wikademia>Wikademia: moved Materials Science and Engineering/Timeline of Material Advances to Timeline of material advances

2009-05-20T13:51:53Z

moved Materials Science and Engineering/Timeline of Material Advances to Timeline of material advances

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wikademia>Wikademia: 2 revisions

2009-05-20T13:51:07Z

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wikademia>Dark Obsidian: Quick-adding category "Materials science" (using HotCat)

2009-01-31T19:20:04Z

Quick-adding category "Materials science" (using HotCat)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:20, 31 January 2009
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	"[http://www.materialmoments.org/vote.html The Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering]" JOM		"[http://www.materialmoments.org/vote.html The Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering]" JOM
			[[Category:Materials science]]

18.95.6.208: New page: == Prehistoric to 0 CE == === ~8000 BCE - Earliest Form of Metallugry === Old Worl Neolithic peoples decorate copper by hammering === ~28000 BCE - First Fired Ceramics === === ~5000 BC...

2008-01-06T02:44:45Z

New page: == Prehistoric to 0 CE == === ~8000 BCE - Earliest Form of Metallugry === Old Worl Neolithic peoples decorate copper by hammering === ~28000 BCE - First Fired Ceramics === === ~5000 BC...

New page

== Prehistoric to 0 CE ==

=== ~8000 BCE - Earliest Form of Metallugry ===

Old Worl Neolithic peoples decorate copper by hammering

=== ~28000 BCE - First Fired Ceramics ===

=== ~5000 BCE - Discovery of Ability to Extract Liquid Copper from Malachite and Azurite ===

First example of extractive metallurgy

=== ~3500 BCE - Smelting of Iron by Egyptians ===

Iron is the most dominant metallurgical material

=== ~3000 BCE - Combination of Tin Ore and Copper Ore to Produce Bronze ===

Discovered in area of modern Syria and Turkey

=== ~2200 BCE - Invention of Glass in Iran ===

A great nonmetallic engineering material

=== ~1500 BCE - Lost-Wax Casting ===

Developed by Metal Workers in Near East

=== ~1500 BCE Porcelain ===

Crafted by Potters in China

=== ~300 BCE - Development of Crucible Steel Making in India ===

=== ~200 BCE - Iron Casting===

Introduced in China

=== ~100 BCE - Glass Blowing===

Likely Developed by Phoenicians

== 0 CE - 999 CE ==

=== 400 - Seven Meter High Iron Pillar Forged ===

Created in Dehli, India

== 1000 CE - 1499 CE ==

=== 1450 - Lead-Tin-Antimony Alloy to Cast in Copper Alloy Molds ===

Devised by Johannes Gutenberg

Used in printing press

== 1500 CE - 1599 CE ==

=== 1556 - Examination of Mining and Metallurgy Practiced in 16th Century ===

== 1600 CE - 1699 CE ==

=== ~1668 - Optical Microscopy that Magnifies Greater than 200 Times ===

== 1700 CE - 1799 CE ==

=== 1709 - Replacement of Charcoal by Coke in Blast Furnace in Process of Iron Smelting ===

Discovered by Abraham Darby I

=== 1775 - Invention of Modern Concrete ===

Introduced by John Smeaton

== 1800 CE - 1899 CE ==

=== 1805 - Electroplating ===

Invented by Luigi Brugnatelli

=== 1807 - Foundation of Electrometallurgy and Electrochemistry ===

Process of electrolysis developed by Sir Humphry Davy

Developed to separate element metals from salts

=== 1822 - Theory of Stress and Strain ===

Presented by Augustin Cauchy

=== 1827 - Isolation of Elemental Aluminum ===

Accomplished by Friedrich Wohler

=== 1844 - Vulcanization of Rubber ===

Process invented by Charles Goodyear

=== 1856 - Bottom-Blown Acid Process to Melt Low-Carbon Iron ===

Patented by Bessemer

=== 1863 - Light Microscopy to Study Microstucture of Steel ===

Used by Henry Clifton Sorby

=== 1864 - Periodic Table of Elements ===

Introduced by Mendeleev

=== 1867 - Dynamite ===

Patented by Alfred Nobel

=== 1876 - Basis of Understanding Modern Thermodynamics and Physical Chemistry ===

"On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" published by J. Willar Gibbs

=== 1886 - Electrolytic Reduction of Alumina into Aluminum ===

Discovered by Charles Martin Hall and Paul Heroult

=== 1890 - Examination of Microstructure of Hard Steel Alloy ===

Adolf Martens finds banded regions of variously oriented microcrystals

=== 1896 - Discovery of Radioactivity ===

Found by Pierre and Marie Curie

=== 1898 - Development of Phase Diagram of Iron and Carbon ===

Creating by William Roberts-Austen

== 1900 CE - 1949 CE ==

=== 1904 - Alloying Composition of Stainless Steel ===

Developed by Leon Guillet

=== 1909 - Bakelite ===

Synthesized by Leo Baekeland

Bakelite is a thermosetting hard plastic

=== 1911 - Superconductivity ===

Discovered by Kammerlingh Omnes

Found when studying pure metals at low temperatures

=== 1912 - Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals ===

Discovered by Max von Laue

=== 1913 - Publication of the Bohr Model of Atomic Structure ===

Theory that properties determined by number of electrons in orbits around nucleus

