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	'''Humanism''' is a comprehensive [[life stance]] that upholds human [[reason]], [[ethics]], and [[justice]], and rejects [[supernaturalism]], [[pseudoscience]], and [[superstition]]. This article uses the words ''Humanism'' and ''Humanist'' (with a capital ''H'' and no adjective such as "secular"<ref>[http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/DoerrND02.htm Humanism Unmodified] By Edd Doerr. Published in the ''Humanist'' (November/December 2002)</ref>) to refer to the life stance and its adherents, and ''humanism'' (with a small ''h'') to refer to other related movements or philosophies. While this convention is not universal among all Humanists, it is used by a significant number of them, and for purposes of this article, helps distinguish between Humanism as a life stance and other forms of humanism.		'''Humanism''' is a comprehensive [[life stance]] that upholds human [[reason]], [[ethics]], and [[justice]], and rejects [[supernaturalism]], [[pseudoscience]], and [[superstition]]. This article uses the words ''Humanism'' and ''Humanist'' (with a capital ''H'' and no adjective such as "secular"<ref>[http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/DoerrND02.htm Humanism Unmodified] By Edd Doerr. Published in the ''Humanist'' (November/December 2002)</ref>) to refer to the life stance and its adherents, and ''humanism'' (with a small ''h'') to refer to other related movements or philosophies. While this convention is not universal among all Humanists, it is used by a significant number of them, and for purposes of this article, helps distinguish between Humanism as a life stance and other forms of humanism.

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	* [http://atheism.about.com/od/abouthumanism/a/secularreligion.htm Is Secular Humanism a Religion?]:Many Say It Is, but Secularists Say It Isn't		* [http://atheism.about.com/od/abouthumanism/a/secularreligion.htm Is Secular Humanism a Religion?]:Many Say It Is, but Secularists Say It Isn't

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	[[Category:Secularism]]		[[Category:Secularism]]
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	[[Category:History of ideas]]		[[Category:History of ideas]]
	~~[[Category:Freethought]]~~
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2011-01-17T02:24:24Z

from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanism_(life_stance)&oldid=407371995

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'''Humanism''' is a comprehensive [[life stance]] that upholds human [[reason]], [[ethics]], and [[justice]], and rejects [[supernaturalism]], [[pseudoscience]], and [[superstition]]. This article uses the words ''Humanism'' and ''Humanist'' (with a capital ''H'' and no adjective such as "secular"<ref>[http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/DoerrND02.htm Humanism Unmodified] By Edd Doerr. Published in the ''Humanist'' (November/December 2002)</ref>) to refer to the life stance and its adherents, and ''humanism'' (with a small ''h'') to refer to other related movements or philosophies. While this convention is not universal among all Humanists, it is used by a significant number of them, and for purposes of this article, helps distinguish between Humanism as a life stance and other forms of humanism.

Humanism has appeal to [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]s, [[Atheism|atheist]]s, [[Deism|deists]], [[nontheism|nontheist]]s, [[Empiricism|empiricist]]s, [[Freethought|freethinker]]s, [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalists]], [[Rationalism|rationalist]]s, [[Scientific skepticism|scientific skeptics]] and [[Secularism|secularists]]. {{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

Those who call themselves Humanists are a relative minority—numbering between four<ref>[http://www.americanhumanist.org/what_we_do/publications/Humanism_as_the_Next_Step/Chapter_8:_The_Development_of_Organization American humanist association – Publications – Chapter eight: The Development of Organization]</ref> and five<ref>[http://india.humanists.net India humanist]</ref> million people worldwide in 31 countries.

== Points of consensus ==
There is no universal tenet for all Humanists. Still, declarations and statements have been issued to attempt to unify the Humanist identity.

===IHEU's ''Minimum Statement on Humanism''===
All member organisations of the [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] are required by IHEU bylaw 5.1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iheu.org/bylaws |title=IHEU's Bylaws |accessdate=2008-07-05 |publisher=International Humanist and Ethical Union}}</ref> to accept the IHEU Minimum Statement on Humanism: {{cquote|Humanism is a [[democratic]] and [[ethical]] life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not [[theism|theistic]], and it does not accept [[supernatural]] views of reality.}}

=== Amsterdam Declaration 2002 ===
In 2002 the IHEU General Assembly unanimously adopted the ''[[Amsterdam Declaration 2002]]'' which represents the official defining statement of World Humanism for Humanists.

