Archive:Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States - Revision history

Idea at 18:49, 29 September 2026

2026-09-29T18:49:01Z

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	~~{{Infobox ethnic group~~
	~~\| group = Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States~~
	~~\| region1 = [[Congregation Shearith Israel]]~~
	~~\| pop1 = Unknown~~
	~~\| region2 = [[Congregation Mikveh Israel]]~~
	~~\| pop2 = 200 families~~
	\| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web\| title=Congregation Mikveh Israel Plans to Expand \| author=Jarrad Saffren \| url=https://www.jewishexponent.com/congregation-mikveh-israel-plans-to-expand/}}</ref>
	~~\| languages = Modern: [[American English]], [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]], [[Aramaic]]~~
	~~Historical: [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]]~~
	~~\| religions = [[Judaism]] [[Sephardic laws and customs\|(Sephardic rite)]]~~
	\| related_groups = Other [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]], [[Eastern Sephardim\|Balkan Sephardim]], [[Paradesi Jews]], [[American Jews]], [[British Jews]], [[History of the Jews in Denmark\|Danish Jews]], [[Irish Jews]], [[Anglo-Israelis]], and [[Yekke\|Western Ashkenazim]]
	}}

	'''Spanish and Portuguese Jews''', '''Western Sephardim''', or simply '''S&P''' are the oldest [[American Jews\|Jewish]] community in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Introduction: Origins of the American Jewish Community \|url=https://jwa.org/article/introduction-origins-of-american-jewish-community \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Jewish Women's Archive \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-05-19 \|title=Congregational History {{!}} Congregation Shearith Israel- Manhattan Orthodox Synagogue \|url=https://www.shearithisrael.org/about/our-history/congregational-history/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|language=en}}</ref>		'''Spanish and Portuguese Jews''', '''Western Sephardim''', or simply '''S&P''' are the oldest [[American Jews\|Jewish]] community in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Introduction: Origins of the American Jewish Community \|url=https://jwa.org/article/introduction-origins-of-american-jewish-community \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Jewish Women's Archive \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-05-19 \|title=Congregational History {{!}} Congregation Shearith Israel- Manhattan Orthodox Synagogue \|url=https://www.shearithisrael.org/about/our-history/congregational-history/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|language=en}}</ref>

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2026-09-29T07:33:40Z

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	~~{{original research\|date=September 2026}}~~
	~~{{notability\|date=September 2026}}~~

	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group
	\| group = Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States		\| group = Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States

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2026-09-29T07:25:16Z

77 revisions imported: Import with full history

← Older revision	Revision as of 07:25, 29 September 2026
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wikipedia>Lynngol: Added more content

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	=== Initial settlements ===		=== Initial settlements ===
	The first Jews to arrive in North America were 23 [[Sephardic Jews\|Sephardim]] ~~fleeing~~ the Portuguese ~~conquest of [[Dutch Brazil]] in 1654~~.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jews in Colonial New York \|url=https://www.philipsemanorhall.com/blog/jews-in-colonial-new-york \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.philipsemanorhall.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=The New York Historical \|url=https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/new-yorks-first-jews-came-from-brazil \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.nyhistory.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sephardic Jewish Americans {{!}} Religion and Philosophy {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost \|url=https://www.ebsco.com/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=EBSCO \|language=en}}</ref>		The first Jews to arrive in North America were 23 [[Sephardic Jews\|Sephardim]] who fled religious persecution in Brazil after the Portuguese took over and brought the Inquisition in1654.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jews in Colonial New York \|url=https://www.philipsemanorhall.com/blog/jews-in-colonial-new-york \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.philipsemanorhall.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=The New York Historical \|url=https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/new-yorks-first-jews-came-from-brazil \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.nyhistory.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sephardic Jewish Americans {{!}} Religion and Philosophy {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost \|url=https://www.ebsco.com/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=EBSCO \|language=en}}</ref> They landed a few days before Rosh Hashana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=Shargel \|first=Baila \|title=The Jews of Westchester County: A Social History \|last2=Drimmer \|first2=Harold \|publisher=Purple Mountain Press \|year=1994}}</ref> Among the prominent people who came were [[Asser Levy]], [[Luis Moises Gomez\|Luis Moses Gomez]], Moses and Samuel Levy.<ref name=":1" />

