Vital Brazil - Revision history

wikademia>Wikademia at 21:54, 23 March 2009

2009-03-23T21:54:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:54, 23 March 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{RightTOc}}
	:''For a place in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], see [[Vital Brazil, Brazil]].''		:''For a place in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], see [[Vital Brazil, Brazil]].''

wikademia>Sir Censor at 03:19, 22 March 2009

2009-03-22T03:19:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:19, 22 March 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	:''For a place in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], see [[Vital Brazil, Brazil]].''		:''For a place in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], see [[Vital Brazil, Brazil]].''

	~~[[Image:Busto2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil]]~~

	'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), ([[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]] – [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.		'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), ([[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]] – [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.
Line 50:		Line 48:
	[[Category:People in the history of medicine]]		[[Category:People in the history of medicine]]
	[[Category:Brazilian scientists]]		[[Category:Brazilian scientists]]

	~~[[fr:Vital Brazil]]~~
	~~[[pt:Vital Brazil]]~~

wikademia>Sir Censor: 65 revisions

2009-03-22T03:19:24Z

65 revisions

← Older revision	Revision as of 03:19, 22 March 2009
(No difference)

wikademia>Jaraalbe: reclassify

2008-11-05T21:49:40Z

reclassify

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:49, 5 November 2008
Line 48:		Line 48:
	[[Category:Immunologists]]		[[Category:Immunologists]]
	[[Category:Brazilian physicians]]		[[Category:Brazilian physicians]]
	[[Category:~~History~~ of medicine]]		[[Category:People in the history of medicine]]
	[[Category:Brazilian scientists]]		[[Category:Brazilian scientists]]

	[[fr:Vital Brazil]]		[[fr:Vital Brazil]]
	[[pt:Vital Brazil]]		[[pt:Vital Brazil]]

wikademia>Rjwilmsi: gen fixes: format date of birth/death, using AWB

2008-10-29T21:31:32Z

gen fixes: format date of birth/death, using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:31, 29 October 2008
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[Image:Busto2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil]]		[[Image:Busto2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil]]

	'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]]~~, d.~~ [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.		'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), ([[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]] – [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.

	==Life==		==Life==

wikademia>Lightbot: Units/dates/other

2008-06-15T16:44:22Z

Units/dates/other

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:44, 15 June 2008
Line 2:		Line 2:

	[[Image:Busto2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil]]		[[Image:Busto2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil]]


	'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.		'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.



	==Life==		==Life==
Line 25:		Line 22:
	Vital Brazil was convinced since his early work at Butantan that envenomations (poisoning by accidents with venomous animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[spider]]s and [[batrachia]], then the cause of thousands of deaths in enormous rural Brazil, which teemed with such tropical beasts) could be fought with antisera, i.e., [[antibody\|antibodies]] specifically produced for venoms which were [[proteins]] or long-chain [[peptides]]. A French immunologist, [[Albert Calmette]] (1863–1933) had demonstrated this for the first time in 1892, by developing a monovalent serum to treat bites by the Indian [[cobra]] (''Naja tripudians'').		Vital Brazil was convinced since his early work at Butantan that envenomations (poisoning by accidents with venomous animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[spider]]s and [[batrachia]], then the cause of thousands of deaths in enormous rural Brazil, which teemed with such tropical beasts) could be fought with antisera, i.e., [[antibody\|antibodies]] specifically produced for venoms which were [[proteins]] or long-chain [[peptides]]. A French immunologist, [[Albert Calmette]] (1863–1933) had demonstrated this for the first time in 1892, by developing a monovalent serum to treat bites by the Indian [[cobra]] (''Naja tripudians'').

