Eukaryotic transcription - Revision history

wikademia>Wikademia: moved Beta:Eukaryotic transcription to Eukaryotic transcription over redirect

2009-08-19T04:30:25Z

moved Beta:Eukaryotic transcription to Eukaryotic transcription over redirect

← Older revision	Revision as of 04:30, 19 August 2009
(No difference)

wikademia>Wikademia: moved Eukaryotic transcription to Beta:Eukaryotic transcription

2009-06-12T08:05:17Z

moved Eukaryotic transcription to Beta:Eukaryotic transcription

← Older revision	Revision as of 08:05, 12 June 2009
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wikademia>Wikademia: Text replace - 'w:' to 'Wikipedia:'

2009-04-11T18:14:02Z

Text replace - 'w:' to 'Wikipedia:'

wikademia>Wikademia: Text replace - 'RightTOC' to 'ntnes'

2009-04-10T17:02:50Z

Text replace - 'RightTOC' to 'ntnes'

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 10 April 2009
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	{{~~RightTOC~~}}		{{ntnes}}
	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.		The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.

wikademia>Wikademia at 02:51, 29 March 2009

2009-03-29T02:51:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:51, 29 March 2009
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	{{RightTOC}}		{{RightTOC}}
	[[Image:Label RNA pol II.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|'''Figure 2'''. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in a complex with DNA and mRNA <ref name="Gnatt2001">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11313499 Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution] by Averell L. Gnatt, Patrick Cramer, Jianhua Fu, David A. Bushnell and Roger D. Kornberg in [[w:Science (journal)\|Science]] (2001) Volume 292, pages 1876-1882.</ref>.]]

	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.		The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.

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	==[[w:Transcription (genetics)\|Transcription]]==		==[[w:Transcription (genetics)\|Transcription]]==
	~~[[Image:Information flow.png\|thumb\|left\|386px\|'''Figure 1'''. Information flow in living cells from DNA to RNA to protein.]]~~
	[[w:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[w:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.		[[w:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[w:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.

wikademia>Wikademia at 18:48, 21 March 2009

2009-03-21T18:48:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 21 March 2009
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			{{RightTOC}}
	[[Image:Label RNA pol II.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|'''Figure 2'''. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in a complex with DNA and mRNA <ref name="Gnatt2001">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11313499 Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution] by Averell L. Gnatt, Patrick Cramer, Jianhua Fu, David A. Bushnell and Roger D. Kornberg in [[w:Science (journal)\|Science]] (2001) Volume 292, pages 1876-1882.</ref>.]]		[[Image:Label RNA pol II.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|'''Figure 2'''. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in a complex with DNA and mRNA <ref name="Gnatt2001">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11313499 Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution] by Averell L. Gnatt, Patrick Cramer, Jianhua Fu, David A. Bushnell and Roger D. Kornberg in [[w:Science (journal)\|Science]] (2001) Volume 292, pages 1876-1882.</ref>.]]

wikademia>Wikademia: 18 revisions

2009-03-17T00:07:34Z

18 revisions

← Older revision	Revision as of 00:07, 17 March 2009
(No difference)

72.91.255.78 at 20:30, 29 March 2007

2007-03-29T20:30:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 29 March 2007
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	[[Image:Label RNA pol II.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|'''Figure 2'''. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in a complex with DNA and mRNA <ref name="Gnatt2001">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11313499 Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution] by Averell L. Gnatt, Patrick Cramer, Jianhua Fu, David A. Bushnell and Roger D. Kornberg in [[w:Science (journal)\|Science]] (2001) Volume 292, pages 1876-1882.</ref>.]]		[[Image:Label RNA pol II.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|'''Figure 2'''. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in a complex with DNA and mRNA <ref name="Gnatt2001">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11313499 Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution] by Averell L. Gnatt, Patrick Cramer, Jianhua Fu, David A. Bushnell and Roger D. Kornberg in [[w:Science (journal)\|Science]] (2001) Volume 292, pages 1876-1882.</ref>.]]

	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was ~~awarded to~~ [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.		The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.

