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[[File:Fachhochschule Köln - Campus Südstadt, GWZ-2984.jpg|thumb|Building of Fachhochschule Köln (Cologne University of Applied Sciences) | {{Afd-merge to|Hochschule|discussion=Fachhochschule|date=22 October 2026}} | ||
[[File:Fachhochschule Köln - Campus Südstadt, GWZ-2984.jpg|thumb|Building of Fachhochschule Köln (Cologne University of Applied Sciences)]] | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | ||
{{Italic title}} | {{Italic title}} | ||
{{short description|Type of vocational educational institution in German-speaking countries}} | {{short description|Type of vocational educational institution in German-speaking countries}} | ||
The '''{{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}}''' ({{IPA|de|ˈfaxhoːxʃuːlə|lang|De-Fachhochschule.ogg}}; plural {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}}), abbreviated '''FH''', is the German model for [[university of applied sciences|universities of applied sciences]] (UAS). Within the [[Hochschule|German higher education system]], they offer academic degree programs with an emphasis on [[Professional development|practical and professional applications]]. ''Fachhochschulen'' offer degrees in many many applied sciences and arts, such as engineering, technology, business, architecture, design, and industrial design. | |||
{{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} were first founded in Germany and were later adopted in [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Switzerland]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Greece]]. An increasing number of {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} are abbreviated as ''Hochschule'', the generic term in Germany for institutions awarding academic degrees in higher education, or expanded as ''Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW)'', the German translation of "universities of applied sciences", which were primarily designed with a focus on teaching professional skills. This is reflected in the fact that the ratio of the number of students to the number of professors is significantly better than at traditional universities. However, there are also a number of subjects, such as social work or the legal sub-discipline of social law, which are traditionally underrepresented at traditional universities. In these areas, universities of applied sciences make a significant contribution to research. UAS professors are also increasingly attracting national and international third-party funding. To support their research activities, they can apply for a significant reduction in their teaching load. [[Swiss law]] calls {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} and universities "separate but equal".<ref name=HEdA/> In terms of student numbers, universities of applied sciences are on average smaller than traditional universities. However, there are also a number of HAW, such as TH Köln or UAS Frankfurt, which can keep up with large universities in this respect. | {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} were first founded in Germany and were later adopted in [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Switzerland]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Greece]]. An increasing number of {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} are abbreviated as ''Hochschule'', the generic term in Germany for institutions awarding academic degrees in higher education, or expanded as ''Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW)'', the German translation of "universities of applied sciences", which were primarily designed with a focus on teaching professional skills. This is reflected in the fact that the ratio of the number of students to the number of professors is significantly better than at traditional universities. However, there are also a number of subjects, such as social work or the legal sub-discipline of social law, which are traditionally underrepresented at traditional universities. In these areas, universities of applied sciences make a significant contribution to research. UAS professors are also increasingly attracting national and international third-party funding. To support their research activities, they can apply for a significant reduction in their teaching load. [[Swiss law]] calls {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} and universities "separate but equal".<ref name=HEdA/> In terms of student numbers, universities of applied sciences are on average smaller than traditional universities. However, there are also a number of HAW, such as TH Köln or UAS Frankfurt, which can keep up with large universities in this respect. | ||
Due to the [[Bologna process]], universities and {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} award legally equivalent [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree|master's]] degrees.<ref name="ME05">Secretariat of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany, 10 October 2003, version of 22 September 2005</ref> Excepting research-intensive institutions in Hesse, Saxony Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayerische Staatszeitung |url=https://www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de/staatszeitung/wissenschaft/detailansicht-wissenschaft/artikel/fachhochschulen-ruecken-zu-unis-auf.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/positiv-bewertete-fh-promotionen-5151454.html|title=Positiv bewertete FH-Promotionen|publisher=Tagesspiegel|access-date= | Due to the [[Bologna process]], universities and {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} award legally equivalent [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree|master's]] degrees.