=== 1920 - Statement Regarding Structure of Polymers ===

Work Published by Hermann Staudinger

Polymer Consists of Long Chains of Short Repeating Molecular Units

=== 1920 - Fracture Mechanics ===

Publication by A.A. Griffith of "The Phenomenon of Rupture and Flow of Solids"

Problem of fracture in context of energy balance

=== 1925 - Basis of Quantum Mechanics ===

Matrix mechanics developed by Werner Heisenberg

Wave mechanics and the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation of atoms invented by Erwin Schrodinger

=== 1926 - "Superalloy" ===

Process Patented by Paul Merica

Created by adding small amounts of aluminum to Ni-Cr alloy

=== 1927 - Light-Emitting Diode ===

Paper published by Oleg Losev

=== 1933 - Transmission Electron Microscope ===

Built by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska

=== 1934 - Theory of Dislocations to Explain Plastic Deformation of Ductile Materials ===

Proposed by Egon Orowan, Michael Polyani, and G.I. Taylor

=== 1935 - Polymer Nylon ===

Wallace Hume Carothers, Julian Hill are among researches who patented the process

=== 1939 - Split Nucleus of Uranium Atom ===

Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman bombard nucleus of uranium atom by bombarding with neutrons

=== 1939 - Discovery of P- and N-Type Regions in Silicon ===

Found by Russel Ohl, George Southworth, Jack Scaff, and Henry Theuerer

=== 1946 - Metamaterials ===

The term "metamaterials" was coined in 1999 by Rodger M. Walser of the University of Texas at Austin, and he defined metamaterials as "macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation."

The first metamaterial was developed by W.E. Kock in 1946. He created the metal-lens antennas.

=== 1948 - Transistor ===

Fundamental component of all modern electronics

Invented by John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Schockley

== 1950 CE - 1959 CE ==

=== 1958 - Carbon Fibers ===

Dr. Roger Bacon created the first high performance carbon fibers at the Parma Technical Center outside of Cleveland, OH

=== 1958 - "Microchip" ===

Created by Jack Kilby

Integration of Capacitors, Resistors, Diodes, and Transistors in Germanium

=== 1959 - Introduction of the concepts of nanotechnology ===

Presentation by Richard Feynman of "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"

=== 1959 - Photolithography ===

== 1960 CE - 1969 CE ==

=== 1962 - Laser Diode ===

The first to demonstrate coherent light emission from a semiconductor diode (the first laser diode), is widely acknowledged to have been Robert N. Hall and his team at the General Electric research center in 1962.

=== 1965 - Commercial Scanning Electron Microscope ===

Introduced by Cambridge Instruments

== 1970 CE - 1979 CE ==

=== 1976 - Lithium Ion Batteries ===

Paper published by M.S. Whittingham: "Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry"

== 1980 CE - 1989 CE ==

=== 1981 - Scanning Probe Microscopes ===

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a new branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.

=== 1988 - Giant Magnetoresistive Effect ===

GMR was independently discovered in Fe/Cr/Fe trilayers by a research team led by Peter Grünberg of the Jülich Research Centre (DE), who owns the patent, and in Fe/Cr multilayers by the group of Albert Fert of the University of Paris-Sud (FR), who first saw the large effect in multilayers that led to its naming, and first correctly explained the underlying physics.

== 1990 CE - 1999 CE ==

=== 1991 - Discovery of Nanotubes ===

Found by Sumio Iijima

=== 1994 - The International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors ===

== 2000 CE - Present ==

=== 2001 National Nanotechnology Initiative ===

A United States federal initiative of nanoscale science and technology

== Source ==

"[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071218101208.htm Top 10 Advances In Materials Science Over Last 50 Years]" Science Daily. December 19, 2007

"[http://www.materialmoments.org/vote.html The Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering]" JOM

Timeline of material advances - Revision history

wikademia>Wikademia: moved Materials Science and Engineering/Timeline of Material Advances to Timeline of material advances

wikademia>Wikademia: 2 revisions

wikademia>Dark Obsidian: Quick-adding category "Materials science" (using HotCat)

18.95.6.208: New page: == Prehistoric to 0 CE == === ~8000 BCE - Earliest Form of Metallugry === Old Worl Neolithic peoples decorate copper by hammering === ~28000 BCE - First Fired Ceramics === === ~5000 BC...