	=== Issues with the Reform ===		=== Issues with the Reform ===

wikipedia>Lynngol: corrected citations

2026-09-28T05:01:37Z

corrected citations

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	== Contributions to George Washington's success ==		== Contributions to George Washington's success ==
	Several Sephardim participated in the American Revolutionary War such as [[Francis Salvador]], [[Haym Salomon]], and Moses Seixas.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=U \|first=Sephardic \|date=2023-05-29 \|title=The Sephardic Jews in the American Revolutionary War: Contributions to Independence \|url=https://sephardicu.com/sephardic-history/the-sephardic-jews-in-the-american-revolutionary-war-contributions-to-independence/ \|access-date=2026-06-07 \|website=Sephardic U \|language=en-US}}</ref> Haym Salomon is considered to be one of the main financiers of the Revolutionary War and key to the success of Washington's Yorktown campaign.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=How Haym Salomon Helped to Finance the American Revolution \|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114193801/https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-date=2026-01-14 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|work=ThoughtCo \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=~~Britannica~~ \|first=~~The Editors of Encyclopaedia~~ \|title=Haym Salomon ~~{{!}}~~ Biography & Facts ~~{{!}} Britannica Money~~ \|url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Haym-Salomon \|access-date=~~2026-09-27~~ \|website=Encyclopedia Britannica \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Feldstein \|first=Zavi \|date=2021-06-02 \|title=One Jew's Financial Support for the Revolutionary War \|url=https://www.americanjewisharchives.org/snapshots/one-jews-financial-support-for-the-revolutionary-war/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=American Jewish Archives \|language=en-US}}</ref>		Several Sephardim participated in the American Revolutionary War such as [[Francis Salvador]], [[Haym Salomon]], and Moses Seixas.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=U \|first=Sephardic \|date=2023-05-29 \|title=The Sephardic Jews in the American Revolutionary War: Contributions to Independence \|url=https://sephardicu.com/sephardic-history/the-sephardic-jews-in-the-american-revolutionary-war-contributions-to-independence/ \|access-date=2026-06-07 \|website=Sephardic U \|language=en-US}}</ref> Haym Salomon is considered to be one of the main financiers of the Revolutionary War and key to the success of Washington's Yorktown campaign.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=How Haym Salomon Helped to Finance the American Revolution \|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114193801/https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-date=2026-01-14 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|work=ThoughtCo \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|title=Haym Salomon: Biography & Facts \|url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Haym-Salomon \|access-date= \|website=Encyclopedia Britannica \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Feldstein \|first=Zavi \|date=2021-06-02 \|title=One Jew's Financial Support for the Revolutionary War \|url=https://www.americanjewisharchives.org/snapshots/one-jews-financial-support-for-the-revolutionary-war/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=American Jewish Archives \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	Francis Salvador was the first Jew killed in the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=nell_porter_brown@harvard.edu \|date=2003-01-01 \|title=A "portion of the People" {{!}} Harvard Magazine \|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/01/a-portion-of-the-people-html \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.harvardmagazine.com \|language=en}}</ref>		Francis Salvador was the first Jew killed in the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=nell_porter_brown@harvard.edu \|date=2003-01-01 \|title=A "portion of the People" {{!}} Harvard Magazine \|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/01/a-portion-of-the-people-html \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.harvardmagazine.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	In 1790, [https://jewishaction.com/cover-story/moses-seixas-1744-1809-the-promise-of-liberty/ Moses Seixas], the president of Touro Synagogue wrote to George Washington to praise the religious freedoms in the Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manca \|first=Joseph \|date=2016-02-01 \|title=The Touro Synagogue: Peter Harrison, George Washington, and Religious Freedom in America \|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/02/the-touro-synagogue-peter-harrison-george-washington-and-religious-freedom-in-america/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Journal of the American Revolution \|language=en-US}}</ref> Washington responded affirming that the U.S. government gives '''"to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance"'''—anchored Jews firmly within American religious liberty. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island - Wednesday, August 18, 1790 {{!}} George Washington's Mount Vernon \|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/past-projects/quotes/article/for-happily-the-government-of-the-united-states-which-gives-to-bigotry-no-sanction-to-persecution-no-assistance-requires-only-that-they-who-live-under-its-protection-should-demean-themselves-as-good-citizens-in-giving-it-on-all-occasions-their-effectual-s \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.mountvernon.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=~~founders.archives.gov~~}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=George Washington’s Letter to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport, Rhode Island {{!}} Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences {{!}} The George Washington University \|url=https://loeb.columbian.gwu.edu/george-washingtons-letter-hebrew-congregation-newport-rhode-island \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=GEFFEN \|first=ByDAVID \|date=2026-02-14 \|title=George Washington’s role in Jewish freedom in US {{!}} The Jerusalem Post \|url=https://www.jpost.com/history/article-886447 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com \|language=en}}</ref>		In 1790, [https://jewishaction.com/cover-story/moses-seixas-1744-1809-the-promise-of-liberty/ Moses Seixas], the president of Touro Synagogue wrote to George Washington to praise the religious freedoms in the Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manca \|first=Joseph \|date=2016-02-01 \|title=The Touro Synagogue: Peter Harrison, George Washington, and Religious Freedom in America \|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/02/the-touro-synagogue-peter-harrison-george-washington-and-religious-freedom-in-america/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Journal of the American Revolution \|language=en-US}}</ref> Washington responded affirming that the U.S. government gives '''"to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance"'''—anchored Jews firmly within American religious liberty. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island - Wednesday, August 18, 1790 {{!}} George Washington's Mount Vernon \|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/past-projects/quotes/article/for-happily-the-government-of-the-united-states-which-gives-to-bigotry-no-sanction-to-persecution-no-assistance-requires-only-that-they-who-live-under-its-protection-should-demean-themselves-as-good-citizens-in-giving-it-on-all-occasions-their-effectual-s \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.mountvernon.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=National Archives\|title=George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 August 1790}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=George Washington’s Letter to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport, Rhode Island {{!}} Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences {{!}} The George Washington University \|url=https://loeb.columbian.gwu.edu/george-washingtons-letter-hebrew-congregation-newport-rhode-island \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=GEFFEN \|first=ByDAVID \|date=2026-02-14 \|title=George Washington’s role in Jewish freedom in US {{!}} The Jerusalem Post \|url=https://www.jpost.com/history/article-886447 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	[[Gershom Mendes Seixas]], brother of Moses Seixas, was the cantor of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], in New York and participated in George Washington's inauguration. He was also one of the founders of [[Columbia College, Columbia University\|Columbia College.]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SEIXAS - JewishEncyclopedia.com \|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13396-seixas \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>		[[Gershom Mendes Seixas]], brother of Moses Seixas, was the cantor of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], in New York and participated in George Washington's inauguration. He was also one of the founders of [[Columbia College, Columbia University\|Columbia College.]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SEIXAS - JewishEncyclopedia.com \|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13396-seixas \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