<ref name="ME05">Secretariat of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany, 10 October 2003, version of 22 September 2005</ref> Excepting research-intensive institutions in Hesse, Saxony Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayerische Staatszeitung |url=https://www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de/staatszeitung/wissenschaft/detailansicht-wissenschaft/artikel/fachhochschulen-ruecken-zu-unis-auf.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/positiv-bewertete-fh-promotionen-5151454.html|title=Positiv bewertete FH-Promotionen|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online |publisher=Tagesspiegel|access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} do not award [[Doctorate|doctoral degrees]] themselves but sometimes in cooperation with award-granting partner universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma.uni-heidelberg.de/ag/grk886/index_e.html|title=Molecular imaging methods for the analysis of gene and protein expression|publisher=University of Heidelberg|access-date=6 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928124649/http://www.ma.uni-heidelberg.de/ag/grk886/index_e.html|archive-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> In the meantime, however, some professors at HAW also have additional habilitations and can therefore directly supervise doctoral students at their home university. This and the rule that they give priority to hiring professors with a professional career of at least three years outside the university system additional to the doctoral degree are the two major ways in which they differ from traditional universities. | ||
==Impact of the Bologna process== | ==Impact of the Bologna process== | ||
{{further|Bologna process}} | {{further|Bologna process}} | ||
Due to the | Due to the Bologna process, most German ''{{lang|de|Universitäten}}'' and ''{{lang|de|Fachhochschulen}}'' have ceased admitting students to programs leading to the traditional German ''[[Diplom|Diplom (FH)]]'', but now apply the new degree standard of Bachelor's and Master's degrees. In line with the Bologna process, bachelor's and master's degrees awarded by both types of universities (''{{lang|de|Universitäten}}'' and ''{{lang|de|Fachhochschulen}}'') are legally equivalent. | ||
With a Master's from either, one can now enter a doctoral degree program at a ''{{lang|de|Universität}}'', but a graduate with a bachelor's degree from either is normally unable to proceed directly to a doctoral degree program in Germany. Also, with the master's degree of either of the institutions a graduate can enter the ''{{lang|de|höheren Dienst}}'' (higher service) career for [[Beamter|civil servants]].<ref name="ME05"/><ref>Standing Conference of the Ministers of Internal Affairs of the Länder (IMK) in the Federal Republic of Germany, 7 December 2007.</ref> | With a Master's from either, one can now enter a doctoral degree program at a ''{{lang|de|Universität}}'', but a graduate with a bachelor's degree from either is normally unable to proceed directly to a doctoral degree program in Germany. Also, with the master's degree of either of the institutions a graduate can enter the ''{{lang|de|höheren Dienst}}'' (higher service) career for [[Beamter|civil servants]].<ref name="ME05"/><ref>Standing Conference of the Ministers of Internal Affairs of the Länder (IMK) in the Federal Republic of Germany, 7 December 2007.</ref> | ||
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The {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} represents a close relationship between higher education and the employment system. Their practical orientation makes them very attractive to employers.<ref>Studienberatung USA in der Fachhochschule Hannover, an Education USA Student Advising Center for Lower Saxony, affiliated with the U.S. Department of State, Washington, 2006. Adapted from: G. B. Porter, Federal Republic of Germany: a Study of the Educational System of the FRG and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions of the United States. (American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, 1986)</ref> | The {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} represents a close relationship between higher education and the employment system. Their practical orientation makes them very attractive to employers.<ref>Studienberatung USA in der Fachhochschule Hannover, an Education USA Student Advising Center for Lower Saxony, affiliated with the U.S. Department of State, Washington, 2006. Adapted from: G. B. Porter, Federal Republic of Germany: a Study of the Educational System of the FRG and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions of the United States. (American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, 1986)</ref> | ||
