Surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology - Revision history

wikademia>Dr. Eme at 18:01, 13 September 2009

2009-09-13T18:01:43Z

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	Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.		Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.

wikademia>Dr. Eme: 26 revisions

2009-08-26T17:11:29Z

26 revisions

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wikademia>Welsh: clean up using AWB

2009-08-26T14:43:42Z

clean up using AWB

wikademia>Verbal: Nominated for deletion; see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology. (TW)

2009-08-26T10:39:48Z

Nominated for deletion; see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology. (TW)

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	Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.		Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.

wikademia>Nemonoman: /* See also */ add a category.

2009-08-23T22:59:22Z

wikademia>Nemonoman: Some -- NOT all -- of this information is Summarized in Parapsychology. Here: more info about subjects surveyed, additional questions, more findings, etc.

2009-08-23T22:57:28Z

Some -- NOT all -- of this information is Summarized in Parapsychology. Here: more info about subjects surveyed, additional questions, more findings, etc.

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	{{dated prod\|concern = WP:NOT#Systematic review - this is just a collection of studies, already reported at [[Parapsychology]].\|month = August\|day = 23\|year = 2009\|time = 17:58\|timestamp = 20090823175808}}
	~~<!-- Do not use the "dated prod" template directly; the above line is generated by "subst:prod\|reason" -->~~
	Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.		Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.

wikademia>2over0: Proposing article for deletion per WP:PROD. (TW)

2009-08-23T17:58:09Z

Proposing article for deletion per WP:PROD. (TW)

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			{{dated prod\|concern = WP:NOT#Systematic review - this is just a collection of studies, already reported at [[Parapsychology]].\|month = August\|day = 23\|year = 2009\|time = 17:58\|timestamp = 20090823175808}}
			<!-- Do not use the "dated prod" template directly; the above line is generated by "subst:prod\|reason" -->
	Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.		Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.

wikademia>Rodgarton at 13:04, 22 August 2009

2009-08-22T13:04:41Z

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	* The first study of this kind was conducted in the latter 1930s and involved an extensive survey of the 603 full members of the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), achieving a response-rate of 58%, .<ref>Warner, L., & Clark, C. C. (1938). A survey of psychological opinion on ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''2'', 196-301.</ref>		* The first study of this kind was conducted in the latter 1930s and involved an extensive survey of the 603 full members of the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), achieving a response-rate of 58%, .<ref>Warner, L., & Clark, C. C. (1938). A survey of psychological opinion on ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''2'', 196-301.</ref>
	* A further study with the same method was conducted in the early 1950s, involving 515 APA members, achieving a 70% response-rate.<ref>Warner, L. (1952). A second survey of psychological opinion on ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''16'', 284-295.</ref>		* A further study with the same method was conducted in the early 1950s, involving 515 APA members, achieving a 70% response-rate.<ref>Warner, L. (1952). A second survey of psychological opinion on ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''16'', 284-295.</ref>
	* Two further polls conducted in the 1950s targeted new associates of the APA.<ref>Warner, L. (1955). What the younger psychologists think about ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''19'', 228-235.</ref>		* Two further polls conducted in the 1950s targeted new associates of the APA. "Somewhat over 60%" of the 621 associates admitted in 1950, and "somewhat over 60%" of the 1323 associates admitted in 1955, completed and returned the questionnaire. The results were strikingly similar over these years, the percentages generally deviating by less than 2%; for brevity, the averages of the proportions reported are given here.<ref>Warner, L. (1955). What the younger psychologists think about ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''19'', 228-235.</ref>
	* A 1973 survey of readers of the science magazine ''New Scientist'' – while involving an unselected sample – produced similar results.<ref>Evans, C. (1973, January 25). Parapsychology – What the questionnaire revealed. ''New Scientist'', ''57'', 209.</ref> From a possible 72,000 copies of the magazine being sold, there were 1,416 returns; 63% of respondents with degrees, and 13% being students.		* A 1973 survey of readers of the science magazine ''New Scientist'' – while involving an unselected sample – produced similar results.<ref>Evans, C. (1973, January 25). Parapsychology – What the questionnaire revealed. ''New Scientist'', ''57'', 209.</ref> From a possible 72,000 copies of the magazine being sold, there were 1,416 returns; 63% of respondents with degrees, and 13% being students.
	*A larger and more representative study during the late 1970s surveyed 2400 randomly selected college professors of large academic institutions, from the faculties of social and natural sciences, humanities, arts and education, achieving a 50% response-rate with demographics suggesting the sample was representative of the population.<ref>Wagner, M. W., & Monnet, M. (1979). Attitudes of college professors toward extra-sensory perception. ''Zetetic Scholar'', ''5'', 7-16.</ref>		*A larger and more representative study during the late 1970s surveyed 2400 randomly selected college professors of large academic institutions, from the faculties of social and natural sciences, humanities, arts and education, achieving a 50% response-rate with demographics suggesting the sample was representative of the population.<ref>Wagner, M. W., & Monnet, M. (1979). Attitudes of college professors toward extra-sensory perception. ''Zetetic Scholar'', ''5'', 7-16.</ref>