	This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].		This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].

wikademia>Remi0o: added cat lessons

2007-03-23T04:09:52Z

added cat lessons

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:09, 23 March 2007
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	[[Category:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]		[[Category:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
			[[Category:Lessons]]

wikademia>JWSchmidt: /* Transcription */ link to Wikipedia article

2007-01-06T20:42:22Z

Transcription: link to Wikipedia article

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:42, 6 January 2007
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	This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].		This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].

	==Transcription==		==[[w:Transcription (genetics)\|Transcription]]==
	[[Image:Information flow.png\|thumb\|left\|386px\|'''Figure 1'''. Information flow in living cells from DNA to RNA to protein.]]		[[Image:Information flow.png\|thumb\|left\|386px\|'''Figure 1'''. Information flow in living cells from DNA to RNA to protein.]]
	[[w:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[w:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.		[[w:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[w:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.
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	[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg\|thumb\|left\|300px\|'''Figure 3'''. A [[w:phylogenetic tree\|phylogenetic tree]] of living things, based on [[w:rRNA\|rRNA]] sequence data, showing the separation of [[w:bacterium\|bacteria]], [[w:archaea\|archaea]], and [[w:eukaryote\|eukaryotes]] <ref name="Woese1990">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" by C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis in [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1990) Volume 87, pages 4576-4579. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2112744 Full text online].</ref>.]]		[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg\|thumb\|left\|300px\|'''Figure 3'''. A [[w:phylogenetic tree\|phylogenetic tree]] of living things, based on [[w:rRNA\|rRNA]] sequence data, showing the separation of [[w:bacterium\|bacteria]], [[w:archaea\|archaea]], and [[w:eukaryote\|eukaryotes]] <ref name="Woese1990">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" by C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis in [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1990) Volume 87, pages 4576-4579. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2112744 Full text online].</ref>.]]

	==General transcription factors==		==General transcription factors==
	There are three major forms of life on Earth, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Figure 3). RNA polymerase in bacteria is less complex than RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Some of the increased complexity of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes reflects differences between DNA in eukaryotes and DNA in bacteria. Two important differences are that eukaryotes organize their DNA into [[w:Nucleosome\|nucleosomes]] and have more complex mechanisms for regulation of gene transcription.		There are three major forms of life on Earth, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Figure 3). RNA polymerase in bacteria is less complex than RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Some of the increased complexity of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes reflects differences between DNA in eukaryotes and DNA in bacteria. Two important differences are that eukaryotes organize their DNA into [[w:Nucleosome\|nucleosomes]] and have more complex mechanisms for regulation of gene transcription.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 29 March 2007
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	[[Image:Label RNA pol II.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|'''Figure 2'''. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in a complex with DNA and mRNA <ref name="Gnatt2001">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11313499 Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution] by Averell L. Gnatt, Patrick Cramer, Jianhua Fu, David A. Bushnell and Roger D. Kornberg in [[w:Science (journal)\|Science]] (2001) Volume 292, pages 1876-1882.</ref>.]]		[[Image:Label RNA pol II.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|'''Figure 2'''. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in a complex with DNA and mRNA <ref name="Gnatt2001">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11313499 Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution] by Averell L. Gnatt, Patrick Cramer, Jianhua Fu, David A. Bushnell and Roger D. Kornberg in [[w:Science (journal)\|Science]] (2001) Volume 292, pages 1876-1882.</ref>.]]

	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was ~~awarded to~~ [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.		The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.

	This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].		This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:42, 6 January 2007
Line 5:		Line 5:
	This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].		This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].

	==Transcription==		==[[w:Transcription (genetics)\|Transcription]]==
	[[Image:Information flow.png\|thumb\|left\|386px\|'''Figure 1'''. Information flow in living cells from DNA to RNA to protein.]]		[[Image:Information flow.png\|thumb\|left\|386px\|'''Figure 1'''. Information flow in living cells from DNA to RNA to protein.]]
	[[w:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[w:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.		[[w:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[w:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.
Line 13:		Line 13:

