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{{Infobox official post
The '''Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host''' ({{langx|uk|Гетьман Війська Запорозького|Hetman Viiska Zaporozkoho}}, {{langx|la|Cosaccorum Zaporoviesium Supremus Belli [[Dux]]}}) was the [[head of state]] of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]. The post was a form of [[elective monarchy]]. The office was abolished by the Russian government in 1764.
|post            = Hetman
|body            = [[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]]
|insignia        = Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg
|insigniasize    =
|insigniacaption = State flag
|image          = Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg
|imagesize      =
|imagecaption    = Last Hetman of Zaporizhian Host
|style          =
|residence      = [[Chyhyryn]] <small>(originally)</small><br>Hetman Residence, [[Baturyn]]
|appointer      = [[General Military Council (Cossack Hetmanate)|General Military Council]]
|appointer_qualified =
|precursor      =
|formation      = 26 January 1648
|first          = Bohdan Khmelnytsky
|last          = [[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]]
|abolished     = 17 November 1764
|succession    =
|salary        =
}}


'''Hetman of Zaporizhian Host''' ({{lang-uk|''Гетьман Війська Запорозького''}}, {{lang-ru|''Гетман Войска Запорожского''}}, {{lang-pl|Hetman wojsk kozackich}}) is a former historic government office and political institution of [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (Zaporizhian Host) that is equivalent to a [[head of state]]. The office was liquidated on the edict of [[Governing Senate]] of 17 November 1764.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20150425040421/http://leksika.com.ua/10340605/legal/rozumovskiy Kyrylo Rozumovsky] at the Jurist Encyclopedia</ref>
In 1918, the post was restored by [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] as the [[Hetman of all Ukraine]].
 
==Full title==
* '''''Hetman with [His Tsar's / Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host''''' ([[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]: гетман(ъ) з(ъ) Войскомъ [его царского величества / его королевской милости] Запоро(жс/з)кимъ; {{langx|pl|Hetman z Wojskiem [Jego Królewskiej Mości / Jego Carskiego Wieliczestwa] Zaporoskim}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=82|isbn=9667217531}};</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=120|isbn=9667217531}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=197|isbn=9667217531}}</ref> [[History of the Russian language|Middle Russian]]: гетман с Воиском [его королевской милости] Запорожским)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=91|isbn=9667217531}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=126|isbn=9667217531}}</ref> - used by 17th-century hetmans including [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], [[Yurii Khmelnytsky]], [[Ivan Vyhovsky]], [[Petro Doroshenko]], [[Ivan Samoilovych]] and during the early rule of [[Ivan Mazepa]]; the monarch's title was altered depending on the current political allegiance of the Cossack host;<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|pages=426-437|isbn=966023872X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|page=465|isbn=966023872X}}</ref>{{efn|The [[honorific]] '''''Their Tsar's Majesty''''' (их(ъ) / іх(ъ) царского величества) was used as part of the title during the joint rule of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]] and [[Ivan V of Russia]] in 1682-1689.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|pages=501-524|isbn=966023872X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|pages=47-195|isbn=966023872X}}</ref>}}
* '''''Hetman of [His Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host''''' ([[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]: гетман Воиска [его кор[олевскои] милости] Запороз(с)кого; {{langx|ru|гетман Войска Запорожского}}) - used by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi before the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=85|isbn=9667217531}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=111|isbn=9667217531}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Богдана Хмельницького|date=1998|page=130|isbn=9667217531}}</ref>
* '''''[His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of Zaporozhian Hosts [on both sides of the [[Dnieper]]]''''' ([[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войскъ Запоро(ж)скихъ [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) or '''''[His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host [on both sides of the Dnieper]''''' ([[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войска Запоро(ж/з)ского [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) - titles used by [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1689-1709) and his successor [[Ivan Skoropadsky]];<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|isbn=966023872X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|page=415|isbn=966023872X}}</ref><ref>[https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1% Link]</ref>{{efn|The [[honorific]] '''''Their Tsar's Majesty''''' (их(ъ) / іх(ъ) царского величества) was used as part of the title during the joint rule of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]] and [[Ivan V of Russia]] in 1682-1689.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|pages=501-524|isbn=966023872X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|pages=47-195|isbn=966023872X}}</ref>}}
* '''''Hetman of His / Her Imperial Majesty's Zaporozhian Host on both sides of the Dnieper''''' ([[Ruthenian language|Old Ukrainian]]: Его / Εꙗ Імператорского вεличεства Воиска Запорожского ѡбоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра Гεтманъ) - used by [[Danylo Apostol]] (1727-1734).<ref>[https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Pryshliak_Volodymyr/Hetmanski_universaly_Danyla_Apostola_u_zbirtsi_Natsionalnoho_muzeiu_u_Lvovi_imeni_Andreia_Sheptytsko.pdf? Гетьманські універсали Данила Апостола у збірці Національного музею...]</ref>
* '''''Hetman of Her Imperial Majesty's [[Little Russia]] on both sides of the Dnieper and (of) Zaporozhian Hosts''''' ([[Ruthenian language|Old Ukrainian]]: Ея Императорскаго Величества Малой Россіи обоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра и войскъ Запорожскихъ Гεтманъ) - used by [[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]] (1750-1764).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Універсал гетьмана Кирила Розумовського|url=https://choim.org/%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C/|date=2018-05-14|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Унікальний універсал гетьмана Кирила Розумовського презентували в Україні|date=2025-06-20|url=https://history.rayon.in.ua/news/815132-|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>