wikipedia>Lynngol: Added content and citations

2026-09-27T15:17:22Z

Added content and citations

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:17, 27 September 2026
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	=== Initial settlements ===		=== Initial settlements ===
	The first Jews to arrive in North America were 23 [[Sephardic Jews\|Sephardim]] fleeing the Portuguese conquest of [[Dutch Brazil]] in 1654.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jews in Colonial New York \|url=https://www.philipsemanorhall.com/blog/jews-in-colonial-new-york \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.philipsemanorhall.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=The New York Historical \|url=https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/new-yorks-first-jews-came-from-brazil \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.nyhistory.org \|language=en}}</ref>		The first Jews to arrive in North America were 23 [[Sephardic Jews\|Sephardim]] fleeing the Portuguese conquest of [[Dutch Brazil]] in 1654.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jews in Colonial New York \|url=https://www.philipsemanorhall.com/blog/jews-in-colonial-new-york \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.philipsemanorhall.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=The New York Historical \|url=https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/new-yorks-first-jews-came-from-brazil \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.nyhistory.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sephardic Jewish Americans {{!}} Religion and Philosophy {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost \|url=https://www.ebsco.com/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=EBSCO \|language=en}}</ref>

	=== Issues with the Reform ===		=== Issues with the Reform ===
	Not all Spanish-Portuguese were as dedicated to tradition as their fellow congregants. Some, such as [[Isaac Harby]], openly called for [[Reform Judaism\|reform]]. Changes included English services, as he claimed that many could not even understand the Hebrew language. Much of his support for reform was due to his belief that his community was ill educated on their own religion and Spanish-Portuguese customs, therefore being defenseless against [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews\|Protestant missionaries]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Feldberg \|first=Michael \|title=Isaac Harby \|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Modern_History/1700-1914/America_at_the_Turn_of_the_Century/Sephardic_Immigration/Charleston/americanization.shtml \|access-date=2026-06-19 \|website=My Jewish Learning \|language=en-US}}</ref>		Not all Spanish-Portuguese were as dedicated to tradition as their fellow congregants. Some, such as [[Isaac Harby]], openly called for [[Reform Judaism\|reform]]. Changes included English services, as he claimed that many could not even understand the Hebrew language. Much of his support for reform was due to his belief that his community was ill educated on their own religion and Spanish-Portuguese customs, therefore being defenseless against [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews\|Protestant missionaries]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Feldberg \|first=Michael \|title=Isaac Harby \|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Modern_History/1700-1914/America_at_the_Turn_of_the_Century/Sephardic_Immigration/Charleston/americanization.shtml \|access-date=2026-06-19 \|website=My Jewish Learning \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	== ~~Military~~ contributions ==		== Contributions to George Washington's success ==
			Several Sephardim participated in the American Revolutionary War such as [[Francis Salvador]], [[Haym Salomon]], and Moses Seixas.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=U \|first=Sephardic \|date=2023-05-29 \|title=The Sephardic Jews in the American Revolutionary War: Contributions to Independence \|url=https://sephardicu.com/sephardic-history/the-sephardic-jews-in-the-american-revolutionary-war-contributions-to-independence/ \|access-date=2026-06-07 \|website=Sephardic U \|language=en-US}}</ref> Haym Salomon is considered to be one of the main financiers of the Revolutionary War and key to the success of Washington's Yorktown campaign.