Educational development in Cambodia - Revision history

wikademia>Wikademia: moved Educational Development of Cambodia to Educational development in Cambodia

2009-06-13T13:38:11Z

moved Educational Development of Cambodia to Educational development in Cambodia

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:38, 13 June 2009
(No difference)

wikademia>Wikademia at 17:43, 8 April 2009

2009-04-08T17:43:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 8 April 2009
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	[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]		[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]
	The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.		The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.
			{{ntnes}}




	== '''Cambodian Brief Profile''' ==		== '''Cambodian Brief Profile''' ==

wikademia>Wikademia: 14 revisions

2009-04-05T19:04:58Z

14 revisions

← Older revision	Revision as of 19:04, 5 April 2009
(No difference)

wikademia>SayuRingo10 at 05:48, 3 October 2008

2008-10-03T05:48:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:48, 3 October 2008
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	Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.		Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.

	[[Image:Cambodiaeducation.jpg]]		[[Image:Cambodiaeducation.jpg]]

wikademia>SayuRingo10 at 05:47, 3 October 2008

2008-10-03T05:47:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:47, 3 October 2008
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	Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.		Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.
	[[Image:~~Cambodian children~~.jpg]]		[[Image:Cambodiaeducation.jpg]]

wikademia>SayuRingo10 at 05:43, 3 October 2008

2008-10-03T05:43:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:43, 3 October 2008
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	[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]		[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]
	The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.		The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.



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	Cambodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometers, and it borders Thailand to its west and northwest, Laos to its northeast, and Vietnam to its east and southeast. Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, 1953. Cambodia's main industries are garments, tourism, and construction. As for its language, more than 90% of its population is of Khmer origin therefore speaks the Khmer language, the country's official language. The remainder includes Chinese, Vietnamese, and Indians. As for the religion, most Cambodians are Buddhists of Khmer extraction, but the country also has a substantial number of Muslim Cham, as well as small animist tribes.　In addition, according the report of The World Bank, “Cambodia's economy is showing resilience in spite of the challenging international economic environment. Economic growth in 2001 was estimated at 6.3 percent, driven by an expanding tourism sector and robust garment exports. In 2001, there was nearly zero inflation. In 2002 inflation continued to be low (World Bank)”. That is, Cambodia’s economic growth has been moderately strong over the past decade. However, this growth has been concentrated in urban areas (The World Bank). Therefore the rural-urban income gap is widening these days. And around 40 percent of the population still remains under the national poverty line.		Cambodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometers, and it borders Thailand to its west and northwest, Laos to its northeast, and Vietnam to its east and southeast. Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, 1953. Cambodia's main industries are garments, tourism, and construction. As for its language, more than 90% of its population is of Khmer origin therefore speaks the Khmer language, the country's official language. The remainder includes Chinese, Vietnamese, and Indians. As for the religion, most Cambodians are Buddhists of Khmer extraction, but the country also has a substantial number of Muslim Cham, as well as small animist tribes.　In addition, according the report of The World Bank, “Cambodia's economy is showing resilience in spite of the challenging international economic environment. Economic growth in 2001 was estimated at 6.3 percent, driven by an expanding tourism sector and robust garment exports. In 2001, there was nearly zero inflation. In 2002 inflation continued to be low (World Bank)”. That is, Cambodia’s economic growth has been moderately strong over the past decade. However, this growth has been concentrated in urban areas (The World Bank). Therefore the rural-urban income gap is widening these days. And around 40 percent of the population still remains under the national poverty line.