==Brief history==
==Brief history==
As a head of state the position was established at first by [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] during the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] in the mid 17th century. During that period the office was electoral. All elections except for the first one were adapted by the Senior Council in [[Chyhyryn]] which until 1669 served the capital of Hetmanate.
The position was established by [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] during the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] in the mid 17th century. During that period, the office was electoral. All elections, except for the first one, took place in the Senior Council in [[Chyhyryn]], which, until 1669, served as the capital of the Hetmanate.


Since the council in Pereyaslav of 1654 several senior cossacks sided with the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and in 1663 they staged "Black Council" (Chorna Rada) in [[Nizhyn]] which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman. Since the defeat of [[Petro Doroshenko]] in 1669 the Hetman title was adapted by pro-Russian elected hetmans who resided in [[Baturyn]]. In the course of the [[Great Northern War]] one of them, [[Ivan Mazepa]], decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708 which later drew terrible consequences for the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] as well as the [[Zaporizhian Host]]. The administration was moved to [[Hlukhiv]] where the Mazepa's doll was publicly executed and [[anathema]] was laid against him by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. Later in the late 18th century it was successfully disbanded by the Russian government during the expansion of the Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.
After the [[Pereiaslav Agreement]] of 1654, several senior Cossacks sided with the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and, in 1663, they convened the [[Black Council of 1663]] in [[Nizhyn]], which elected [[Ivan Briukhovetsky]] as an alternative hetman, triggering what is known in history as the Ruin. Following the defeat of [[Petro Doroshenko]] in 1669, the title of hetman was adopted by the pro-Russian elected hetmans, with their residence in [[Baturyn]]. In the course of the [[Great Northern War]], one of them, [[Ivan Mazepa]], decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708, which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the Zaporozhian Host. The administration was moved to [[Hlukhiv]], where Mazepa was publicly executed ''[[in effigy]]'' and [[anathema]] was declared upon him by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].  


In 1764 the Russian Empress [[Catherine the Great]] issued a secret instruction to Prince [[Alexander Vyazemsky|Vyazemsky]] who was [[Procurator General (Russia)|Procurator General]] of the [[Governing Senate]].<ref>Podobyed, O. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RjQUfo_XWWwC&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%86%D0%86+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83&source=bl&ots=L7WRUNV7yx&sig=BYaOgwjzSSOZPl0s0MLA0CEMGWA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rXg7VcTFGcGrgwSp74GoDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%86%D0%86%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83&f=false Instructions of Catherine the Great to Senate]''. Handbook "History of Ukraine. 7-8 grades". Ranok Publishing House. ISBN 9789666724437</ref>
By an edict of the Russian [[Governing Senate]] of 17 November 1764,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150425040421/http://leksika.com.ua/10340605/legal/rozumovskiy Kyrylo Rozumovsky] at the Jurist Encyclopedia</ref> the office was disestablished in the course of the expansion of Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.