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=How Haym Salomon Helped to Finance the American Revolution \|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114193801/https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-date=2026-01-14 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|work=ThoughtCo \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Britannica \|first=The Editors of Encyclopaedia \|title=Haym Salomon {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica Money \|url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Haym-Salomon \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Encyclopedia Britannica \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Feldstein \|first=Zavi \|date=2021-06-02 \|title=One Jew's Financial Support for the Revolutionary War \|url=https://www.americanjewisharchives.org/snapshots/one-jews-financial-support-for-the-revolutionary-war/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=American Jewish Archives \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	~~=== Revolutionary War ===~~		Francis Salvador was the first Jew killed in the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=nell_porter_brown@harvard.edu \|date=2003-01-01 \|title=A "portion of the People" {{!}} Harvard Magazine \|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/01/a-portion-of-the-people-html \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.harvardmagazine.com \|language=en}}</ref>
	~~Several Sephardim participated~~ in the ~~American~~ Revolutionary War ~~such as [[Francis Salvador]], [[Haym Salomon]], and Moses Seixas~~.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=~~U \|first=Sephardic~~ \|date=~~2023~~-05-29 \|title=~~The Sephardic Jews in~~ the ~~American Revolutionary War: Contributions to Independence~~ \|url=https://~~sephardicu~~.com/~~sephardic-history~~/~~the~~-~~sephardic~~-~~jews-in~~-the-~~american~~-~~revolutionary-war-contributions-to-independence/~~ \|access-date=2026-06-07 \|website=~~Sephardic U~~ \|language=en~~-US~~}}</ref>

	=== ~~War~~ of ~~1812~~ and ~~Barbary War~~ ===		In 1790, [https://jewishaction.com/cover-story/moses-seixas-1744-1809-the-promise-of-liberty/ Moses Seixas], the president of Touro Synagogue wrote to George Washington to praise the religious freedoms in the Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manca \|first=Joseph \|date=2016-02-01 \|title=The Touro Synagogue: Peter Harrison, George Washington, and Religious Freedom in America \|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/02/the-touro-synagogue-peter-harrison-george-washington-and-religious-freedom-in-america/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Journal of the American Revolution \|language=en-US}}</ref> Washington responded affirming that the U.S. government gives '''"to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance"'''—anchored Jews firmly within American religious liberty. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island - Wednesday, August 18, 1790 {{!}} George Washington's Mount Vernon \|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/past-projects/quotes/article/for-happily-the-government-of-the-united-states-which-gives-to-bigotry-no-sanction-to-persecution-no-assistance-requires-only-that-they-who-live-under-its-protection-should-demean-themselves-as-good-citizens-in-giving-it-on-all-occasions-their-effectual-s \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.mountvernon.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=founders.archives.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=George Washington’s Letter to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport, Rhode Island {{!}} Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences {{!}} The George Washington University \|url=https://loeb.columbian.gwu.edu/george-washingtons-letter-hebrew-congregation-newport-rhode-island \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=GEFFEN \|first=ByDAVID \|date=2026-02-14 \|title=George Washington’s role in Jewish freedom in US {{!}} The Jerusalem Post \|url=https://www.jpost.com/history/article-886447 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com \|language=en}}</ref>

			[[Gershom Mendes Seixas]], brother of Moses Seixas, was the cantor of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], in New York and participated in George Washington's inauguration. He was also one of the founders of [[Columbia College, Columbia University\|Columbia College.]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SEIXAS - JewishEncyclopedia.com \|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13396-seixas \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	== Culture, traditions, and customs ==		== Culture, traditions, and customs ==

wikipedia>Boynamedsue: Nominated page for deletion using Page Curation (Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States)

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	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group
	\| group = Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States		\| group = Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States

wikipedia>Neils51: replaced: who's → whose, typo(s) fixed: from 1935-1961 → from 1935 to 1961