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	This part would focus on the Khmer Rouge, because it has affected the educational system in Cambodia. On 17 April 1975, after five years of civil war, Cambodia’s capital Phnom Penh fell to the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), popularly known as ''the Khmer Rouge'' (Linton). ''Pol Pot'' was the leader of the Khmer Rouge. “The country was cut off from the outside world, its cities emptied, its economy militarized, and its Buddhist and folk cultures destroyed. The leadership’s ‘vision’ of a better Cambodia led to extraordinary horrors on Cambodian people, who had to endure the forced movement of their urban populations, starvation, unlawful killings, forced labor, torture, and cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment and persecution on a massive scale”(Linton). Mao-think that Pol Pot studied in China, the ethnocentric policy, and anti-Vietnam policy became the theoretical support which created the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge (Miyamoto). Pol Pot sanctioned the use of massive violence because he believed it was the only “practical” way to achieve and protect his utopian vision for a better society in Cambodia (Valentino). By the hands of the Khmer Rouge, mainly educated people (such as teachers and respected local leaders and so on) had been killed, since they were likely to be rebel groups. Furthermore, the Khmer Rouge had denied the value of education at all points. Therefore, it can be said that Cambodia had experienced a systematic destruction of education by the Khmer Rouge, until Heng Samrin supported by Vietnamese robbed the Khmer Rouge of its power in 1979. According to Linton, an estimated 20% of the 1975’s population of 7.7million people lost their lives. After the Khmer Rouge was over, the United Nations peacekeeping force, the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), began monitoring Cambodia in 1992. “The goal of UNTAC was disarmament of the troops, and national elections for a constituent assembly which took place in 1993. (…) Contrary to the fears of many, the elections were peaceful. Over 90 percent of the registered voters went to the polls in Cambodian freest, fairest, and most secret election since the colonial era. (…) For the first time in Cambodian history, a majority of Cambodians had voted against an armed government such as the Khmer Rouge” (Chandler). Therefore it can be said: Cambodia was able to gradually recover from many years of violence by the Khmer Rouge regime, in the wake of those elections, although not all problems were solved.		This part would focus on the Khmer Rouge, because it has affected the educational system in Cambodia. On 17 April 1975, after five years of civil war, Cambodia’s capital Phnom Penh fell to the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), popularly known as ''the Khmer Rouge'' (Linton). ''Pol Pot'' was the leader of the Khmer Rouge. “The country was cut off from the outside world, its cities emptied, its economy militarized, and its Buddhist and folk cultures destroyed. The leadership’s ‘vision’ of a better Cambodia led to extraordinary horrors on Cambodian people, who had to endure the forced movement of their urban populations, starvation, unlawful killings, forced labor, torture, and cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment and persecution on a massive scale”(Linton). Mao-think that Pol Pot studied in China, the ethnocentric policy, and anti-Vietnam policy became the theoretical support which created the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge (Miyamoto). Pol Pot sanctioned the use of massive violence because he believed it was the only “practical” way to achieve and protect his utopian vision for a better society in Cambodia (Valentino). By the hands of the Khmer Rouge, mainly educated people (such as teachers and respected local leaders and so on) had been killed, since they were likely to be rebel groups. Furthermore, the Khmer Rouge had denied the value of education at all points. Therefore, it can be said that Cambodia had experienced a systematic destruction of education by the Khmer Rouge, until Heng Samrin supported by Vietnamese robbed the Khmer Rouge of its power in 1979. According to Linton, an estimated 20% of the 1975’s population of 7.7million people lost their lives. After the Khmer Rouge was over, the United Nations peacekeeping force, the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), began monitoring Cambodia in 1992. “The goal of UNTAC was disarmament of the troops, and national elections for a constituent assembly which took place in 1993. (…) Contrary to the fears of many, the elections were peaceful. Over 90 percent of the registered voters went to the polls in Cambodian freest, fairest, and most secret election since the colonial era. (…) For the first time in Cambodian history, a majority of Cambodians had voted against an armed government such as the Khmer Rouge” (Chandler). Therefore it can be said: Cambodia was able to gradually recover from many years of violence by the Khmer Rouge regime, in the wake of those elections, although not all problems were solved.



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	Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.		Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.
	[[Image:Cambodian children.jpg]]		[[Image:Cambodian children.jpg]]



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	== '''The Recommendation for Ways to Approach Educational Development of Cambodia''' ==		== '''The Recommendation for Ways to Approach Educational Development of Cambodia''' ==

	First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality~~, as JICA and the World Bank do through several projects~~. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.		First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.

wikademia>SayuRingo10 at 05:57, 2 October 2008

2008-10-02T05:57:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:57, 2 October 2008
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	== '''Cambodian ~~brief profile~~''' ==		== '''Cambodian Brief Profile''' ==

	[[Image:Cb-map.png]]		[[Image:Cb-map.png]]
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	== '''Educational ~~development strategy~~ and ~~challenge~~ of Cambodia''' ==		== '''Educational Development Strategy and Challenge of Cambodia''' ==