	[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg\|thumb\|left\|300px\|'''Figure 3'''. A [[w:phylogenetic tree\|phylogenetic tree]] of living things, based on [[w:rRNA\|rRNA]] sequence data, showing the separation of [[w:bacterium\|bacteria]], [[w:archaea\|archaea]], and [[w:eukaryote\|eukaryotes]] <ref name="Woese1990">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" by C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis in [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1990) Volume 87, pages 4576-4579. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2112744 Full text online].</ref>.]]		[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg\|thumb\|left\|300px\|'''Figure 3'''. A [[w:phylogenetic tree\|phylogenetic tree]] of living things, based on [[w:rRNA\|rRNA]] sequence data, showing the separation of [[w:bacterium\|bacteria]], [[w:archaea\|archaea]], and [[w:eukaryote\|eukaryotes]] <ref name="Woese1990">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" by C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis in [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1990) Volume 87, pages 4576-4579. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2112744 Full text online].</ref>.]]

	==General transcription factors==		==General transcription factors==
	There are three major forms of life on Earth, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Figure 3). RNA polymerase in bacteria is less complex than RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Some of the increased complexity of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes reflects differences between DNA in eukaryotes and DNA in bacteria. Two important differences are that eukaryotes organize their DNA into [[w:Nucleosome\|nucleosomes]] and have more complex mechanisms for regulation of gene transcription.		There are three major forms of life on Earth, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Figure 3). RNA polymerase in bacteria is less complex than RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Some of the increased complexity of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes reflects differences between DNA in eukaryotes and DNA in bacteria. Two important differences are that eukaryotes organize their DNA into [[w:Nucleosome\|nucleosomes]] and have more complex mechanisms for regulation of gene transcription.

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:14, 11 April 2009
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	{{ntnes}}		{{ntnes}}
	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[w:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.		The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 was o [[Wikipedia:Roger D. Kornberg\|Roger D. Kornberg]] for his work on the molecular basis of '''eukaryotic transcription''' <ref name=Nobel2006">2006 award at the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html Nobel Prize website].</ref>.

	This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].		This [[Portal:Learning Projects\|learning project]] allows exploration of scientific research that is related to 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. If you have questions, leave them on the [[Talk:Eukaryotic transcription\|discussion page]].

	==[[w:Transcription (genetics)\|Transcription]]==		==[[Wikipedia:Transcription (genetics)\|Transcription]]==
	[[w:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[w:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.		[[Wikipedia:Eukaryotic\|Eukaryotic]] organisms such as humans store their genetic information in the structure of DNA molecules. Most of the genetic instructions in genes are used to specify the structures of proteins (Figure 1). The many proteins of cells function as molecular machines that produce the living state. Intermediate between DNA and protein is RNA. The process by which cells convert the structure of a gene into the structure of a mRNA molecule is called transcription. In eukaryotes, a large molecular complex of specialized proteins is required to achieve the careful control of which subset of genes is transcribed in each type of cell. At the core of this complex is the [[Wikipedia:Enzyme\|enzyme]] RNA polymerase II.

	Roger Kornberg's laboratory has used biochemical techniques to isolate the large complex of proteins that allow RNA polymerase II to produce messenger RNA. Working with [[w:Yeast\|yeast]] cells as an experimental system, Kornberg's research team has isolated and purified the functioning RNA pol II protein complex with attached template		Roger Kornberg's laboratory has used biochemical techniques to isolate the large complex of proteins that allow RNA polymerase II to produce messenger RNA. Working with [[Wikipedia:Yeast\|yeast]] cells as an experimental system, Kornberg's research team has isolated and purified the functioning RNA pol II protein complex with attached template
	[[w:DNA\|DNA]], product [[w:mRNA\|mRNA]] and substrate [[w:Nucleotide\|nucleotides]] and captured images of the complex using [[w:Electron microscope\|electron microscopy]] and [[w:X-ray crystallography\|X-ray crystallography]] <ref name="Thelander2006">Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006: [http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/files/newspics/DOC_200610494343_28494252634_chemadv06.pdf Molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription] by Lars Thelander.</ref> (see Figure 2)		[[Wikipedia:DNA\|DNA]], product [[Wikipedia:mRNA\|mRNA]] and substrate [[Wikipedia:Nucleotide\|nucleotides]] and captured images of the complex using [[Wikipedia:Electron microscope\|electron microscopy]] and [[Wikipedia:X-ray crystallography\|X-ray crystallography]] <ref name="Thelander2006">Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006: [http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/files/newspics/DOC_200610494343_28494252634_chemadv06.pdf Molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription] by Lars Thelander.</ref> (see Figure 2)