==List of office holders==
==List of hetmans==
The list includes only hetmans who belonged to the Cossack Hetmanate. For a full list of all Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks, see [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks]].
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! #
! #
! colspan=2 | Hetman
! colspan="3" | Hetman
!Life span
! Elected (event)
! Elected (event)
! Took office
! Took office
! Left office
! Left office<br /><small>(Years)</small>
!  
! Notes
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 1
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 1
| width="50px" | [[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Bohdan Khmelnytsky.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]'''<br><small>(1596–1657)</small><br>Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький
|[[File:Alex_K_Chmelnitskyi.svg|118x118px]]
| [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|1648]] (Sich)
| '''[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]'''<br />Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький
|<small>(1596–1657)</small>
|[[Khmelnytsky Uprising|1648]] (Sich)
| 26 January 1648
| 26 January 1648
| 6 August 1657
| 6 August 1657<br /><small>({{age in years and days|26 January 1648|6 August 1657|duration=yes}})</small>
| died
| [[Pereiaslav Agreement]], Moscow's military union with the Hetmanate
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 2
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 2
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]'''<br><small>(1641–1685)</small><br>Юрій Хмельницький
|[[File:Alex_K_Chmelnitskyi.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]'''<br />Юрій Хмельницький
|<small>(1641–1685)</small>
| death of his father
| death of his father
| 6 August 1657
| 6 August 1657
| 27 August 1657
| 27 August 1657<br /><small>({{age in years and days|6 August 1657|27 August 1657|duration=yes}})</small>
| reconsidered by the Council of Officers
|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 3
| width="50px"| [[File:Ivan Vyhovsky (Portrait, 19th century, after restoration).jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Coat of Arms of Vygovsky family.png|118x118px]]
| '''[[Ivan Vyhovsky]]'''<br />Іван Виговський
|<small>(?–1664)</small>
| 1657 (Korsun)
| 21 October 1657
| 11 September 1659<br /><small>({{age in years and days|21 October 1657|11 September 1659|duration=yes}})</small>
| Attempt for reconciliation with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth{{efn|Following the Muscovite-Polish [[Truce of Vilna]], which withdrew Moscow's military support for the [[Cossack Hetmanate]], Vyhovsky signed the [[Treaty of Hadiach]] seeking a federative status as a [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]].}}
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 3
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 4
| width="50px"| [[File:Iwan Wyhowski.PNG|100px]]
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Vyhovsky]]'''<br><small>(????–1664)</small><br>Іван Виговський
|[[File:Alex_K_Chmelnitskyi.svg|118x118px]]
| [[Cossack Council, 1657|1657]] (Korsun)
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]'''<br />Юрій Хмельницький
| 27 August 1657<br><small>(confirmed: 21 October 1657)</small>
|<small>(1641–1685)</small>
| 1659 (Hermanivka)
| 11 September 1659
| 11 September 1659
| surrendered title
| October 1662<br /><small>(c. 3 years)</small>
| First vassalage to Muscovy,{{efn|Khmelnytsky was forced to sign the revised 1659 [[Pereyaslav Articles]] subjugating both state and church to Muscovy. It was not approved by the [[Cossack Rada]].}} later agreed to autonomy within Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth{{efn|In 1660, Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Chudnov|Slobodyshche Pact]] with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to get rid of Moscow's control over the Hetmanate. The treaty was approved by the [[Cossack Rada]] in Korsun.}}
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 4
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 5
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Pavlo Teterya.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]'''<br><small>(1641–1685)</small><br>Юрій Хмельницький
|[[File:Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg|118x118px]]
| [[Cossack Council, 1659|1659]] (Hermanivka)
| '''[[Pavlo Teteria]]'''<br /><small>(1620?–1670)</small><br />Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський
| 11 September 1659<br><small>(confirmed: 11 September 1659)</small>
|
| [[Cossack Council, 1662|1662]] (Chyhyryn)
| October 1662
| October 1662
| surrendered title
| July 1665<br /><small>(c. 3 years)</small>
|-bgcolor=silver
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| x
|  
|  
| '''[[Pavlo Teteria]]'''<br><small>(1620?–1670)</small><br>Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський
|- bgcolor=silver
| [[Cossack Council, 1662|1662]] (Chyhyryn)
| colspan="9" align="center" | [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The period of ruin and civil war]]
| October 1662
|-bgcolor=lightblue
| July 1665
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| (1)
| (legitimacy questioned)
|-  
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 5
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Briukhovetsky.png|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Briukhovetsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Briukhovetsky]]'''<br><small>(1623–1668)</small><br>Іван Брюховецький
|[[File:POL COA Brzuchowiecki II.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Ivan Briukhovetsky]]'''<br /><small>(1623–1668)</small><br />Іван Брюховецький
|
| [[Chorna rada of 1663|1663]] (Nizhyn)
| [[Chorna rada of 1663|1663]] (Nizhyn)
| 27 June 1663<br><small>(confirmed: 27 June 1663)</small>
| 27 June 1663<br /><small>(confirmed: 27 June 1663)</small>
| 17 June 1668
| 17 June 1668<br /><small>({{age in years and days|27 June 1663|17 June 1668|duration=yes}})</small>
| died
| pro-Muscovite faction, changed sides due to [[Truce of Andrusovo]]
|-  
|-  
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 6
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 6
| width="50px" | [[File:Petro Doroshenko 19.jpg|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Petro Doroshenko 19.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Petro Doroshenko]]'''<br><small>(1627–1698)</small><br>Петро Дорошенко
|[[File:Alex K Petro Doroshenko.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Petro Doroshenko]]'''<br /><small>(1627–1698)</small><br />Петро Дорошенко
|
| [[Cossack Council, 1666|1666]] (Chyhyryn)
| [[Cossack Council, 1666|1666]] (Chyhyryn)
| 10 October 1665<br><small>(confirmed: January 1666)</small>
| 10 October 1665<br /><small>(confirmed: January 1666)</small>
| 19 September 1676
| 19 September 1676<br /><small>({{age in years and days|10 October 1665|19 September 1676|duration=yes}})</small>
| surrendered to [[Ivan Samoylovych]]