This declaration makes exclusive use of capitalized ''Humanist'' and ''Humanism'', which is consistent with IHEU's general practice and recommendations for promoting a unified Humanist identity.{{ref|Webbs}} To further promote Humanist identity, these words are also free of any adjectives, as recommended by prominent members of IHEU.{{ref|Blackham}} Such usage is not universal among IHEU member organizations, though most of them do observe these conventions.

Apart from the need to ensure that member organisations are [[bona fide]] Humanist (or like-minded) organisations, Humanism rejects [[dogma]], and imposes no creed upon its adherents except the IHEU's Minimum Statement on Humanism.<ref>[[International Humanist and Ethical Union]]</ref>

===Identity===
To promote and unify Humanist identity, prominent members of the IHEU have endorsed the following statements on Humanist identity:{{ref|Blackham}}

* All Humanists, nationally and internationally, should always use the one word Humanism as the name of Humanism: no added adjective, and the initial letter capital (by [[life stance orthography]]);
* All Humanists, nationally and internationally, should use a clear, recognizable and uniform symbol on their publications and elsewhere: our Humanist symbol the "[[Happy Human]]";
* All Humanists, nationally and internationally, should seek to establish recognition of the fact that Humanism is a life stance.

Capitalization of Humanist is the normal usage within IHEU, and is recommended usage for member organizations, though some member organizations do not follow the IHEU recommendation. For example, the [[Council for Secular Humanism]] continues to use a lowercase h, and the adjective ''secular''.

=== Other widely recognised documents ===
Two other widely accepted general doctrines of Humanism are set forth in the ''[[Humanist Manifesto]]''<ref>[http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php American Humanist Association – HUMANISM AND ITS ASPIRATIONS- Humanist Manifesto III, a successor to the Humanist Manifesto of 1933*]</ref> and ''[[A Secular Humanist Declaration]]''.<ref>[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration Council for secular humanism – A Secular Humanist Declaration]</ref>

== Official days of celebration ==
Some Humanists celebrate officially religious-based [[public holiday]]s, such as [[Christmas]] or [[Easter]], but as [[secular]] holidays rather than religious ones.<ref>[http://www.humanism.org.uk/site/cms/contentviewarticle.asp?article=1501 "A humanist discussion of… RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES"]</ref>

The IHEU endorses [[World Humanist Day]] (June 21), [[Darwin Day]] (February 12), [[Human Rights Day]] (December 10) and [[HumanLight]] (December 23) as official days of Humanist celebration, though none are yet a [[public holiday]].

Many Humanists also celebrate the [[Winter solstice|winter]] and summer [[solstice]], the former of which (in the northern hemisphere) is the root of the celebration of Christmas, and the equinoxes, of which the vernal equinox is associated with Christianity's Easter and indeed with all other springtime festivals of renewal.

==History==
The endorsement by the [[IHEU]] of the capitalization of the word "Humanism" (and the dropping of any adjective such as "secular") is quite recent. The [[American Humanist Association]] began to adopt this view in 1973, and the [[IHEU]] formally endorsed this view in 1989. As an organized movement, Humanism itself is quite recent – born at the University of Chicago in the 1920s, made public in 1933 with the publication of the first Manifesto, and becoming incorporated as an Illinois non-profit organization in 1943. The International Humanist and Ethical Union was founded in 1952, when a gathering of world Humanists met under the leadership of Sir [[Julian Huxley]].

== Organizations ==
=== International ===
The [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] (IHEU) is the worldwide umbrella organization for those adhering to the Humanist life stance. It represents the views of over three million Humanists organized in over 100 national organizations in 30 countries.<ref>[http://www.americanhumanist.org/publications/morain/chapter-8.html American humanist association]</ref> Originally based in the [[Netherlands]], the IHEU now operates from [[London]].