wikademia>Erik9bot: add template:uncategorized

2009-08-12T21:38:47Z

add template:uncategorized

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	===See also===		===See also===
	[[Parapsychology]]		[[Parapsychology]]

			{{Uncategorized\|date=August 2009}}

wikademia>Nemonoman: Reverted 1 edit by Rodgarton identified as vandalism to last revision by Nemonoman. (TW)

2009-08-11T23:03:10Z

Reverted 1 edit by Rodgarton identified as vandalism to last revision by Nemonoman. (TW)

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		Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.

		* The first study of this kind was conducted in the latter 1930s and involved an extensive survey of the 603 full members of the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), achieving a response-rate of 58%, .<ref>Warner, L., & Clark, C. C. (1938). A survey of psychological opinion on ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''2'', 196-301.</ref>
		* A further study with the same method was conducted in the early 1950s, involving 515 APA members, achieving a 70% response-rate.<ref>Warner, L. (1952). A second survey of psychological opinion on ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''16'', 284-295.</ref>
		* Two further polls conducted in the 1950s targeted new associates of the APA.<ref>Warner, L. (1955). What the younger psychologists think about ESP. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''19'', 228-235.</ref>
		* A 1973 survey of readers of the science magazine ''New Scientist'' – while involving an unselected sample – produced similar results.<ref>Evans, C. (1973, January 25). Parapsychology – What the questionnaire revealed. ''New Scientist'', ''57'', 209.</ref> From a possible 72,000 copies of the magazine being sold, there were 1,416 returns; 63% of respondents with degrees, and 13% being students.
		*A larger and more representative study during the late 1970s surveyed 2400 randomly selected college professors of large academic institutions, from the faculties of social and natural sciences, humanities, arts and education, achieving a 50% response-rate with demographics suggesting the sample was representative of the population.<ref>Wagner, M. W., & Monnet, M. (1979). Attitudes of college professors toward extra-sensory perception. ''Zetetic Scholar'', ''5'', 7-16.</ref>
		* A more restricted sample of the early 1980s was based on 339 responding council members and selected section committee members of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref> McClenon, J. (1982). A survey of elite scientists: Their attitudes toward ESP and parapsychology. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''46'', 127-152.</ref>

		====Is ESP an established fact or likely possibility?====

		* 9% of the 1930s US psychologists agreed
		* 17% of the 1950s US psychologists agreed
		* 32% of the new 1950s US psychologists agreed
		* 67% of the 1970s ''New Scientist'' readers agreed
		* 66% of the 1970s college professors agreed
		* 29% of the 1980s AAAS leaders agreed

		This question also permitted an option to deny the possibility of ESP. Those indicating this option were as follows.

		* 15% of the 1930s US psychologists denied
		* 10% of the 1950s US psychologists denied
		* 7% of the new 1950s US psychologists denied
		* 3% of the 1970s ''New Scientist'' readers agreed
		* 4% of the 1970s college professors denied
		* 9% of the 1980s AAAS leaders denied

		Additionally, 71% of AAAS leaders agreed with this statement: "There is insufficient evidence for psychic ability."