2026-09-14T03:32:40Z

replaced: who's → whose, typo(s) fixed: from 1935-1961 → from 1935 to 1961

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	~~{{Infobox ethnic group~~
	~~\| group = Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the United States~~
	~~\| region1 = [[Congregation Shearith Israel]]~~
	~~\| pop1 = Unknown~~
	~~\| region2 = [[Congregation Mikveh Israel]]~~
	~~\| pop2 = 200 families~~
	\| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web\| title=Congregation Mikveh Israel Plans to Expand \| author=Jarrad Saffren \| url=https://www.jewishexponent.com/congregation-mikveh-israel-plans-to-expand/}}</ref>
	~~\| languages = Modern: [[American English]], [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]], [[Aramaic]]~~
	~~Historical: [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]]~~
	~~\| religions = [[Judaism]] [[Sephardic laws and customs\|(Sephardic rite)]]~~
	\| related_groups = Other [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]], [[Eastern Sephardim\|Balkan Sephardim]], [[Paradesi Jews]], [[American Jews]], [[British Jews]], [[History of the Jews in Denmark\|Danish Jews]], [[Irish Jews]], [[Anglo-Israelis]], and [[Yekke\|Western Ashkenazim]]
	}}

	'''Spanish and Portuguese Jews''', '''Western Sephardim''', or simply '''S&P''' are the oldest [[American Jews\|Jewish]] community in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Introduction: Origins of the American Jewish Community \|url=https://jwa.org/article/introduction-origins-of-american-jewish-community \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Jewish Women's Archive \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-05-19 \|title=Congregational History {{!}} Congregation Shearith Israel- Manhattan Orthodox Synagogue \|url=https://www.shearithisrael.org/about/our-history/congregational-history/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|language=en}}</ref>		'''Spanish and Portuguese Jews''', '''Western Sephardim''', or simply '''S&P''' are the oldest [[American Jews\|Jewish]] community in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Introduction: Origins of the American Jewish Community \|url=https://jwa.org/article/introduction-origins-of-american-jewish-community \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Jewish Women's Archive \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-05-19 \|title=Congregational History {{!}} Congregation Shearith Israel- Manhattan Orthodox Synagogue \|url=https://www.shearithisrael.org/about/our-history/congregational-history/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|language=en}}</ref>