Today, {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} also conduct research. Research projects are either publicly funded or sponsored by industry. Nevertheless, in Germany the right to confer [[doctoral degree]]s is still generally reserved to ''Universitäten''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrk.de/de/download/dateien/HGesetzePromotion2003.pdf |title=Auszüge aus dem Hochschulrahmengesetz der BRD (citings are outdated) |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=German Rectors Conference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218230245/http://www.hrk.de/de/download/dateien/HGesetzePromotion2003.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2008 }}</ref> In 2016, however, [[Fulda University of Applied Sciences]] became the first {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} to be conferred this right for its graduate center for social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/fulda-erste-fachhochschule-darf-doktortitel-verleihen-a-1115948.html|title=Promotionsrecht: Erste Fachhochschule darf Doktortitel verleihen|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|language=de|access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Several {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} run doctoral programs where the degree itself is awarded by a partner university in Germany or abroad (similar to the doctoral programs in German [[research institute]]s, such as the [[Fraunhofer Society]] or the [[Max Planck Society]]). | Today, {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} also conduct research. Research projects are either publicly funded or sponsored by industry. Nevertheless, in Germany the right to confer [[doctoral degree]]s is still generally reserved to ''Universitäten''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrk.de/de/download/dateien/HGesetzePromotion2003.pdf |title=Auszüge aus dem Hochschulrahmengesetz der BRD (citings are outdated) |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=German Rectors Conference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218230245/http://www.hrk.de/de/download/dateien/HGesetzePromotion2003.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2008 }}</ref> In 2016, however, [[Fulda University of Applied Sciences]] became the first {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} to be conferred this right for its graduate center for social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/fulda-erste-fachhochschule-darf-doktortitel-verleihen-a-1115948.html|title=Promotionsrecht: Erste Fachhochschule darf Doktortitel verleihen|work=Der Spiegel |date=10 October 2016 |publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|language=de|access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Several {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} run doctoral programs where the degree itself is awarded by a partner university in Germany or abroad (similar to the doctoral programs in German [[research institute]]s, such as the [[Fraunhofer Society]] or the [[Max Planck Society]]). | ||
There are a few universities, such as [[Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt]] and [[Bundeswehr | There are a few universities, such as the [[Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt]] and the [[University of the Bundeswehr Munich]], which run {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} courses in addition to their normal courses. It is also important to note that in the 1990s, some universities of applied sciences were developed from former GDR universities with the right to award doctoral and post-doctoral degrees in order to cut costs. These include, for example, the Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences and the [[Leipzig University of Applied Sciences]] (HTWK Leipzig). In these institutions, the classic university spirit lives on to this day. | ||
==In Austria== | ==In Austria== | ||
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}} | {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} | ||
The Austrian government decided to establish {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} (FH) in 1990. In the academic year of 2010/11, there were twenty-one institutions officially considered as {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} plus a number of other providers of ''Fachhochschulstudiengängen'' with a total of over 27,000 students. About a third of the 136 ''Fachhochschulstudiengänge'' are organized as part-time courses of studies. | The Austrian government decided to establish {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} (FH) in 1990. In the academic year of 2010/11, there were twenty-one institutions officially considered as {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} plus a number of other providers of ''Fachhochschulstudiengängen'' with a total of over 27,000 students. About a third of the 136 ''Fachhochschulstudiengänge'' are organized as part-time courses of studies.{{cn|date=October 2026}} | ||
==In Switzerland== | ==In Switzerland== | ||
The Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences UAS are [[vocational university|vocational universities]] established in Switzerland in 1995 following the model of the German Fachhochschulen. They are called {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} in German, ''Haute école specialisée'' in French and ''scuola universitaria professionale'' (SUP) in Italian. The Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences offer third level education, continuing education, services businesses and institutions, and produce applied research activities. In 2013 there are seven public UAS approved by the [[Swiss Federal Council]] in 1998 and two private UAS approved by the Federal Council in 2005 and 2008.