| Union treaty with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]{{efn|In 1669, Doroshenko signed the Korsun treaty which provided the Hetmanate with military support and protection for the Ukrainian Exarch.}}
|-bgcolor=silver
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| x
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| (2)
| width="50px"| [[File:Demian Mnohohrishny.png|100px]]
| width="50px"| [[File:Demian Mnohohrishny.png|100px]]
| '''[[Demian Mnohohrishny]]'''<br><small>(1631–1703)</small><br>Дем'ян Многогрішний
|[[File:Alex K Demian Mnohohrishnyi.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Demian Mnohohrishny]]'''<br /><small>(1631–1703)</small><br />Дем'ян Многогрішний
|
| 1669 (Hlukhiv)
| 1669 (Hlukhiv)
| 17 December 1668<br><small>(confirmed: 3 March 1669)</small>
| 17 December 1668<br /><small>(confirmed: 3 March 1669)</small>
| April 1672
| April 1672<br /><small>(c. 6 years)</small>
| arrested and exiled to Siberia
| pro-Muscovite faction
|-
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 7
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 7 (3)
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Samoylovych.png|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Samoylovych (Portrait №1, 19th century, Skarzhynska collection).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Samoylovych]]'''<br><small>(1630s–1690)</small><br>Іван Самойлович
|[[File:Alex K Ivan Samoilovych.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Ivan Samoylovych]]'''<br /><small>(1630s–1690)</small><br />Іван Самойлович
|
| [[Officer Council, 1672|1672]] ([[Kozatske, Konotop Raion|Cossack Grove]])
| [[Officer Council, 1672|1672]] ([[Kozatske, Konotop Raion|Cossack Grove]])
| 17 June 1672
| 17 June 1672
| August 1687
| August 1687<br /><small>(15 years)</small>
| arrested and exiled to Siberia
| pro-Muscovite faction
|- bgcolor=silver
| colspan="9" align="center" | [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The period of ruin and civil war ended]]
|-  
|-  
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 8
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 8
| width="50px" | [[File:Portret Mazepa.jpg|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Portret Mazepa.jpg|155x155px]]
| '''[[Ivan Mazepa]]'''<br><small>(1627–1698)</small><br>Іван Мазепа
|[[File:Alex K Ivan Mazepa.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Ivan Mazepa]]'''<br /><small>(1639–1709)</small><br />Іван Мазепа
|
| [[Cossack Council, 1687|1687]] (Kolomak)
| [[Cossack Council, 1687|1687]] (Kolomak)
| 4 August 1687
| 4 August 1687
| 6 November 1708
| 6 November 1708<br /><small>({{age in years and days|4 August 1687|6 November 1708|duration=yes}})</small>
| "stripped" of a title, discredited
| "stripped" of a title, discredited
|-  
|-  
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 9
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 9
| width="50px" | [[File:I.Skoropadsky.jpg|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Skoropadsky (Portrait, 1840s, Stepan Zemlyukov) 3.jpg|112x112px]]
| '''[[Ivan Skoropadsky]]'''<br><small>(1646–1722)</small><br>Іван Скоропадський
|[[File:Alex K Ivan Skoropadskyi.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Ivan Skoropadsky]]'''<br /><small>(1646–1722)</small><br />Іван Скоропадський
|
| 1708 (Hlukhiv)
| 1708 (Hlukhiv)
| 6 November 1708
| 6 November 1708
| 14 July 1722
| 14 July 1722<br /><small>({{age in years and days|6 November 1708|14 July 1722|duration=yes}})</small>
| died
| died
|-bgcolor=silver
|-bgcolor=silver
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| X
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| X
| width="50px" | [[File:Pavlo Polubotok1.JPG|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Pavlo Polubotok (Portrait, 1840s, Stepan Zemlyukov).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Pavlo Polubotok]]'''<br><small>(1660–1724)</small><br>Павло Полуботок
|[[File:Alex K Pavlo Polubotok.svg|118x118px]]
| appointed hetman
| '''[[Pavlo Polubotok]]'''<br /><small>(1660–1724)</small><br />Павло Полуботок
|
| [[acting hetman|appointed hetman]]
| 1722
| 1722
| 1724
| 1724<br /><small>(c. 2 years)</small>
| died in prison
| died in prison
|- bgcolor=grey
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|[[Collegium of Little Russia (1722-27)|Collegium of Little Russia]] ([[Stepan Velyaminov]]) 1722-1727
| colspan="9" |[[Collegium of Little Russia (1722-27)|Collegium of Little Russia]] ([[Stepan Velyaminov]]) 1722–1727
|-  
|-  
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 10
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 10
| width="50px" | [[File:Danylo Apostol.png|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Danylo Apostol (Portrait, Sumy Art Museum).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Danylo Apostol]]'''<br><small>(1654–1734)</small><br>Данило Апостол
|[[File:Alex K Danylo Apostol.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Danylo Apostol]]'''<br /><small>(1654–1734)</small><br />Данило Апостол
|
| 1727 (Hlukhiv)
| 1727 (Hlukhiv)
| 12 October 1727
| 12 October 1727
| 29 March 1734
| 29 March 1734<br /><small>({{age in years and days|12 October 1727|29 March 1734|duration=yes}})</small>
| died
| died
|-bgcolor=silver
|-bgcolor=silver
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| X
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| X
| width="50px" | <!-- [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]-->
| width="50px" | <!-- [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]-->
| '''[[Yakiv Lyzohub]]'''<br><small>(1675–1749)</small><br>Яків Лизогуб
|[[File:POL COA Lisohub.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Yakiv Lyzohub]]'''<br /><small>(1675–1749)</small><br />Яків Лизогуб
|
| appointed hetman
| appointed hetman
| 1733
| 1733
| 1749
| 1749<br /><small>(16 years)</small>
| died
| died
|- bgcolor=grey
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|[[Governing Council of the Hetman Office]] 1734-1745
| colspan="9" |[[Governing Council of the Hetman Office]] ([[Aleksei Shakhovskoy]]) 1734–1745
|-  
|-  
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 11
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 11
| width="50px" | [[File:Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|100px]]
| width="50px" | [[File:Kyrylo Rozumovsky (Portrait, 1half 19th century, unknown author).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]]'''<br><small>(1728–1803)</small><br>Кирило Розумовський
|[[File:Alex K Rozumovski family.svg|118x118px]]
| '''[[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]]'''<br /><small>(1728–1803)</small><br />Кирило Розумовський
|
| 1750 (Hlukhiv)
| 1750 (Hlukhiv)
| 22 February 1750
| 22 February 1750
| 17 November 1764
| 17 November 1764<br /><small>({{age in years and days|22 February 1750|17 November 1764|duration=yes}})</small>
| resigned
| resigned
|- bgcolor=grey
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|[[Collegium of Little Russia]] 1764-1786 ([[Pyotr Rumyantsev]])
| colspan="9" |Collegium of Little Russia 1764–1786 ([[Pyotr Rumyantsev]])
|}
|}