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	== Contributions to George Washington's success ==		== Contributions to George Washington's success ==
	Several Sephardim participated in the American Revolutionary War such as [[Francis Salvador]], [[Haym Salomon]], and Moses Seixas.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=U \|first=Sephardic \|date=2023-05-29 \|title=The Sephardic Jews in the American Revolutionary War: Contributions to Independence \|url=https://sephardicu.com/sephardic-history/the-sephardic-jews-in-the-american-revolutionary-war-contributions-to-independence/ \|access-date=2026-06-07 \|website=Sephardic U \|language=en-US}}</ref> Haym Salomon is considered to be one of the main financiers of the Revolutionary War and key to the success of Washington's Yorktown campaign.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=How Haym Salomon Helped to Finance the American Revolution \|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114193801/https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-date=2026-01-14 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|work=ThoughtCo \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=~~Britannica~~ \|first=~~The Editors of Encyclopaedia~~ \|title=Haym Salomon ~~{{!}}~~ Biography & Facts ~~{{!}} Britannica Money~~ \|url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Haym-Salomon \|access-date=~~2026-09-27~~ \|website=Encyclopedia Britannica \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Feldstein \|first=Zavi \|date=2021-06-02 \|title=One Jew's Financial Support for the Revolutionary War \|url=https://www.americanjewisharchives.org/snapshots/one-jews-financial-support-for-the-revolutionary-war/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=American Jewish Archives \|language=en-US}}</ref>		Several Sephardim participated in the American Revolutionary War such as [[Francis Salvador]], [[Haym Salomon]], and Moses Seixas.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=U \|first=Sephardic \|date=2023-05-29 \|title=The Sephardic Jews in the American Revolutionary War: Contributions to Independence \|url=https://sephardicu.com/sephardic-history/the-sephardic-jews-in-the-american-revolutionary-war-contributions-to-independence/ \|access-date=2026-06-07 \|website=Sephardic U \|language=en-US}}</ref> Haym Salomon is considered to be one of the main financiers of the Revolutionary War and key to the success of Washington's Yorktown campaign.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=How Haym Salomon Helped to Finance the American Revolution \|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114193801/https://www.thoughtco.com/haym-salomon-biography-4178500 \|archive-date=2026-01-14 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|work=ThoughtCo \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|title=Haym Salomon: Biography & Facts \|url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Haym-Salomon \|access-date= \|website=Encyclopedia Britannica \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Feldstein \|first=Zavi \|date=2021-06-02 \|title=One Jew's Financial Support for the Revolutionary War \|url=https://www.americanjewisharchives.org/snapshots/one-jews-financial-support-for-the-revolutionary-war/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=American Jewish Archives \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	Francis Salvador was the first Jew killed in the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=nell_porter_brown@harvard.edu \|date=2003-01-01 \|title=A "portion of the People" {{!}} Harvard Magazine \|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/01/a-portion-of-the-people-html \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.harvardmagazine.com \|language=en}}</ref>		Francis Salvador was the first Jew killed in the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=nell_porter_brown@harvard.edu \|date=2003-01-01 \|title=A "portion of the People" {{!}} Harvard Magazine \|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/01/a-portion-of-the-people-html \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.harvardmagazine.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	In 1790, [https://jewishaction.com/cover-story/moses-seixas-1744-1809-the-promise-of-liberty/ Moses Seixas], the president of Touro Synagogue wrote to George Washington to praise the religious freedoms in the Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manca \|first=Joseph \|date=2016-02-01 \|title=The Touro Synagogue: Peter Harrison, George Washington, and Religious Freedom in America \|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/02/the-touro-synagogue-peter-harrison-george-washington-and-religious-freedom-in-america/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Journal of the American Revolution \|language=en-US}}</ref> Washington responded affirming that the U.S. government gives '''"to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance"'''—anchored Jews firmly within American religious liberty. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island - Wednesday, August 18, 1790 {{!}} George Washington's Mount Vernon \|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/past-projects/quotes/article/for-happily-the-government-of-the-united-states-which-gives-to-bigotry-no-sanction-to-persecution-no-assistance-requires-only-that-they-who-live-under-its-protection-should-demean-themselves-as-good-citizens-in-giving-it-on-all-occasions-their-effectual-s \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.mountvernon.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=~~founders.archives.gov~~}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=George Washington’s Letter to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport, Rhode Island {{!}} Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences {{!}} The George Washington University \|url=https://loeb.columbian.gwu.edu/george-washingtons-letter-hebrew-congregation-newport-rhode-island \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=GEFFEN \|first=ByDAVID \|date=2026-02-14 \|title=George Washington’s role in Jewish freedom in US {{!}} The Jerusalem Post \|url=https://www.jpost.com/history/article-886447 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com \|language=en}}</ref>		In 1790, [https://jewishaction.com/cover-story/moses-seixas-1744-1809-the-promise-of-liberty/ Moses Seixas], the president of Touro Synagogue wrote to George Washington to praise the religious freedoms in the Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manca \|first=Joseph \|date=2016-02-01 \|title=The Touro Synagogue: Peter Harrison, George Washington, and Religious Freedom in America \|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/02/the-touro-synagogue-peter-harrison-george-washington-and-religious-freedom-in-america/ \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Journal of the American Revolution \|language=en-US}}</ref> Washington responded affirming that the U.S. government gives '''"to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance"'''—anchored Jews firmly within American religious liberty. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island - Wednesday, August 18, 1790 {{!}} George Washington's Mount Vernon \|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/past-projects/quotes/article/for-happily-the-government-of-the-united-states-which-gives-to-bigotry-no-sanction-to-persecution-no-assistance-requires-only-that-they-who-live-under-its-protection-should-demean-themselves-as-good-citizens-in-giving-it-on-all-occasions-their-effectual-s \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.mountvernon.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=National Archives\|title=George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 August 1790}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=George Washington’s Letter to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport, Rhode Island {{!}} Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences {{!}} The George Washington University \|url=https://loeb.columbian.gwu.edu/george-washingtons-letter-hebrew-congregation-newport-rhode-island \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=Loeb Institute {{!}} Columbian College of Arts & Sciences \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=GEFFEN \|first=ByDAVID \|date=2026-02-14 \|title=George Washington’s role in Jewish freedom in US {{!}} The Jerusalem Post \|url=https://www.jpost.com/history/article-886447 \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	[[Gershom Mendes Seixas]], brother of Moses Seixas, was the cantor of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], in New York and participated in George Washington's inauguration. He was also one of the founders of [[Columbia College, Columbia University\|Columbia College.]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SEIXAS - JewishEncyclopedia.com \|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13396-seixas \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>		[[Gershom Mendes Seixas]], brother of Moses Seixas, was the cantor of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], in New York and participated in George Washington's inauguration. He was also one of the founders of [[Columbia College, Columbia University\|Columbia College.]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SEIXAS - JewishEncyclopedia.com \|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13396-seixas \|access-date=2026-09-27 \|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