	Vital Brazil thus began a series of experimental investigations, and in [[1901]] he was able to prove that monovalent sera against the Asiatic species were ineffective against South American snakes, and proceeded to develop his first monovalent sera against the most common envenomations in Brazil, those produced by the ''Bothrops'', ''Crotalus'' and ''Elaps'' genera (represented respectively by the [[jararaca]] [[snake]], the [[rattlesnake]], and the [[coral snake]]). He found several clinical and biochemical similarities between bothropic and crotalic envonomations and so he was the first to achieve a polyvalent serum, i.e., simultaneously effective against both species, which represented a triumph over the stark [[death\|mortality]] caused by these species in North, Central and South America. In a few decades, this mortality, which was higher than 25% to 20% of bitten people, fell to less than 2%.		Vital Brazil thus began a series of experimental investigations, and in 1901 he was able to prove that monovalent sera against the Asiatic species were ineffective against South American snakes, and proceeded to develop his first monovalent sera against the most common envenomations in Brazil, those produced by the ''Bothrops'', ''Crotalus'' and ''Elaps'' genera (represented respectively by the [[jararaca]] [[snake]], the [[rattlesnake]], and the [[coral snake]]). He found several clinical and biochemical similarities between bothropic and crotalic envonomations and so he was the first to achieve a polyvalent serum, i.e., simultaneously effective against both species, which represented a triumph over the stark [[death\|mortality]] caused by these species in North, Central and South America. In a few decades, this mortality, which was higher than 25% to 20% of bitten people, fell to less than 2%.

	Applying the same techniques (which involved gradual [[immunization]] of [[horse]]s and [[sheep]] by administering small doses of [[venom (poison)\|venoms]], and then extracting, purifying and [[freeze-drying]] the antibody portion from the blood of injected animals), Vital Brazil and his coworkers were able to discover the first sera against two species of [[scorpion]]s' (1908) and [[spider]]s' (1925) venoms. In the USA, Vital Brazil's name made the headlines when he used his serum to save the life of a worker in the [[Bronx Zoo]] in [[New York]] who was bitten by a rattlesnake.		Applying the same techniques (which involved gradual [[immunization]] of [[horse]]s and [[sheep]] by administering small doses of [[venom (poison)\|venoms]], and then extracting, purifying and [[freeze-drying]] the antibody portion from the blood of injected animals), Vital Brazil and his coworkers were able to discover the first sera against two species of [[scorpion]]s' (1908) and [[spider]]s' (1925) venoms. In the USA, Vital Brazil's name made the headlines when he used his serum to save the life of a worker in the [[Bronx Zoo]] in [[New York]] who was bitten by a rattlesnake.

	Most important of all, the Butantan Institute became a fertile school for breeding a new generation of Brazilian biochemists, physiologists and pathologists, such as [[José Moura Gonçalves]], [[Carlos Ribeiro Diniz]], [[Gastão Rosenfeld]], [[Wilson Teixeira Beraldo]] and [[Maurício Rocha e Silva]], who went on to found a growing number of schools, departments and research laboratories in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, giving a great impetus to the development of medical and biological research and teaching in Brazil in the second half of the [[20th century]].		Most important of all, the Butantan Institute became a fertile school for breeding a new generation of Brazilian biochemists, physiologists and pathologists, such as [[José Moura Gonçalves]], [[Carlos Ribeiro Diniz]], [[Gastão Rosenfeld]], [[Wilson Teixeira Beraldo]] and [[Maurício Rocha e Silva]], who went on to found a growing number of schools, departments and research laboratories in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, giving a great impetus to the development of medical and biological research and teaching in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century.

	According to [[Argentina\|Argentinian]] [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Bernardo Houssay]], who wrote a well-cited biography of Vital Brazil in 1966, his contributions went further than [[herpetology]]:		According to [[Argentina\|Argentinian]] [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Bernardo Houssay]], who wrote a well-cited biography of Vital Brazil in 1966, his contributions went further than [[herpetology]]:

	"Vital Brazil and his collaborators have studied several actions of the venoms, (such as) [[coagulant]], [[anticoagulant]], [[Hemolysis\|hemolytic]], [[Agglutinin\|agglutinant]], [[cytotoxic]], [[Proteolysis\|proteolytic]], etc. (...) The (animal) poisons contain numerous [[enzyme]]s which have been isolated and studied with interest in all parts since they explain many of the [[symptoms]] and constitute interesting biochemical reagents, Vital Brazil studied also the [[ophiophagy\|ophiophagous]] serpents, such as the [[mussurana]], the ophiophagous mammals, such as the [[skunk]]-like ''Conepatus chilensis'' and others, the ophiophagous birds and certain spiders. (...) His book, ''La défense contre l’ophidisme'' published in French in [[1914]], attained international repercussion with three editions."		"Vital Brazil and his collaborators have studied several actions of the venoms, (such as) [[coagulant]], [[anticoagulant]], [[Hemolysis\|hemolytic]], [[Agglutinin\|agglutinant]], [[cytotoxic]], [[Proteolysis\|proteolytic]], etc. (...) The (animal) poisons contain numerous [[enzyme]]s which have been isolated and studied with interest in all parts since they explain many of the [[symptoms]] and constitute interesting biochemical reagents, Vital Brazil studied also the [[ophiophagy\|ophiophagous]] serpents, such as the [[mussurana]], the ophiophagous mammals, such as the [[skunk]]-like ''Conepatus chilensis'' and others, the ophiophagous birds and certain spiders. (...) His book, ''La défense contre l’ophidisme'' published in French in 1914, attained international repercussion with three editions."