		====Is ESP a legitimate scientific undertaking?====

		* 89% of the 1930s psychologists agreed (76% indicated that it should be studied within academic psychology)
		* 89% of the 1950s psychologists agreed (exactly the same proportion as in the 1930s)
		* 94% of the new 1950s psychologists agreed
		* 85% of the 1970s ''New Scientist'' readers agreed (20% considered ESP to be within the province of psychology; many commented that physics would be more appropriate)
		* 84% of the 1970s college professors agreed
		* 69% of the 1980s AAAS leaders agreed

		Additionally, the survey of AAAS leaders included these questions:

		* "Parapsychology threatens the established mechanistic world view of scientists" – 13% agreed.
		* " Parapsychology conflicts with current physical or biological theories" – 36% agreed.

		====Is the present research direction appropriate?====

		This question concerned the manner of research, as exemplified in reports in the ''Journal of Parapsychology''. About 32% in both studies of psychologists indicated full support for the direction of research.

		Those who considered that the research was ''not'' conducted "in the proper direction" were as follows.

		* 13% of the 1930s psychologists disapproved
		* 18% of the 1950s psychologists disapproved
		* 9% of the new 1950s psychologists disapproved

		Another way of addressing this issue was given in the 1970s studies, asking if parapsychology was important and making some or only a little progress. 62% of the ''New Scientist'' readers agreed, and 57% of the college professors agreed. An option was also permitted to indicate that parapsychology was a pseudoscience: this was checked by 4% of the ''New Scientist'' readers, and 3% of the college professors.

		This specific question was not addressed to the AAAS members, but similar measures were made of the following attitudes.

		* "Scientists feel that parapsychological research has not been conducted in a competent manner" – 68% agreed.
		* "The complexity and elusiveness of psi makes it extremely difficult to research" – 62% agreed.

		====What is the source of academic opinion?====

		Most of the surveys asked if the respondents had based their opinions on on journal reports. Personal experience was also queried in most studies as a discrete alternative. (Other source options offered by some surveys were newspapers, books by [[J. B. Rhine]], hearsay, and ''a priori'' belief.)

		'''Journal reports'''
		* 41% of the 1930s psychologists
		* 35% of the 1950s psychologists
		* 16% of the new 1950s psychologists
		* 26% of the 1970s college professors
		* 30% of the 1980s AAAS leaders

		'''Personal experience'''
		* 2% of the 1930s psychologists
		* 8% of the 1950s psychologists
		* 11% of the 1970s college professors
		* 28% of the 1980s AAAS leaders

		In the ''New Scientist'' study, of those 25% who considered ESP to be fully established, 40% indicated their view was based on reading scientific literature; most cited personal experience.

		The researchers reporting these results have generally noted, in discussion, that the findings are surprisingly consistent over the decades, research methods, and populations sampled; although psychologists and AAAS representatives tend to indicate less positive attitude; the elite scientists of the AAAS were particularly prone to basing attitude on the (lack of) personal experience of ESP; more contemporary scientists are less familiar with the scientific literature of parapsychology than were psychologists in the 1930s; and academics in the humanities are generally most positive in their attitude to the phenomena. In both the college professor and AAAS leader studies, no significant relationship was observed between age or sex and the measured attitudes.

		===References===
		<references/>

		===See also===
		[[Parapsychology]]

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	<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->		<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->

	Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.		Several groups have made '''surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology.''' Since the inception of experimental [[parapsychology]] in the 1930s, six key surveys of academic opinion have been reported; these surveys addressed several topics about parapsychology, but particularly addressed four key questions to different groups of academics.

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	* A more restricted sample of the early 1980s was based on 339 responding council members and selected section committee members of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref> McClenon, J. (1982). A survey of elite scientists: Their attitudes toward ESP and parapsychology. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''46'', 127-152.</ref>		* A more restricted sample of the early 1980s was based on 339 responding council members and selected section committee members of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref> McClenon, J. (1982). A survey of elite scientists: Their attitudes toward ESP and parapsychology. ''Journal of Parapsychology'', ''46'', 127-152.</ref>

	====Is ESP an established fact or likely possibility?====		==Is ESP an established fact or likely possibility?==

	* 9% of the 1930s US psychologists agreed		* 9% of the 1930s US psychologists agreed
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	Additionally, 71% of AAAS leaders agreed with this statement: "There is insufficient evidence for psychic ability."		Additionally, 71% of AAAS leaders agreed with this statement: "There is insufficient evidence for psychic ability."