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	=== Dress ===		=== Dress ===
	[[File:Rabbi Henry Pereira Mendes.jpg\|thumb\|247x247px\|R' Henry Pereira Mendes wearing the traditional robes of Spanish-Portuguese clergy.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=e \|first=e \|date=2016-05-19 \|title=Kedoshim and Canonicals 5776 \|url=https://www.sephardi.org.uk/kedoshim-and-canonicals/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=S and P Sephardi Community \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=‘A Most Beloved Part of Our ~~Service’~~:The Slow Procession to the Ark in a Sephardic Synagogue – Covering Religion \|url=https://coveringreligion.org/2023/03/06/a-most-beloved-part-of-our-servicethe-slow-procession-to-the-ark-in-a-sephardic-synagogue/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=coveringreligion.org}}</ref>]]Traditionally, Spanish-Portuguese clerical attire consists of [[Clerical clothing\|canonical robes]], a [[top hat]], and/or [[Tricorne\|tricorn]] depending on the specific community and occasion.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Our tradition \|url=https://www.esnoga.com/en/traditions/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Portugees-Israëlietische Gemeente \|language=en-US}}</ref>		[[File:Rabbi Henry Pereira Mendes.jpg\|thumb\|247x247px\|R' Henry Pereira Mendes wearing the traditional robes of Spanish-Portuguese clergy.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=e \|first=e \|date=2016-05-19 \|title=Kedoshim and Canonicals 5776 \|url=https://www.sephardi.org.uk/kedoshim-and-canonicals/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=S and P Sephardi Community \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title='A Most Beloved Part of Our Service':The Slow Procession to the Ark in a Sephardic Synagogue – Covering Religion \|url=https://coveringreligion.org/2023/03/06/a-most-beloved-part-of-our-servicethe-slow-procession-to-the-ark-in-a-sephardic-synagogue/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=coveringreligion.org}}</ref>]]Traditionally, Spanish-Portuguese clerical attire consists of [[Clerical clothing\|canonical robes]], a [[top hat]], and/or [[Tricorne\|tricorn]] depending on the specific community and occasion.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Our tradition \|url=https://www.esnoga.com/en/traditions/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Portugees-Israëlietische Gemeente \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	==== Silk prayer shawl ====		==== Silk prayer shawl ====
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	=== Political ===		=== Political ===

	* [[Tikvah Fund]] - Conservative organization ~~who's~~ senior scholar is Rabbi [[Meir Soloveichik]] of Shearith Israel<ref>{{Cite web \|last=by \|title=Meir Soloveichik \|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/contributors/meir-soloveichik \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Tablet Magazine \|language=en}}</ref>		* [[Tikvah Fund]] - Conservative organization whose senior scholar is Rabbi [[Meir Soloveichik]] of Shearith Israel<ref>{{Cite web \|last=by \|title=Meir Soloveichik \|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/contributors/meir-soloveichik \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Tablet Magazine \|language=en}}</ref>