Some historians among which is [[Mykola Arkas]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707192952/http://pidruchniki.ws/20080215/istoriya/pavlo_teterya_getman_pravoberezhnoyi_ukrayini Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine]. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).</ref> question legitimacy of the Teteria's elections accusing the later in corruption.<ref>Lohvyn, Yu. ''[http://abetka.ukrlife.org/logvin/l_teteria.htm Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine]''. "Merry Alphabet".</ref> Also some sources claim election of Teteria being taken place in January of 1663.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140601013025/http://litopys.com.ua/encyclopedia/vidatn-storichn-postat-dobi-ru-ni/pavlo-teterya/ Pavlo Teteria]. History of the Great Nation.</ref> The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by bigger number of unrest in the modern region of [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] as well as [[Polesie]] (all in the [[Right-bank Ukraine]]).<ref name=civil_war/> Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar&ndash;Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both bank of [[Dnieper River]].<ref name=civil_war>Horobets, V. ''[http://history.org.ua/index.php?termin=Gromad_vijny_v_Ukr Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s-1660s]''. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "[[Naukova Dumka]]", 2004.</ref> Coincidentally, on January 10, 1663 the [[Tsardom of Muscovy]] created the new [[Little Russian Office]] ([[Prikaz]]) within its Ambassadorial Office.
=== Notes ===
[[File:Alex K Bohdan Chmelnickyi prapor.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Bohdan (Б) Khmelnytsky (Х), hetman (Г) of Host (В) of Zaporozhia (З) and of His (Е) Royal (К) Majesty (МЛС) of [[Rzecz Pospolita]].]]
{{more|The Ruin (Ukrainian history)}}
 