	[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg\|thumb\|left\|300px\|'''Figure 3'''. A [[w:phylogenetic tree\|phylogenetic tree]] of living things, based on [[w:rRNA\|rRNA]] sequence data, showing the separation of [[w:bacterium\|bacteria]], [[w:archaea\|archaea]], and [[w:eukaryote\|eukaryotes]] <ref name="Woese1990">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" by C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis in [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1990) Volume 87, pages 4576-4579. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2112744 Full text online].</ref>.]]		[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg\|thumb\|left\|300px\|'''Figure 3'''. A [[Wikipedia:phylogenetic tree\|phylogenetic tree]] of living things, based on [[Wikipedia:rRNA\|rRNA]] sequence data, showing the separation of [[Wikipedia:bacterium\|bacteria]], [[Wikipedia:archaea\|archaea]], and [[Wikipedia:eukaryote\|eukaryotes]] <ref name="Woese1990">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" by C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis in [[Wikipedia:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1990) Volume 87, pages 4576-4579. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2112744 Full text online].</ref>.]]

	==General transcription factors==		==General transcription factors==
	There are three major forms of life on Earth, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Figure 3). RNA polymerase in bacteria is less complex than RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Some of the increased complexity of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes reflects differences between DNA in eukaryotes and DNA in bacteria. Two important differences are that eukaryotes organize their DNA into [[w:Nucleosome\|nucleosomes]] and have more complex mechanisms for regulation of gene transcription.		There are three major forms of life on Earth, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Figure 3). RNA polymerase in bacteria is less complex than RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Some of the increased complexity of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes reflects differences between DNA in eukaryotes and DNA in bacteria. Two important differences are that eukaryotes organize their DNA into [[Wikipedia:Nucleosome\|nucleosomes]] and have more complex mechanisms for regulation of gene transcription.

	[[Image:Nucleosome rasmol.JPG\|thumb\|right\|'''Figure 4'''. The DNA of eukaryotes wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes.		[[Image:Nucleosome rasmol.JPG\|thumb\|right\|'''Figure 4'''. The DNA of eukaryotes wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes.
	<ref> McDonald D, "Milestone 9, (1973-1974) [http://www.nature.com/milestones/geneexpression/milestones/articles/milegene09.html The nucleosome hypothesis: An alternative string theory], Nature Milestones: Gene Expression. (2005)</ref>.]]		<ref> McDonald D, "Milestone 9, (1973-1974) [http://www.nature.com/milestones/geneexpression/milestones/articles/milegene09.html The nucleosome hypothesis: An alternative string theory], Nature Milestones: Gene Expression. (2005)</ref>.]]
	Nucleosomes are a complex of DNA and [[w:Histone\|histone]] proteins (Figure 4). In order for transcription to occur, DNA must be released from being tightly coiled in nucleosomes. Bacteria do not have nucleosomes. Another complication of eukaryotic gene expression regulation is that gene sequences controlling transcription are often distant from the DNA site where transcription starts. The [[w:RNA polymerase#RNA polymerase in bacteria\|RNA polymerase of bacteria]] is relatively small with a core of five protein subunits and one additional protein that recognizes the start points for transcription<ref name="">[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/pagerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&pageindex=1&artid=38558 The sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase senses promoter spacing] by A. J. Dombroski, B. D. Johnson, M. Lonetto, and C. A. Gross in [[w:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1996) Volume 93, pages 8858–8862.</ref>. In contrast, RNA polymerase II of yeast (Baker’s yeast [[w:Saccharomyces cerevisiae\|Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]) has 12 protein subunits<ref name="Gnatt2001" /> and requires five [[w:General transcription factor\|general transcription factor]] proteins (TFIIB, D, E, F and H). The general transcription factors are complex, for example, TFIIH has at least six protein subunits in various eukaryotic organisms from yeast to mammals.		Nucleosomes are a complex of DNA and [[Wikipedia:Histone\|histone]] proteins (Figure 4). In order for transcription to occur, DNA must be released from being tightly coiled in nucleosomes. Bacteria do not have nucleosomes. Another complication of eukaryotic gene expression regulation is that gene sequences controlling transcription are often distant from the DNA site where transcription starts. The [[Wikipedia:RNA polymerase#RNA polymerase in bacteria\|RNA polymerase of bacteria]] is relatively small with a core of five protein subunits and one additional protein that recognizes the start points for transcription<ref name="">[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/pagerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&pageindex=1&artid=38558 The sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase senses promoter spacing] by A. J. Dombroski, B. D. Johnson, M. Lonetto, and C. A. Gross in [[Wikipedia:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.]] (1996) Volume 93, pages 8858–8862.</ref>. In contrast, RNA polymerase II of yeast (Baker’s yeast [[Wikipedia:Saccharomyces cerevisiae\|Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]) has 12 protein subunits<ref name="Gnatt2001" /> and requires five [[Wikipedia:General transcription factor\|general transcription factor]] proteins (TFIIB, D, E, F and H). The general transcription factors are complex, for example, TFIIH has at least six protein subunits in various eukaryotic organisms from yeast to mammals.