	====Is ESP a legitimate scientific undertaking?====		==Is ESP a legitimate scientific undertaking?==

	* 89% of the 1930s psychologists agreed (76% indicated that it should be studied within academic psychology)		* 89% of the 1930s psychologists agreed (76% indicated that it should be studied within academic psychology)
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	Additionally, the survey of AAAS leaders included these questions:		Additionally, the survey of AAAS leaders included these questions:

	* ~~"~~Parapsychology threatens the established mechanistic world view of scientists~~"~~ – 13% agreed.		* "Parapsychology threatens the established mechanistic world view of scientists" – 13% agreed.
	* ~~"~~ Parapsychology conflicts with current physical or biological theories~~"~~ – 36% agreed.		* " Parapsychology conflicts with current physical or biological theories" – 36% agreed.

	====Is the present research direction appropriate?====		==Is the present research direction appropriate?==

	This question concerned the manner of research, as exemplified in reports in the ''Journal of Parapsychology''. About 32% in both studies of psychologists indicated full support for the direction of research.		This question concerned the manner of research, as exemplified in reports in the ''Journal of Parapsychology''. About 32% in both studies of psychologists indicated full support for the direction of research.

	Those who considered that the research was ''not'' conducted ~~"~~in the proper direction~~"~~ were as follows.		Those who considered that the research was ''not'' conducted "in the proper direction" were as follows.

	* 13% of the 1930s psychologists disapproved		* 13% of the 1930s psychologists disapproved
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	This specific question was not addressed to the AAAS members, but similar measures were made of the following attitudes.		This specific question was not addressed to the AAAS members, but similar measures were made of the following attitudes.

	* ~~"~~Scientists feel that parapsychological research has not been conducted in a competent manner~~"~~ – 68% agreed.		* "Scientists feel that parapsychological research has not been conducted in a competent manner" – 68% agreed.
	* ~~"~~The complexity and elusiveness of psi makes it extremely difficult to research~~"~~ – 62% agreed.		* "The complexity and elusiveness of psi makes it extremely difficult to research" – 62% agreed.

	====What is the source of academic opinion?====		==What is the source of academic opinion?==

	Most of the surveys asked if the respondents had based their opinions on on journal reports. Personal experience was also queried in most studies as a discrete alternative. (Other source options offered by some surveys were newspapers, books by [[J. B. Rhine]], hearsay, and ''a priori'' belief.)		Most of the surveys asked if the respondents had based their opinions on on journal reports. Personal experience was also queried in most studies as a discrete alternative. (Other source options offered by some surveys were newspapers, books by [[J. B. Rhine]], hearsay, and ''a priori'' belief.)
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	The researchers reporting these results have generally noted, in discussion, that the findings are surprisingly consistent over the decades, research methods, and populations sampled; although psychologists and AAAS representatives tend to indicate less positive attitude; the elite scientists of the AAAS were particularly prone to basing attitude on the (lack of) personal experience of ESP; more contemporary scientists are less familiar with the scientific literature of parapsychology than were psychologists in the 1930s; and academics in the humanities are generally most positive in their attitude to the phenomena. In both the college professor and AAAS leader studies, no significant relationship was observed between age or sex and the measured attitudes.		The researchers reporting these results have generally noted, in discussion, that the findings are surprisingly consistent over the decades, research methods, and populations sampled; although psychologists and AAAS representatives tend to indicate less positive attitude; the elite scientists of the AAAS were particularly prone to basing attitude on the (lack of) personal experience of ESP; more contemporary scientists are less familiar with the scientific literature of parapsychology than were psychologists in the 1930s; and academics in the humanities are generally most positive in their attitude to the phenomena. In both the college professor and AAAS leader studies, no significant relationship was observed between age or sex and the measured attitudes.

	===References===		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

	===See also===		==See also==
	[[Parapsychology]]		[[Parapsychology]]

	[[Category:Parapsychology]]		[[Category:Parapsychology]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:59, 23 August 2009
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	===See also===		===See also===
	[[Parapsychology]]		[[Parapsychology]]
			[[Category:Parapsychology]]
	~~{{Uncategorized\|date=August 2009}}~~