Some historians, including [[Mykola Arkas]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707192952/http://pidruchniki.ws/20080215/istoriya/pavlo_teterya_getman_pravoberezhnoyi_ukrayini Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine]. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).</ref> question the legitimacy of the Teteria's elections, accusing him of corruption.<ref>Lohvyn, Yu. ''[http://abetka.ukrlife.org/logvin/l_teteria.htm Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine]''. "Merry Alphabet".</ref> Some sources claim that the election of Teteria took place in January 1663.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140601013025/http://litopys.com.ua/encyclopedia/vidatn-storichn-postat-dobi-ru-ni/pavlo-teterya/ Pavlo Teteria]. History of the Great Nation.</ref> The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by greater unrest in the modern region of [[Kirovohrad Oblast]], as well as [[Polesie]] (all in the [[Right-bank Ukraine]]).<ref name="civil_war" /> Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both banks of the [[Dnieper River]].<ref name="civil_war">Horobets, V. ''[http://history.org.ua/index.php?termin=Gromad_vijny_v_Ukr Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s–1660s]''. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "[[Naukova Dumka]]", 2004.</ref> Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663 the [[Tsardom of Muscovy]] created the new [[Little Russian Office]] ([[Prikaz]]) within its Ambassadorial Office.  


Vouched by [[Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel]], [[Yuriy Khmelnytsky]] was freed from the Ottoman captivity, appointed and along with Pasha Ibragim was sent to Ukraine fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681 [[Mehmed IV]] appointed [[George Ducas]] the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.
Vouched for by [[Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel]], [[Yurii Khmelnytsky]] was freed from Ottoman captivity and, along with Pasha Ibragim, was sent to Ukraine to fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681, [[Mehmed IV]] appointed [[George Ducas]] hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.


Following the [[anathema on Mazepa]] and the election of [[Ivan Skoropadsky]], [[Cossack Hetmanate]] was included into the Russian [[Kiev Governorate|Government of Kiev]] in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the Hetman elections were disrupted and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely titles, first to Moldavian nobleman and later to the Russian Empress favorite.
Following the [[anathema on Mazepa]] and the election of [[Ivan Skoropadsky]], the Cossack Hetmanate was included in the Russian [[Kiev Governorate|Government of Kiev]] in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the elections oh hetmans were discontinued and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely title, first to Moldavian noblemen and, later, to the Russian Empress's favorites.


On 5 April 1710 the council of cossacks, veterans of the battle at Poltava, elected [[Pylyp Orlyk]] as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla warfare at the southern borders of the [[Russian Empire]] with the support from Ottoman and Swedish empires.
On 5 April 1710, the council of cossacks, veterans of the Battle at Poltava, elected [[Pylyp Orlyk]] as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] at the southern borders of the [[Russian Empire]] with support from the Ottoman and Swedish empires.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of leaders of Ukraine]]
* [[Hetman of the Zaporizhian Cossacks]]
* [[Hetmans of Zaporizhian Cossacks]]
* [[Hetman of all Ukraine]]
* [[Hetman of Ukraine]]
 
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
Line 187: Line 216:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Getmanatu_instytut Shcherbak, V. ''Institution of Hetmans'']. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev 2004
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130405152018/http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Getmanatu_instytut Shcherbak, V. ''Institution of Hetmans'']. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev 2004
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\H\E\Hetman.htm ''Hetman'']. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]].
* [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\H\E\Hetman.htm ''Hetman'']. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]].


{{Hetmans of Ukraine}}
{{Government institutions of the Cossack Hetmanate}}
{{Presidency of Ukraine}}
{{Presidency of Ukraine}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetman Of Zaporizhian Host}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetman Of Zaporizhian Host}}
[[Category:Heads of state of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1648 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ukraine]]
[[Category:1764 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1764 disestablishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Government of Cossack Hetmanate]]
[[Category:18th-century disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Hetmans of Zaporizhian Host| ]]
[[Category:Government of the Cossack Hetmanate]]
[[Category:1648 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]

Latest revision as of 03:36, 1 October 2026

The Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) was the head of state of the Cossack Hetmanate. The post was a form of elective monarchy. The office was abolished by the Russian government in 1764.

In 1918, the post was restored by Pavlo Skoropadsky as the Hetman of all Ukraine.