	=== Educational ===		=== Educational ===
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	* [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] (Historically) - Founded by R' [[Sabato Morais]] and R' [[Henry Pereira Mendes]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2015-09-29 \|title=History of JTS - Jewish Theological Seminary \|url=https://www.jtsa.edu/history-of-jts/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.jtsa.edu \|language=en-US}}</ref>		* [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] (Historically) - Founded by R' [[Sabato Morais]] and R' [[Henry Pereira Mendes]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2015-09-29 \|title=History of JTS - Jewish Theological Seminary \|url=https://www.jtsa.edu/history-of-jts/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=www.jtsa.edu \|language=en-US}}</ref>
	* [https://www.shearithisrael.org/programs/youth/ptts-school/ Polonies Talmud Torah School] - First Hebrew school in America<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-05-20 \|title=PTTS Hebrew School {{!}} Congregation Shearith Israel - Manhattan Orthodox Synagogue \|url=https://www.shearithisrael.org/programs/youth/ptts-school/ \|access-date=2026-06-12 \|language=en}}</ref>		* [https://www.shearithisrael.org/programs/youth/ptts-school/ Polonies Talmud Torah School] - First Hebrew school in America<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-05-20 \|title=PTTS Hebrew School {{!}} Congregation Shearith Israel - Manhattan Orthodox Synagogue \|url=https://www.shearithisrael.org/programs/youth/ptts-school/ \|access-date=2026-06-12 \|language=en}}</ref>
	* [https://emetclassicalacademy.org Emet Classical Academy] - Jewish [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)\|preparatory school]] in [[Manhattan]] founded by the Tikvah Fund<ref>{{Cite web \|title=The Meaning of ~~Trump’s~~ $10 Million Grant to a Jewish Nonprofit \|url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-meaning-of-trumps-10-million-grant-to-a-jewish-nonprofit \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Jewish Currents \|language=en}}</ref>		* [https://emetclassicalacademy.org Emet Classical Academy] - Jewish [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)\|preparatory school]] in [[Manhattan]] founded by the Tikvah Fund<ref>{{Cite web \|title=The Meaning of Trump's $10 Million Grant to a Jewish Nonprofit \|url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-meaning-of-trumps-10-million-grant-to-a-jewish-nonprofit \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Jewish Currents \|language=en}}</ref>
	* Yeshiva University's [https://www.yu.edu/JLL/Sephardic Sephardic Community Program] - Co-founded by Hakham of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews of the British Commonwealth [[Solomon Gaon]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sephardic Programs \|url=https://www.yu.edu/JLL/Sephardic \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Yeshiva University \|language=en}}</ref>		* Yeshiva University's [https://www.yu.edu/JLL/Sephardic Sephardic Community Program] - Co-founded by Hakham of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews of the British Commonwealth [[Solomon Gaon]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sephardic Programs \|url=https://www.yu.edu/JLL/Sephardic \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=Yeshiva University \|language=en}}</ref>
	* [https://www.thehabura.com/about The Habura] - [[Beth midrash\|Beit midrash]] founded by Senior Spanish-Portuguese Rabbi of the United Kingdom [[Joseph Dweck]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=About Us {{!}} The Ḥabura \|url=https://www.thehabura.com/about \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=The Habura \|language=en}}</ref>		* [https://www.thehabura.com/about The Habura] - [[Beth midrash\|Beit midrash]] founded by Senior Spanish-Portuguese Rabbi of the United Kingdom [[Joseph Dweck]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=About Us {{!}} The Ḥabura \|url=https://www.thehabura.com/about \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=The Habura \|language=en}}</ref>
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	* Rabbi Meir Soloveichik - Current rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel		* Rabbi Meir Soloveichik - Current rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel
	* Rabbi [[Hayyim Angel]] - Former rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel and professor at [[Yeshiva University]]		* Rabbi [[Hayyim Angel]] - Former rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel and professor at [[Yeshiva University]]
	* SFC Yosef Malachi Guedalia - IDF soldier and victim of the [[October 7 attacks\|October 7th massacre]]<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Staff \|first=ToI \|date=2023-10-12 \|title=Sgt. First Class Yosef Malachi Guedalia, 22: ‘A very gentle, sweet ~~person’~~ \|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/sgt-first-class-yosef-malachi-guedalia-22-a-very-gentle-sweet-person/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|work=The Times of Israel \|language=en-US \|issn=0040-7909}}</ref>		* SFC Yosef Malachi Guedalia - IDF soldier and victim of the [[October 7 attacks\|October 7th massacre]]<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Staff \|first=ToI \|date=2023-10-12 \|title=Sgt. First Class Yosef Malachi Guedalia, 22: 'A very gentle, sweet person' \|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/sgt-first-class-yosef-malachi-guedalia-22-a-very-gentle-sweet-person/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|work=The Times of Israel \|language=en-US \|issn=0040-7909}}</ref>
	* Rabbi Shalom Morris - Rabbi of [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=RABBI SHALOM MORRIS \|url=https://www.sephardi.org.uk/about/rabbis/rabbi-shalom-morris/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=S and P Sephardi Community \|language=en-GB}}</ref>		* Rabbi Shalom Morris - Rabbi of [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=RABBI SHALOM MORRIS \|url=https://www.sephardi.org.uk/about/rabbis/rabbi-shalom-morris/ \|access-date=2026-05-20 \|website=S and P Sephardi Community \|language=en-GB}}</ref>
	* Rabbi Joseph Dweck - Senior rabbi of the Spanish-Portuguese community of the [[United Kingdom]]		* Rabbi Joseph Dweck - Senior rabbi of the Spanish-Portuguese community of the [[United Kingdom]]
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	* [[Vic Seixas]] - Tennis player		* [[Vic Seixas]] - Tennis player
	* [[Theodore Solomons]] - Explorer and early [[Sierra Club]] member		* [[Theodore Solomons]] - Explorer and early [[Sierra Club]] member
	* [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]] - Publisher of the [[The New York Times\|New York Times]] from 1935-1961		* [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]] - Publisher of the [[The New York Times\|New York Times]] from 1935 to 1961
	* Rabbi [[Isaac Touro]] - Religious leader and [[Loyalist (American Revolution)\|British Loyalist]]		* Rabbi [[Isaac Touro]] - Religious leader and [[Loyalist (American Revolution)\|British Loyalist]]
	* Hazzan [[Jacques Judah Lyons]] - Religious leader, composer, historian		* Hazzan [[Jacques Judah Lyons]] - Religious leader, composer, historian