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	== '''The ~~recommendation~~ for ~~ways~~ to ~~approach educational development~~ of Cambodia''' ==		== '''The Recommendation for Ways to Approach Educational Development of Cambodia''' ==

	First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality, as JICA and the World Bank do through several projects. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.		First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality, as JICA and the World Bank do through several projects. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.
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	== '''The ~~external actor involved~~ in Cambodian ~~educational development~~''' ==		== '''The External Actor Involved in Cambodian Educational Development''' ==

wikademia>SayuRingo10 at 05:53, 2 October 2008

2008-10-02T05:53:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:53, 2 October 2008
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]		[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]
	The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.		The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.

	~~Cambodian Brief Profile~~
	~~History~~
	~~Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia~~
	~~The recommendation for ways to approach educational development of Cambodia~~
	~~The external actor involved in Cambodian educational development~~



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	== '''Cambodian brief profile''' ==		== '''Cambodian brief profile''' ==

	~~----~~
	[[Image:Cb-map.png]]		[[Image:Cb-map.png]]

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	== '''History''' ==		== '''History''' ==
	~~----~~

	<small>1863 - Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France. French colonial rule lasts for 90 years.		<small>1863 - Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France. French colonial rule lasts for 90 years.
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	== '''Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia''' ==		== '''Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia''' ==

	~~----~~

	Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.		Although all educational systems of Cambodia were abolished under the regime of terror by the Khmer Rouge, according to the World Bank, there have been significant improvements in the past five years in the education sector in Cambodia, particularly in terms of primary net enrollment gains (it’s because the government of Cambodia has put more efforts on the primary education, according to Komai), the introduction of program based-budgeting and the development of a sound pro-poor policy framework. But in Cambodia, several challenges remain. For example, most Cambodian children attend some schooling, but a large share complete only a few grades-with 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds completing just grade 1, while only 27 percent complete grade 7 (The World Bank). It is partly because parents (especially those in rural areas) are blind to the importance of education. There are also disparities in education participation rates by different regions. Moreover, inefficiency and poor quality in education service delivery at primary, secondary and tertiary levels are other major challenges. For instance, the number and the quality of teachers in Cambodia are insufficient. It is because almost all of experienced old teachers had been killed under the regime of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, one thirds of teachers in the primary school have not finished even lower secondary education (Komai). And the budget for education is extremely restricted, compared to neighboring nations (Komai). Thus, the salary of teachers is too low, which causes teachers’ corrupt practices. And the time for studying in the school is 15 hours per week, which is extremely insufficient, too (Komai). Another challenge is related to child prostitution. “In Cambodia, child prostitution has become a worsening problem since 1990’s. Many Cambodian children have been deceived by words that there are “good” sources of employment in urban areas and have left their home, and have been forced to work in the house of prostitution. In Cambodia, there are more than 8.000～15.000 children who had been damaged by child prostitution” (Social Ecoo). Furthermore, expanding of child prostitution causes spread of HIV/AIDS among Cambodian children. HIV/AIDS is one of educational challenge, since children who are infected with the HIV virus cannot get an education well.
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	== '''The recommendation for ways to approach educational development of Cambodia''' ==		== '''The recommendation for ways to approach educational development of Cambodia''' ==

	~~----~~
	First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality, as JICA and the World Bank do through several projects. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.		First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality, as JICA and the World Bank do through several projects. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.

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	== '''The external actor involved in Cambodian educational development''' ==		== '''The external actor involved in Cambodian educational development''' ==