Full title

  • Hetman with [His Tsar's / Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host (Ruthenian: гетман(ъ) з(ъ) Войскомъ [его царского величества / его королевской милости] Запоро(жс/з)кимъ; Template:Langx;[1][2][3] Middle Russian: гетман с Воиском [его королевской милости] Запорожским)[4][5] - used by 17th-century hetmans including Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Yurii Khmelnytsky, Ivan Vyhovsky, Petro Doroshenko, Ivan Samoilovych and during the early rule of Ivan Mazepa; the monarch's title was altered depending on the current political allegiance of the Cossack host;[6][7]Template:Efn
  • Hetman of [His Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host (Ruthenian: гетман Воиска [его кор[олевскои] милости] Запороз(с)кого; Template:Langx) - used by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi before the Treaty of Pereyaslav.[8][9][10]
  • [His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of Zaporozhian Hosts [on both sides of the Dnieper] (Ruthenian: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войскъ Запоро(ж)скихъ [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) or [His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host [on both sides of the Dnieper] (Ruthenian: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войска Запоро(ж/з)ского [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) - titles used by Ivan Mazepa (1689-1709) and his successor Ivan Skoropadsky;[11][12][13]Template:Efn
  • Hetman of His / Her Imperial Majesty's Zaporozhian Host on both sides of the Dnieper (Old Ukrainian: Его / Εꙗ Імператорского вεличεства Воиска Запорожского ѡбоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра Гεтманъ) - used by Danylo Apostol (1727-1734).[14]
  • Hetman of Her Imperial Majesty's Little Russia on both sides of the Dnieper and (of) Zaporozhian Hosts (Old Ukrainian: Ея Императорскаго Величества Малой Россіи обоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра и войскъ Запорожскихъ Гεтманъ) - used by Kyrylo Rozumovsky (1750-1764).[15][16]

Brief history

The position was established by Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Cossack Hetmanate in the mid 17th century. During that period, the office was electoral. All elections, except for the first one, took place in the Senior Council in Chyhyryn, which, until 1669, served as the capital of the Hetmanate.

After the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654, several senior Cossacks sided with the Tsardom of Russia and, in 1663, they convened the Black Council of 1663 in Nizhyn, which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman, triggering what is known in history as the Ruin. Following the defeat of Petro Doroshenko in 1669, the title of hetman was adopted by the pro-Russian elected hetmans, with their residence in Baturyn. In the course of the Great Northern War, one of them, Ivan Mazepa, decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708, which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the Zaporozhian Host. The administration was moved to Hlukhiv, where Mazepa was publicly executed in effigy and anathema was declared upon him by the Russian Orthodox Church.

By an edict of the Russian Governing Senate of 17 November 1764,[17] the office was disestablished in the course of the expansion of Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.

List of hetmans

The list includes only hetmans who belonged to the Cossack Hetmanate. For a full list of all Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks, see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks.

# Hetman Life span Elected (event) Took office Left office
(Years) 		Notes
style="background:Template:Party color"| 1 Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький 		(1596–1657) 1648 (Sich) 26 January 1648 6 August 1657
(Template:Age in years and days) 		Pereiaslav Agreement, Moscow's military union with the Hetmanate
style="background:Template:Party color"| 2 Yurii Khmelnytsky
Юрій Хмельницький 		(1641–1685) death of his father 6 August 1657 27 August 1657
(Template:Age in years and days)
style="background:Template:Party color"| 3 Ivan Vyhovsky
Іван Виговський 		(?–1664) 1657 (Korsun) 21 October 1657 11 September 1659
(Template:Age in years and days) 		Attempt for reconciliation with Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthTemplate:Efn
style="background:Template:Party color"| 4 Yurii Khmelnytsky
Юрій Хмельницький 		(1641–1685) 1659 (Hermanivka) 11 September 1659 October 1662
(c. 3 years) 		First vassalage to Muscovy,Template:Efn later agreed to autonomy within Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthTemplate:Efn
style="background:Template:Party color"| 5 Pavlo Teteria
(1620?–1670)
Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський 		1662 (Chyhyryn) October 1662 July 1665
(c. 3 years)
The period of ruin and civil war
style="background:Template:Party color"| (1) Ivan Briukhovetsky
(1623–1668)
Іван Брюховецький 		1663 (Nizhyn) 27 June 1663
(confirmed: 27 June 1663) 		17 June 1668
(Template:Age in years and days) 		pro-Muscovite faction, changed sides due to Truce of Andrusovo
style="background:Template:Party color"| 6 Petro Doroshenko
(1627–1698)
Петро Дорошенко 		1666 (Chyhyryn) 10 October 1665
(confirmed: January 1666) 		19 September 1676
(Template:Age in years and days) 		Union treaty with the OttomansTemplate:Efn
style="background:Template:Party color"| (2) Demian Mnohohrishny
(1631–1703)
Дем'ян Многогрішний 		1669 (Hlukhiv) 17 December 1668
(confirmed: 3 March 1669) 		April 1672
(c. 6 years) 		pro-Muscovite faction
style="background:Template:Party color"| 7 (3) Ivan Samoylovych
(1630s–1690)
Іван Самойлович 		1672 (Cossack Grove) 17 June 1672 August 1687
(15 years) 		pro-Muscovite faction
The period of ruin and civil war ended
style="background:Template:Party color"| 8 File:Alex K Ivan Mazepa.svg Ivan Mazepa
(1639–1709)
Іван Мазепа 		1687 (Kolomak) 4 August 1687 6 November 1708
(Template:Age in years and days) 		"stripped" of a title, discredited
style="background:Template:Party color"| 9 File:Ivan Skoropadsky (Portrait, 1840s, Stepan Zemlyukov) 3.jpg File:Alex K Ivan Skoropadskyi.svg Ivan Skoropadsky
(1646–1722)
Іван Скоропадський 		1708 (Hlukhiv) 6 November 1708 14 July 1722
(Template:Age in years and days) 		died
style="background:Template:Party color"| X File:Pavlo Polubotok (Portrait, 1840s, Stepan Zemlyukov).jpg File:Alex K Pavlo Polubotok.svg Pavlo Polubotok
(1660–1724)
Павло Полуботок 		appointed hetman 1722 1724
(c. 2 years) 		died in prison
Collegium of Little Russia (Stepan Velyaminov) 1722–1727
style="background:Template:Party color"| 10 File:Danylo Apostol (Portrait, Sumy Art Museum).jpg File:Alex K Danylo Apostol.svg Danylo Apostol
(1654–1734)
Данило Апостол 		1727 (Hlukhiv) 12 October 1727 29 March 1734
(Template:Age in years and days) 		died
style="background:Template:Party color"| X File:POL COA Lisohub.svg Yakiv Lyzohub
(1675–1749)
Яків Лизогуб 		appointed hetman 1733 1749
(16 years) 		died
Governing Council of the Hetman Office (Aleksei Shakhovskoy) 1734–1745
style="background:Template:Party color"| 11 File:Kyrylo Rozumovsky (Portrait, 1half 19th century, unknown author).jpg File:Alex K Rozumovski family.svg Kyrylo Rozumovsky
(1728–1803)
Кирило Розумовський 		1750 (Hlukhiv) 22 February 1750 17 November 1764
(Template:Age in years and days) 		resigned
Collegium of Little Russia 1764–1786 (Pyotr Rumyantsev)