	==Related topic==		==Related topic==

wikademia>Dumas 1830: Changed "{" for a "("

2008-05-23T08:39:28Z

Changed "{" for a "("

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:39, 23 May 2008
Line 33:		Line 33:
	According to [[Argentina\|Argentinian]] [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Bernardo Houssay]], who wrote a well-cited biography of Vital Brazil in 1966, his contributions went further than [[herpetology]]:		According to [[Argentina\|Argentinian]] [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Bernardo Houssay]], who wrote a well-cited biography of Vital Brazil in 1966, his contributions went further than [[herpetology]]:

	"Vital Brazil and his collaborators have studied several actions of the venoms, (such as) [[coagulant]], [[anticoagulant]], [[Hemolysis\|hemolytic]], [[Agglutinin\|agglutinant]], [[cytotoxic]], [[Proteolysis\|proteolytic]], etc. (...) The {animal) poisons contain numerous [[enzyme]]s which have been isolated and studied with interest in all parts since they explain many of the [[symptoms]] and constitute interesting biochemical reagents, Vital Brazil studied also the [[ophiophagy\|ophiophagous]] serpents, such as the [[mussurana]], the ophiophagous mammals, such as the [[skunk]]-like ''Conepatus chilensis'' and others, the ophiophagous birds and certain spiders. (...) His book, ''La défense contre l’ophidisme'' published in French in [[1914]], attained international repercussion with three editions."		"Vital Brazil and his collaborators have studied several actions of the venoms, (such as) [[coagulant]], [[anticoagulant]], [[Hemolysis\|hemolytic]], [[Agglutinin\|agglutinant]], [[cytotoxic]], [[Proteolysis\|proteolytic]], etc. (...) The (animal) poisons contain numerous [[enzyme]]s which have been isolated and studied with interest in all parts since they explain many of the [[symptoms]] and constitute interesting biochemical reagents, Vital Brazil studied also the [[ophiophagy\|ophiophagous]] serpents, such as the [[mussurana]], the ophiophagous mammals, such as the [[skunk]]-like ''Conepatus chilensis'' and others, the ophiophagous birds and certain spiders. (...) His book, ''La défense contre l’ophidisme'' published in French in [[1914]], attained international repercussion with three editions."

	==Related topic==		==Related topic==

wikademia>Aventor at 16:30, 7 May 2008

2008-05-07T16:30:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 7 May 2008
Line 4:		Line 4:


	'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[~~toxinology~~]], the science of ~~venomonous~~ animals.		'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.


Line 10:		Line 10:
	==Life==		==Life==
	[[Image:VitalBrazil1911.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil in 1911.]]		[[Image:VitalBrazil1911.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil in 1911.]]
	Vital Brazil was born on April 28, 1865, in the ~~little~~ town of Campanha, in the ~~states~~ of Minas Gerais. His father gave him this curious name in homage to the country, the state and the city where he was born.		Vital Brazil was born on April 28, 1865, in the town of Campanha, in the state of Minas Gerais. His father gave him this curious name in homage to the country, the state and the city where he was born.