	==Searching for a full understanding of transcription==		==Searching for a full understanding of transcription==
	As discussed above, Kornberg has made important contributions to on-going attempts to discover the full complexity of transcription in eykaryotes. In addition to the polymerase core and its associated general transcription factors, another large protein complex called Mediator is involved in the control of RNA polymerase II <ref name="Kim1994">"A multiprotein mediator of transcriptional activation and its interaction with the C-terminal repeat domain of RNA polymerase II" by Y. J. Kim, S. Bjorklund, Y. Li,, M. H. Sayre and R. D. Kornberg in [[w:Cell (journal)\|Cell]] (1994) Volume 77, pages 599-608.</ref>. In some cells, Mediator is about 4 times larger than the RNA polymerase core complex (with as many as 20 different protein subunits) and is important for transmitting the effects of positive and negative regulators of gene transcription (often quite distant from the transcription start site) to the core polymerase. Efforts continue to reveal the details of how the Mediator complex functions.		As discussed above, Kornberg has made important contributions to on-going attempts to discover the full complexity of transcription in eykaryotes. In addition to the polymerase core and its associated general transcription factors, another large protein complex called Mediator is involved in the control of RNA polymerase II <ref name="Kim1994">"A multiprotein mediator of transcriptional activation and its interaction with the C-terminal repeat domain of RNA polymerase II" by Y. J. Kim, S. Bjorklund, Y. Li,, M. H. Sayre and R. D. Kornberg in [[Wikipedia:Cell (journal)\|Cell]] (1994) Volume 77, pages 599-608.</ref>. In some cells, Mediator is about 4 times larger than the RNA polymerase core complex (with as many as 20 different protein subunits) and is important for transmitting the effects of positive and negative regulators of gene transcription (often quite distant from the transcription start site) to the core polymerase. Efforts continue to reveal the details of how the Mediator complex functions.

	==Learning project; where to next?==		==Learning project; where to next?==
	Explore one of the following questions and then describe what you learn on this page:		Explore one of the following questions and then describe what you learn on this page:
	*How many types of [[w:RNA polymerase\|RNA polymerase]] are there in humans and what does each type do?		*How many types of [[Wikipedia:RNA polymerase\|RNA polymerase]] are there in humans and what does each type do?
	*What is known about transcription in archaea? ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16135821 hint])		*What is known about transcription in archaea? ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16135821 hint])
	*How do [[w:HIV\|HIV]] proteins interaction with RNA polymerase II and induce transcription from the HIV-1 promoter? (hint: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov search here])		*How do [[Wikipedia:HIV\|HIV]] proteins interaction with RNA polymerase II and induce transcription from the HIV-1 promoter? (hint: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov search here])

	==References==		==References==
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	==External links==		==External links==
	*[[w:RNA polymerase II\|RNA polymerase II]] article at Wikipedia.		*[[Wikipedia:RNA polymerase II\|RNA polymerase II]] article at Wikipedia.

	[[Category:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]		[[Category:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
	[[Category:Lessons]]		[[Category:Lessons]]