<ref name="SERIFH">{{cite web|title=Switzerland's Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) |url=http://www.sbfi.admin.ch/themen/01337/01339/01340/index.html?lang=en |publisher=State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI, Swiss Federal Administration |location=Berne, Switzerland |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005173157/http://www.sbfi.admin.ch/themen/01337/01339/01340/index.html?lang=en |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> The public UAS are run by one or more [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schweizerischer FH-Rat / Conseil suisse des HES |trans-title=Swiss council of UAS |url=http://www.edk.ch/dyn/19680.php |publisher=Schweizerische Konferenz der Erziehungsdirektoren EDK CDIP CDPE CDEP |language=de, fr, it, rm |location=Berne, Switzerland |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530074501/http://www.edk.ch/dyn/19680.php |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref> | The Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences UAS are [[vocational university|vocational universities]] established in Switzerland in 1995 following the model of the German Fachhochschulen. They are called {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} in German, ''Haute école specialisée'' in French and ''scuola universitaria professionale'' (SUP) in Italian. The Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences offer third level education, continuing education, services businesses and institutions, and produce applied research activities. In 2013 there are seven public UAS approved by the [[Swiss Federal Council]] in 1998 and two private UAS approved by the Federal Council in 2005 and 2008.<ref name="SERIFH">{{cite web|title=Switzerland's Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) |url=http://www.sbfi.admin.ch/themen/01337/01339/01340/index.html?lang=en |publisher=State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI, Swiss Federal Administration |location=Berne, Switzerland |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005173157/http://www.sbfi.admin.ch/themen/01337/01339/01340/index.html?lang=en |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> The public UAS are run by one or more [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schweizerischer FH-Rat / Conseil suisse des HES |trans-title=Swiss council of UAS |url=http://www.edk.ch/dyn/19680.php |publisher=Schweizerische Konferenz der Erziehungsdirektoren EDK CDIP CDPE CDEP |language=de, fr, it, rm |location=Berne, Switzerland |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530074501/http://www.edk.ch/dyn/19680.php |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref> | ||
UAS have the institutional mandate to provide degree programmes ([[ | UAS have the institutional mandate to provide degree programmes ([[Bachelor's degrees]] and [[Master's degrees]]), continuing education and training, to conduct applied research and to offer services to companies and institutions. Students with a finished apprenticeship and a Fachmatura (subject [[Matura]]) and students with the [[Matura]] and a practical year in a company can access further education within the Universities for Applied Science. The UAS and their [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree|Master's degrees]] are federally accredited. | ||
The Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER) and is in charge of the accreditation of the UAS which are requested to meet the federal legislative requirements.<ref name=HEdA>{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/20070429/201501010000/414.20.pdf |title=Federal Act on Funding and Coordination of the Swiss Higher Education Sector (Higher Education Act, HEdA, SR 414.20) Status of 1 January 2015 |date=11 September 2011 |publisher=State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI, Swiss Federal Administration |location=Berne, Switzerland |website=SERI: Universities of Applied Sciences |access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> | The Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER) and is in charge of the accreditation of the UAS which are requested to meet the federal legislative requirements.<ref name=HEdA>{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/20070429/201501010000/414.20.pdf |title=Federal Act on Funding and Coordination of the Swiss Higher Education Sector (Higher Education Act, HEdA, SR 414.20) Status of 1 January 2015 |date=11 September 2011 |publisher=State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI, Swiss Federal Administration |location=Berne, Switzerland |website=SERI: Universities of Applied Sciences |access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> | ||
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| [[Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz]] ('''FHNW''') | | [[University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland|Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz]] ('''FHNW''') | ||
| Public | | Public | ||
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| [[ | | [[Haute école spécialisée de la Suisse occidentale]] ('''HES-SO''') | ||
| Public | | Public | ||
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| [[ | | [[Hochschule Luzern]] ('''HSLU''', formerly known as '''FHZ''') | ||
| Public | | Public | ||
| | | | ||
| 1998 | | 1998 | ||
| | | Not to be confused with [[University of Lucerne]] (unilu) | ||
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| [[ | | [[University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland|Ostschweizer Fachhochschulen]] ('''OST''') | ||
| Public | | Public | ||
| | | | ||
| 1998 | | 1998 | ||
| | | Until 2019 {{lang|de|Fachhochschule Ostschweiz}} (FHO)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ost.ch/en/university-of-applied-sciences/organisation |title=Organization |publisher=Ostschweizer Fachhochschulen |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana]] ('''SUPSI''') | | [[Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana]] ('''SUPSI''') | ||