	He graduated in [[Medicine]] in 1891, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], working as a technical assistant in the chair of [[Physiology]] in order to pay for his tuition and living expenses. After ~~graduation~~, he ~~started to~~ work in [[public health]], initially as a sanitary inspector in São Paulo (1892 to 1895), where he acquired experience in the prevalent [[epidemic]] diseases of the time ([[smallpox]], [[typhoid fever]], [[yellow fever]] and [[cholera]]), and then as a private practitioner in the city of [[Botucatu]], from 1895 to 1896.		He graduated in [[Medicine]] in 1891, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], working as a technical assistant in the chair of [[Physiology]] in order to pay for his tuition and living expenses. After graduating, he began work in [[public health]], initially as a sanitary inspector in São Paulo (1892-1895), where he acquired experience in the prevalent [[epidemic]] diseases of the time ([[smallpox]], [[typhoid fever]], [[yellow fever]] and [[cholera]]), and then as a private practitioner in the city of [[Botucatu]], from 1895 to 1896.

	Vital Brazil was attracted by [[medical research]] in the growing fields of [[bacteriology]], [[virology]] and [[immunology]] at the end of the 19th century, which were being fueled by the great discoveries in Europe, by [[Louis Pasteur]], [[Robert Koch]], [[Paul Ehrlich]] and many others. He therefore returned to São Paulo in 1897 and accepted a position in the [[Instituto Bacteriológico de São Paulo]] (''Bacteriological Institute of São Paulo''), under direction of the great Brazilian [[Pathology\|pathologist]] and [[Epidemiology\|epidemiologist]] [[Adolfo Lutz]]. There, he worked on the preparation of sera against several diseases, particularly [[bubonic plague]], of which he fell gravely ill, fortunately surviving it.		Vital Brazil was attracted by [[medical research]] in the growing fields of [[bacteriology]], [[virology]] and [[immunology]] at the end of the 19th century, which were being fueled by the great discoveries in Europe, by [[Louis Pasteur]], [[Robert Koch]], [[Paul Ehrlich]] and many others. He therefore returned to São Paulo in 1897 and accepted a position in the [[Instituto Bacteriológico de São Paulo]] (''Bacteriological Institute of São Paulo''), under direction of the great Brazilian [[Pathology\|pathologist]] and [[Epidemiology\|epidemiologist]] [[Adolfo Lutz]]. There, he worked on the preparation of sera against several diseases, particularly [[bubonic plague]], of which he fell gravely ill, fortunately surviving it.
Line 21:		Line 21:

	==Work==		==Work==
	The new São Paulo Institute was built in a section of the city named Butantan, at the time a far-away place, near the Pinheiros river, a swampy, sparsely inhabited area. Under Vital Brazil, it soon became an energetic and exemplary research center in vaccines and sera of all kinds, which were produced locally for the [[prophylaxis]] and treatment of [[tetanus]], [[diphtheria]], [[yellow fever]], [[smallpox]] and several [[zoonoses]] (diseases transmitted to humans by animals), such as the dreaded [[hydrophobia]]. The Institute came to be well known by his original nickname, the [[Butantan Institute]], and it still active today.		The new São Paulo Institute was built in a section of the city named Butantan, at the time a far-away place, near the Pinheiros river, a swampy, sparsely inhabited area. Under Vital Brazil, it soon became an energetic and exemplary research center in vaccines and sera of all kinds, which were produced locally for the [[prophylaxis]] and treatment of [[tetanus]], [[diphtheria]], [[yellow fever]], [[smallpox]] and several [[zoonoses]] (diseases transmitted to humans by animals), such as the dreaded [[hydrophobia]]. The Institute came to be well known by his original nickname, the [[Butantan Institute]], and is still active today.

	Vital Brazil was convinced since his early work at Butantan that envenomations (poisoning by accidents with venomous animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[spider]]s and [[batrachia]], then the cause of thousands of deaths in enormous rural Brazil, which teemed with such tropical beasts) could be fought with antisera, i.e., [[antibody\|antibodies]] specifically produced for venoms which were [[proteins]] or long-chain [[peptides]]. A French immunologist, [[Albert Calmette]] (1863–1933) had demonstrated this for the first time in 1892, by developing a monovalent serum to treat bites by the Indian [[cobra]] (''Naja tripudians'').		Vital Brazil was convinced since his early work at Butantan that envenomations (poisoning by accidents with venomous animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[spider]]s and [[batrachia]], then the cause of thousands of deaths in enormous rural Brazil, which teemed with such tropical beasts) could be fought with antisera, i.e., [[antibody\|antibodies]] specifically produced for venoms which were [[proteins]] or long-chain [[peptides]]. A French immunologist, [[Albert Calmette]] (1863–1933) had demonstrated this for the first time in 1892, by developing a monovalent serum to treat bites by the Indian [[cobra]] (''Naja tripudians'').

wikademia>Wloveral: take out leading space in line that unformatted lead-in

2008-05-05T20:03:40Z

take out leading space in line that unformatted lead-in

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:03, 5 May 2008
Line 4:		Line 4:


	'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxinology]], the science of venomonous animals.		'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxinology]], the science of venomonous animals.