=== National ===
While Humanist organizations are found in all parts of the world, one of the largest Humanist organisation in the world (relative to population) is [[Norway|Norway's]] [[Human-Etisk Forbund]],<ref>[http://www.human.no/templates/Page____2067.aspx Human-Etisk Forbund – The Norwegian Humanist Association]</ref> which had over 69,000 members out of a population of around 4.6 million in 2004 (1.5% of the population).<ref>[http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/07/02/10/trosamf_en/tab-2004-10-21-01-en.html Statistics Norway – Members of religious1 and philosophical2 communities outside the Church of Norway. 1990–2004. Numbers and per cent]</ref> This popularity is partly attributable to a unique set of Church-State relations.

Some national Humanist organisations, especially in [[northern Europe]], organise [[Secular coming of age ceremony|secular coming of age ceremonies]] as an alternative to religious initiations, like [[Confirmation]].

=== Non-IHEU organisations ===
Some regional groups that adhere to variants of the Humanist life stance, such as the ''European Humanist Federation'' and the humanist subgroup of the ''[[Unitarian Universalist Association]]'', do not belong to the IHEU.

== Conflicting beliefs ==
In certain areas of the world, Humanism finds itself in conflict with [[religious fundamentalism]], especially over the issue of the [[separation of church and state]]. Many Humanists see religions as superstitious, repressive and closed-minded, while religious fundamentalists may see Humanists as lost souls in need of saving from an eternity of damnation{{fact|reason=yes, plausibly, but some sources are actually needed|date=January 2011}}.

== Associated beliefs ==
{{See also|Secular religion}}
[[Atheism|Atheists]], [[agnosticism|agnostics]], [[deism|deists]], and [[rationalism|rationalists]] are those thought to be supporters of Humanism, although may not always be. However, these beliefs are occupied with metaphysical issues, addressing questions of existence, while Humanism ignores such metaphysical matters and has its focus on ethics. Many Humanists address ethics from the point of view of [[Ethical naturalism]], and some support an actual [[Science of morality]].

Some philosophers like [[Peter Singer]] see Humanism as [[Speciesism|speciescist]] and lend themselves to more of a [[Personism]].

== Prevalence ==
There is uncertainty about the prevalence of Humanists in the world, because of the lack of universal definition throughout [[census]]es. Nevertheless, regarding the category of religion, many national censuses contentiously define Humanism as a further sub-category of the sub-category "No Religion", which typically includes [[atheist]], [[rationalist]] and [[agnostic]] thought. This is the case in the article [[world religion]]. However, this is not always the case; in its 2006 census [[Australia]] used Humanism as an example for the "other religions" line.

In [[England and Wales|England, Wales]]<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/commentaries/ethnicity.asp#religion Census 2001 – Ethnicity and religion in England and Wales]</ref> and [[Australia]],<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/BFDDA1CA506D6CFACA2570DE0014496E?opendocument RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION] Australian Bureau of Statistics</ref><ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B783FA5B03524218CA256B3B00149F9B?opendocument RELP Religious Affiliation – 1st Release] Australian Bureau of Statistics</ref> around 15% of the population specifies "No Religion" in the national [[census]]. In the [[USA]], the decennial census does not inquire about religious affiliation or its lack; surveys report the figure at roughly 13%.<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html#religions Top Twenty Religions in the United States, 2001 (self-identification, ARIS)]</ref> In the 2001 [[Canada|Canadian]] census, 16.5% of the populace reported having no religious affiliation.<ref>[http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a.htm Statistics Canada – Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)]</ref> In [[Scotland]], the figure is 28%.<ref>[http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/analysis-of-religion-in-the-2001-census.html General Register Office for Scotland – Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census]</ref>

However, many Humanists may state "no religion" with no further definition, or simply not respond to the census question at all.{{citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Strictly speaking, Humanism is a non-theistic belief. As such, it could be sub-categories of religion only if the main category of "Religion" means "Religion and (any) [[Life stance|belief system]]". This is the case in the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] on [[freedom of religion|freedom of religion ''and'' beliefs]].

