Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg and Alexander I succeeded him on the throne. He later died without having left a male heir so Nicholas I, a brother of the latter monarch, was surprised to find himself on the throne. His era, like the one of Paul I, was marked by enormous attention to the army. Nonetheless, Russia lost the [[Crimean War]], although it had some brilliant admirals on its side, including [[Pavel Nakhimov]]. Nicholas I fathered four sons, all of whom, he thought, could one day face the challenge of ruling Russia. Trying to prepare all the boys for the future, he provided an excellent education, especially a military one, for all of them.

Alexander II became the next Russian emperor. Alexander was an educated, intelligent man, who held that his task was to keep peace in Europe and Russia. However, he believed only a country with a strong army could keep the peace. By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much support (Finns still dearly remember him). His family life was not so happy- his beloved wife [[Maria Alexandrovna]] had serious problems with her lungs, which led to her death and to the dissolution of the close-knit family. On [[March 13]], [[1881]], Alexander was killed after returning from a military parade. His carriage was struck by a hand-made bomb, luckily sparing the Tsar's life. However, he exited the carriage to examine what had happened, and was struck by a second bomb, this time resulting in his death. His assassin [[Ignacy Hryniewiecki]] was also mortally wounded. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and [[Panslavist]] ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, drawing the dynasty to look like more Russian. Yet tighter commitment to orthodox faith was required of Romanovs. Several marriages were contracted with princesses from other Slavic monarchies and other orthodox kingdoms, and even a couple of cadet-line princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen - when until 1850s, practically all marriages have been with German princelings.

Alexander II was succeeded by his son [[Alexander III of Russia]]. A gigantic and imposing, if somewhat dull man, with great stamina, great lethargy and poor manners, Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia. Many of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed. Alexander, at his [[Nicholas Alexandrovich|brother]]'s death, not only inherited heirship of the throne, but a betrothed - Scandinavian princess Dagmar ([[Maria Fyodorovna of Denmark]]). Despite contrasting natures and size, the pair got on famously, and produced six children.

The eldest, Nicholas, became Tsar upon his father's sudden death (due to kidney disease) at age 49. Unready to inherit the throne, Nicholas himself said, "I am not ready, I do not want it. I am not a Tsar." Though an intelligent and kind-hearted man, lacking any preparation to rule, he continued his father's harsh polices. His Tsarina, the emotionally fragile German princess [[Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse]], was also a liability. While the Tsar bustled about on the front lines during [[World War I]], the stubborn, traditionalist Tsarina held sway in court and in government.

[[Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia|Constantine Pavlovich]] and [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Michael Alexandrovich]], although sometimes counted among Russian monarchs, were not crowned and never reigned. They both married morganatically, as did Alexander II with his second wife. Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: [[Paul of Russia|Paul]] (1796-1801), [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] (1801-1826), [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] (1826-56), [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] (1856-81), [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] (1881-94), and [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] (1894-1917).

====Downfall====
[[Image:ChurchOn Blood.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Yekaterinburg]]'s "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were executed.]]
All these emperors (except Alexander III) had German-born consorts, a circumstance that cost the Romanovs their popularity during [[World War I]]. Nicholas's wife [[Alexandra of Hesse|Alexandra Fyodorovna]], although devoutly [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], was particularly hated by the populace.

Alexandra Fyodorovna brought to the Romanov family a mutated [[gene]] of her grandmother, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], which was responsible for her son's (the long-awaited heir to the throne, [[Tsarevich Alexei of Russia|Alexei]]) [[hemophilia]]. Nicholas and Alexandra had 4 daughters ([[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Olga]], [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Tatiana]], [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia|Maria]], and [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia]]).

When the Romanov family celebrated the tercentenary of its rule, in [[1913]], the solemnities were clouded by numerous bad [[omens]]. ''[[Our Lady of St. Theodore]]'', a patron icon of the family, blackened so badly that the image has been hardly visible ever since. [[Grigori Rasputin]] proclaimed that the Romanovs' power wouldn't last for a year after his death, and he was murdered by one of the Romanov Grand Dukes several months before the [[February Revolution]] of [[1917]], which actually dethroned Nicholas II.