201.17.54.74 at 14:28, 4 May 2008

2008-05-04T14:28:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 4 May 2008
Line 4:		Line 4:


	~~'''Oswaldo Vital Brazil''' or~~ '''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxinology]], the science of venomonous animals.		'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxinology]], the science of venomonous animals.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:44, 15 June 2008
Line 2:		Line 2:

	[[Image:Busto2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil]]		[[Image:Busto2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Vital Brazil]]


	'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.		'''Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha''', known as '''Vital Brazil''' ([[Pronunciation\|pron]]. {{IPA2\|vitaw bɾaziw}}), (b. [[April 28]], [[1865]] in [[Campanha]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]], d. [[May 8]], [[1950]]) was a Brazilian [[physician]], biomedical [[scientist]] and [[immunology\|immunologist]], internationally renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent [[antivenin\|anti-ophidic serum]] used to treat bítes of [[Venom (poison)\|venomous]] [[snake]]s of the ''[[Crotalus]]'', ''[[Bothrops]]'' and ''[[Elaps]]'' genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the [[Instituto Butantan\|Butantan Institute]], a research center located in [[São Paulo (city)\|São Paulo]], which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied [[toxicology]], the science of venomous animals.



	==Life==		==Life==
Line 25:		Line 22:
	Vital Brazil was convinced since his early work at Butantan that envenomations (poisoning by accidents with venomous animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[spider]]s and [[batrachia]], then the cause of thousands of deaths in enormous rural Brazil, which teemed with such tropical beasts) could be fought with antisera, i.e., [[antibody\|antibodies]] specifically produced for venoms which were [[proteins]] or long-chain [[peptides]]. A French immunologist, [[Albert Calmette]] (1863–1933) had demonstrated this for the first time in 1892, by developing a monovalent serum to treat bites by the Indian [[cobra]] (''Naja tripudians'').		Vital Brazil was convinced since his early work at Butantan that envenomations (poisoning by accidents with venomous animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[spider]]s and [[batrachia]], then the cause of thousands of deaths in enormous rural Brazil, which teemed with such tropical beasts) could be fought with antisera, i.e., [[antibody\|antibodies]] specifically produced for venoms which were [[proteins]] or long-chain [[peptides]]. A French immunologist, [[Albert Calmette]] (1863–1933) had demonstrated this for the first time in 1892, by developing a monovalent serum to treat bites by the Indian [[cobra]] (''Naja tripudians'').

	Vital Brazil thus began a series of experimental investigations, and in [[1901]] he was able to prove that monovalent sera against the Asiatic species were ineffective against South American snakes, and proceeded to develop his first monovalent sera against the most common envenomations in Brazil, those produced by the ''Bothrops'', ''Crotalus'' and ''Elaps'' genera (represented respectively by the [[jararaca]] [[snake]], the [[rattlesnake]], and the [[coral snake]]). He found several clinical and biochemical similarities between bothropic and crotalic envonomations and so he was the first to achieve a polyvalent serum, i.e., simultaneously effective against both species, which represented a triumph over the stark [[death\|mortality]] caused by these species in North, Central and South America. In a few decades, this mortality, which was higher than 25% to 20% of bitten people, fell to less than 2%.		Vital Brazil thus began a series of experimental investigations, and in 1901 he was able to prove that monovalent sera against the Asiatic species were ineffective against South American snakes, and proceeded to develop his first monovalent sera against the most common envenomations in Brazil, those produced by the ''Bothrops'', ''Crotalus'' and ''Elaps'' genera (represented respectively by the [[jararaca]] [[snake]], the [[rattlesnake]], and the [[coral snake]]). He found several clinical and biochemical similarities between bothropic and crotalic envonomations and so he was the first to achieve a polyvalent serum, i.e., simultaneously effective against both species, which represented a triumph over the stark [[death\|mortality]] caused by these species in North, Central and South America. In a few decades, this mortality, which was higher than 25% to 20% of bitten people, fell to less than 2%.