== See also ==
* [[List of humanists]]
* [[List of official religions]]
* [[Personism]]
* Philosophical [[humanism]]
* [[Renaissance humanism]], the Renaissance liberal arts movement

===Organizations===
* [[American Humanist Association]]
* [[British Humanist Association]]
* [[Camp Quest]]
* [[Campus Freethought Alliance]]
* [[Center for Inquiry]]
* [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]]
* [[Council for Secular Humanism]] (formerly CODESH)
* [[Council of Australian Humanist Societies]]
* [[Ethical Culture]]
* [[Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations]]
* [[Fellowship of Reason]]
* [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]]
* [[GAMPAC|Godless Americans PAC]] (political action committee)
* [[Humanist Association of Canada]]
* [[Institute for Humanist Studies]]
* [[Internet Infidels]]
* [[National Center for Science Education]]
* [[New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists]]
* [[Quackwatch]]
* [[Skeptics Society]]
* [[Secular Student Alliance]]
* [[Secular Web]]
* [[World Transhumanist Association]]

=== Related philosophies ===
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Comparative religion]]
* [[Empiricism]], that knowledge arises from experience
* [[Epicureanism]], a form of atomic materialist
* [[Freethought]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Nontheism]]
* [[Personism]]
* [[Philosophical naturalism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Religious humanism]]
* [[Secularism]]
* [[Transhumanism]]
** [[Extropianism]], aiming of improving the human condition
* [[Marxist humanism]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{external links|date=March 2010}}
* [http://www.americanhumanist.org/humanism/lebrun.html Humanism With A Capital H] by Harvey Lebrun of the [[American Humanist Association]]
* [http://www.iheu.org/node/180 Humanism is Eight Letters, No More] Endorsed by Harold Blackham, Levi Fragell, Corliss Lamont, Harry Stopes-Roe and Rob Tielman of the [[IHEU]]
* [http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/briefs/brief_3.html Human Rights Brief No. 3] Assessment of international law pertaining to freedom of religion and belief from Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.
* [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/AD25AA55EB7FDC75CA25697E0018FD84?opendocument Australian Bureau of Statistics 1996 Census Dictionary – Religion category]
* [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Reference/dict/pop110.htm Religion, 2001 census, Canada]

===Declarations===
* [http://www.iheu.org/node/2140 A Declaration of Interdependence] (1988)
* [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=affirmations The Affirmations of Humanism: A Statement of Principles]

=== Wikibooks ===
* ''[[b:Thinking And Moral Problems|Thinking And Moral Problems]]''
* ''[[b:Religions And Their Source|Religions And Their Source]]''
* ''[[b:Purpose|Purpose]]''
* ''[[b:Developing A Universal Religion|Developing A Universal Religion]]'', four parts of a [[Wikibooks|Wikibook]]

===Magazines===
* [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=what "What is secular humanism?"] Introduction from the publishers of ''Free Inquiry'' magazine
* [http://www.thehumanist.org/ The Humanist] (magazine)
* [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~humanist/resources/AH79/AH-Index.html The Australian Humanist] (magazine)

=== Organizations ===
* [http://www.iheyo.org/ International Humanist and Ethical Youth Organisation]
* [http://www.humanism.ro Romanian Association Solidarity for Freedom of Conscience – Romanian/ English]

=== Other ===
* [http://MHEC.humanists.net/HUMNISM.HTM HUMANISM: Why, What, and What For, In 882 Words] (1996)
* [http://www.ihumanism.org/intro/10points.html 10 Points of Humanism: A Definition] from [http://www.corliss-lamont.org/philos8.htm ''The Philosophy of Humanism''] by [[Corliss Lamont]]
* [http://www.freeinquiry.com/humanism-uu.html The History and Philosophy of Humanism] – Speech given by Steven D. Schafersman in Oxford, Ohio (September 24, 1995)
* [http://atheism.about.com/od/abouthumanism/a/secularreligion.htm Is Secular Humanism a Religion?]:Many Say It Is, but Secularists Say It Isn't

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Humanism}}
[[Category:Secularism]]
[[Category:Humanism| ]]
[[Category:History of ideas]]
[[Category:Freethought]]
[[Category:Atheism]]
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Humanism (life stance) - Revision history

wikademia>Eme at 05:22, 8 April 2011

wikademia>Eme: from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humanism_(life_stance)&oldid=407371995