	~~----~~

	Cambodia has been aided by a number of more developed nations like France, West-Germany, Canada, Australia, the United States, and Japan. The United States has contributed up to $5 million through international relief agencies to children within Cambodia (Sutter). As for Japan, many Japanese organizations such as JICA have supported Cambodian educational development. For example JICA has tried to revive Cambodian educational system, by forming projects including “the project for improvement of science and mathematics education (2000-2004)”, which is aimed to enable teachers engaged in science and mathematics education to acquire skills more than cheap tricks. In addition, The World Bank, UNICEF, UNESCO, Asian Development Bank (ADB), and some NGOs (such as World Vision in the United States, Save the Children in the UK, and so on) have also supported educational development in Cambodia. Among interesting projects formed by those organizations is the World Bank’s “''Education Quality Improvement Project'' (1999 - 2004)”. This project aimed to develop and put into practice a participatory approach to school quality improvement and performance-based resource management. The goal was to have participating schools eventually show improvements in student enrollment, attendance and achievement (The World Bank). The result was that Students in more than 1,000 participating schools in Cambodia achieved higher test scores in literacy, had lower drop-out and higher promotion rates. In addition, this project could show that health and vocational training was the important factor in reducing student drop-out, and in improving promotion rates.		Cambodia has been aided by a number of more developed nations like France, West-Germany, Canada, Australia, the United States, and Japan. The United States has contributed up to $5 million through international relief agencies to children within Cambodia (Sutter). As for Japan, many Japanese organizations such as JICA have supported Cambodian educational development. For example JICA has tried to revive Cambodian educational system, by forming projects including “the project for improvement of science and mathematics education (2000-2004)”, which is aimed to enable teachers engaged in science and mathematics education to acquire skills more than cheap tricks. In addition, The World Bank, UNICEF, UNESCO, Asian Development Bank (ADB), and some NGOs (such as World Vision in the United States, Save the Children in the UK, and so on) have also supported educational development in Cambodia. Among interesting projects formed by those organizations is the World Bank’s “''Education Quality Improvement Project'' (1999 - 2004)”. This project aimed to develop and put into practice a participatory approach to school quality improvement and performance-based resource management. The goal was to have participating schools eventually show improvements in student enrollment, attendance and achievement (The World Bank). The result was that Students in more than 1,000 participating schools in Cambodia achieved higher test scores in literacy, had lower drop-out and higher promotion rates. In addition, this project could show that health and vocational training was the important factor in reducing student drop-out, and in improving promotion rates.


	'''Works Cited'''		<big>'''Works Cited'''</big>
	~~----~~

	BBC News. 2008. “Timeline: Cambodia”		BBC News. 2008. “Timeline: Cambodia”

wikademia>SayuRingo10 at 05:51, 2 October 2008

2008-10-02T05:51:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:51, 2 October 2008
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	The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.		The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.

	#Cambodian Brief Profile		Cambodian Brief Profile
	History		History
	Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia		Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia
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	'''Cambodian brief profile'''
			== '''Cambodian brief profile''' ==

	----		----
	[[Image:Cb-map.png]]		[[Image:Cb-map.png]]
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	'''History'''
			== '''History''' ==
	----		----

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	'''Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia'''

			== '''Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia''' ==

	----		----

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	'''The recommendation for ways to approach educational development of Cambodia'''
			== '''The recommendation for ways to approach educational development of Cambodia''' ==

	----		----
	First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality, as JICA and the World Bank do through several projects. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.		First of all, those involved in educational development in Cambodia should make improvements of Cambodian education quality, as JICA and the World Bank do through several projects. It would lead to Cambodian students’ higher promotion and achievement rates. Moreover, if education quality gets improved, even parents in rural areas would come to understand the value of education, and would come to encourage their children to complete higher school grades. Furthermore, the budget for education should be increased. The government of Cambodia has gradually made an increase in the budget for education since 2006, and it is hoped that this trend would be maintained longer. Moreover, the teacher training is also needed, because there are little experienced old teachers left due to the Khmer Rouge’s regime of terror.In addition, vocational education for Cambodian children engaging in child prostitution is necessary. It is because children would not have to sell their body, if there are any other sources of employment. And it would lead to cut down the number of children, who are infected with the HIV virus and cannot go to school though they want to do.
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	'''The external actor involved in Cambodian educational development'''
			== '''The external actor involved in Cambodian educational development''' ==

	----		----

wikademia>SayuRingo10 at 05:42, 2 October 2008

2008-10-02T05:42:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:42, 2 October 2008
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]		[[Image:Cambodia_MapFlag.png\|thumb\|right\|Cambodian flag]]
	The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.		The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 3 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Today Cambodia is regarded as one of developing countries, therefore it has many problems, including problems related with educational development.

			#Cambodian Brief Profile
			History
			Educational development strategy and challenge of Cambodia
			The recommendation for ways to approach educational development of Cambodia
			The external actor involved in Cambodian educational development