[[Bolshevik]] authorities murdered the last Romanov monarch, [[Nicholas II of Russia]], and his immediate family in the cellar of the Ipatiev House in [[Yekaterinburg]], Russia, on [[July 17]], [[1918]] (although some unscholarly accounts suggest only Nicholas had been shot). Ironically, the [[Ipatiev House]] has the same name as the [[Ipatiev Monastery]] in [[Kostroma]], where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian crown in [[1613]]. The spot where the [[Ipatiev House]] once stood has recently been commemorated by a magnificent cathedral "on the blood". After years of controversy, Nikolai II and his family were proclaimed saints by the [[Russian Orthodox church]] in [[2000]].
In 1991, the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, along with three of their five children as well as four of their servants, were exhumed from their graves of over 70 years (although some will always question the authenticity of these bones, despite DNA testing). The fact that two bodies were not present leads many people to believe that two Romanov children escaped the killings. Ever since there has been great debate as to which two children's bodies are missing. A Russian scientist made photographic superimpositions and determined that Maria and Alexei weren't accounted for. Later, an American scientist determined from dental, vertebral, and other remnants that it was Anastasia and Alexei that were missing. A great mystery surrounds Anastasia, and several films have even been made, including a [[1997]] [[Anastasia (1997 film)|full length animated feature]] by [[Twentieth Century Fox]], suggesting that she lived.

After the bodies were exhumed in June, 1991, they sat in laboratories for years while Russians fought over where they should be buried, Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A Russian commission eventually chose St. Petersburg and the last known direct Romanovs (as well as several loyal servants who died with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near to the tombs of their ancestors.

In September 2006, Empress Marie Fedorovna, the consort of Alexander III, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral beside her husband. Having fled Russia at the time of the Revolution, she had spent her remaining years in exile in her native Denmark, where she was initially buried in Roskilde Cathedral. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate set of ceremonies, including at St. Isaac's officiated by the Patriarch. For monarchists, the reburial of the Empress in the former imperial capital so many years after her death further underscored the downfall of the dynasty.

====Contemporary Romanovs====
[[Image:Moscow Kremlin Egg.jpg|thumb|One of the imperial [[Fabergé egg]]s presented by Nicholas II to his wife.]]
The Romanov family continues to exist today. [[Grand Duchess]] [[Maria Vladimirovna of Russia]] is seen by many to have the strongest claim to the Russian throne. However, despite the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|collapse of the Soviet Union]] and campaigns by her supporters for recognition as the [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarch]], it seems unlikely that she will ever gain the throne. The Russian people have so far evidenced little popular support for the resurrection of a Russian monarchy, even on a constitutional basis.

Maria Vladimirovna's father, Vladimir Cyrillovitch, was the last male dynast of the Romanov Family. The basis of which is the contention that all other males descended from Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia]] married in violation of the [[House law|House Laws]] with the result that their offspring did not possess any inheritance rights to the Russian throne. Under the [[Salic law|Semi-Salic]] succession promulgated by Emperor [[Paul I of Russia]], when the last male Romanov dynast died, the succession would pass to his closest female relative with valid succession rights. Contending that he was the last male Romanov dynast, Vladimir Cyrillovitch declared that his daughter would succeed as his closest female relation. A moral objection to Grand Duke Cyrillovich's clain to the throne is that he was the first Romanov to join the Revolution donning a red armband with the Preobrazhnsky guards. Accordingly, when her father died in [[1992]], Maria succeeded as the [[Titular Emperor of Russia|Head of the Imperial Family of Russia]] on the basis of her assertion that she is now the last male-line descendant of any Russian emperor not to be of a [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]] marriage.

Maria Vladimirovna's claim to the throne is contested. The biggest objection is the assertion that although her father was a dynast, Maria Vladimirovna is not. They argue that the marriage of her parents, Vladimir Cyrillovich and Leonida Bagration-Mukharsky was not one between equals. The Bagration-Mukharskys were decended from the medieval Kings of Georgia, but since Georgia's incorporation into the Russian empire had been regarded as nobility and not royalty in Russia, Maria and her defenders argue that the Bagration-Mukarskys were indeed royal, and that the marriage was between equals, and thus Maria is a dynast. One of her critics is the [[Romanov Family Association]] which claims as members all male-line descendants of Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia]]. It is unclear how many of the claimed members actually participate in the association's activities. Maria and her late father clearly did not participate but were nevertheless listed as members. Prince [[Nicholas Romanov]] (who styles himself ''His Highness, Prince Nicholas Romanovich, Prince of Russia'') is the president of the association. It is sometimes alleged that Prince Nicholas is the senior genealogical male-line descendant of Nicholas I, but it is difficult to see the basis for this claim since there are living male-line descendants of Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]]. Prince Nicholas is descended from one of Alexander II's younger brothers.

===Czarist Rule in Russia===
To understand why Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs from serfdom, we must look at Russia in the mid-18th century.

Archive:Russian Revolution/Week 2 - Revision history

wikademia>Wikademia: moved Russian Revolution/Week 2 to Archive:Russian Revolution/Week 2

wikademia>Wikademia: 6 revisions

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro at 02:33, 3 June 2007

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* Questions */

wikademia>JWSchmidt: Category:History

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* Questions */

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: /* The Romanov Family */

wikademia>Gabriel Spiro: New page: =Week 2= ==The Romanov Family== ===Introduction=== The '''House of Romanov''' (Рома́нов), was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled [[Muscov...