	Applying the same techniques (which involved gradual [[immunization]] of [[horse]]s and [[sheep]] by administering small doses of [[venom (poison)\|venoms]], and then extracting, purifying and [[freeze-drying]] the antibody portion from the blood of injected animals), Vital Brazil and his coworkers were able to discover the first sera against two species of [[scorpion]]s' (1908) and [[spider]]s' (1925) venoms. In the USA, Vital Brazil's name made the headlines when he used his serum to save the life of a worker in the [[Bronx Zoo]] in [[New York]] who was bitten by a rattlesnake.		Applying the same techniques (which involved gradual [[immunization]] of [[horse]]s and [[sheep]] by administering small doses of [[venom (poison)\|venoms]], and then extracting, purifying and [[freeze-drying]] the antibody portion from the blood of injected animals), Vital Brazil and his coworkers were able to discover the first sera against two species of [[scorpion]]s' (1908) and [[spider]]s' (1925) venoms. In the USA, Vital Brazil's name made the headlines when he used his serum to save the life of a worker in the [[Bronx Zoo]] in [[New York]] who was bitten by a rattlesnake.

	Most important of all, the Butantan Institute became a fertile school for breeding a new generation of Brazilian biochemists, physiologists and pathologists, such as [[José Moura Gonçalves]], [[Carlos Ribeiro Diniz]], [[Gastão Rosenfeld]], [[Wilson Teixeira Beraldo]] and [[Maurício Rocha e Silva]], who went on to found a growing number of schools, departments and research laboratories in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, giving a great impetus to the development of medical and biological research and teaching in Brazil in the second half of the [[20th century]].		Most important of all, the Butantan Institute became a fertile school for breeding a new generation of Brazilian biochemists, physiologists and pathologists, such as [[José Moura Gonçalves]], [[Carlos Ribeiro Diniz]], [[Gastão Rosenfeld]], [[Wilson Teixeira Beraldo]] and [[Maurício Rocha e Silva]], who went on to found a growing number of schools, departments and research laboratories in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, giving a great impetus to the development of medical and biological research and teaching in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century.

	According to [[Argentina\|Argentinian]] [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Bernardo Houssay]], who wrote a well-cited biography of Vital Brazil in 1966, his contributions went further than [[herpetology]]:		According to [[Argentina\|Argentinian]] [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Bernardo Houssay]], who wrote a well-cited biography of Vital Brazil in 1966, his contributions went further than [[herpetology]]:

	"Vital Brazil and his collaborators have studied several actions of the venoms, (such as) [[coagulant]], [[anticoagulant]], [[Hemolysis\|hemolytic]], [[Agglutinin\|agglutinant]], [[cytotoxic]], [[Proteolysis\|proteolytic]], etc. (...) The (animal) poisons contain numerous [[enzyme]]s which have been isolated and studied with interest in all parts since they explain many of the [[symptoms]] and constitute interesting biochemical reagents, Vital Brazil studied also the [[ophiophagy\|ophiophagous]] serpents, such as the [[mussurana]], the ophiophagous mammals, such as the [[skunk]]-like ''Conepatus chilensis'' and others, the ophiophagous birds and certain spiders. (...) His book, ''La défense contre l’ophidisme'' published in French in [[1914]], attained international repercussion with three editions."		"Vital Brazil and his collaborators have studied several actions of the venoms, (such as) [[coagulant]], [[anticoagulant]], [[Hemolysis\|hemolytic]], [[Agglutinin\|agglutinant]], [[cytotoxic]], [[Proteolysis\|proteolytic]], etc. (...) The (animal) poisons contain numerous [[enzyme]]s which have been isolated and studied with interest in all parts since they explain many of the [[symptoms]] and constitute interesting biochemical reagents, Vital Brazil studied also the [[ophiophagy\|ophiophagous]] serpents, such as the [[mussurana]], the ophiophagous mammals, such as the [[skunk]]-like ''Conepatus chilensis'' and others, the ophiophagous birds and certain spiders. (...) His book, ''La défense contre l’ophidisme'' published in French in 1914, attained international repercussion with three editions."

	==Related topic==		==Related topic==