Notes

File:Alex K Bohdan Chmelnickyi prapor.svg
Flag of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Bohdan (Б) Khmelnytsky (Х), hetman (Г) of Host (В) of Zaporozhia (З) and of His (Е) Royal (К) Majesty (МЛС) of Rzecz Pospolita.

Template:More

Some historians, including Mykola Arkas,[18] question the legitimacy of the Teteria's elections, accusing him of corruption.[19] Some sources claim that the election of Teteria took place in January 1663.[20] The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by greater unrest in the modern region of Kirovohrad Oblast, as well as Polesie (all in the Right-bank Ukraine).[21] Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both banks of the Dnieper River.[21] Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663 the Tsardom of Muscovy created the new Little Russian Office (Prikaz) within its Ambassadorial Office.

Vouched for by Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel, Yurii Khmelnytsky was freed from Ottoman captivity and, along with Pasha Ibragim, was sent to Ukraine to fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681, Mehmed IV appointed George Ducas hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.

Following the anathema on Mazepa and the election of Ivan Skoropadsky, the Cossack Hetmanate was included in the Russian Government of Kiev in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the elections oh hetmans were discontinued and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely title, first to Moldavian noblemen and, later, to the Russian Empress's favorites.

On 5 April 1710, the council of cossacks, veterans of the Battle at Poltava, elected Pylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla war at the southern borders of the Russian Empire with support from the Ottoman and Swedish empires.

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

  1. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 82. ISBN 9667217531. ;
  2. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 120. ISBN 9667217531. 
  3. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 197. ISBN 9667217531. 
  4. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 91. ISBN 9667217531. 
  5. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 126. ISBN 9667217531. 
  6. ↑ Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709). 2. НТШ. 2006. pp. 426-437. ISBN 966023872X. 
  7. ↑ Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709). 2. НТШ. 2006. p. 465. ISBN 966023872X. 
  8. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 85. ISBN 9667217531. 
  9. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 111. ISBN 9667217531. 
  10. ↑ Універсали Богдана Хмельницького. 1998. p. 130. ISBN 9667217531. 
  11. ↑ Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709). 2. НТШ. 2006. ISBN 966023872X. 
  12. ↑ Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709). 2. НТШ. 2006. p. 415. ISBN 966023872X. 
  13. ↑ Link
  14. ↑ Гетьманські універсали Данила Апостола у збірці Національного музею...
  15. ↑ "Універсал гетьмана Кирила Розумовського". 2018-05-14. https://choim.org/%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C/. 
  16. ↑ "Унікальний універсал гетьмана Кирила Розумовського презентували в Україні". 2025-06-20. https://history.rayon.in.ua/news/815132-. 
  17. ↑ Kyrylo Rozumovsky at the Jurist Encyclopedia
  18. ↑ Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).
  19. ↑ Lohvyn, Yu. Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine. "Merry Alphabet".
  20. ↑ Pavlo Teteria. History of the Great Nation.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Horobets, V. Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s–1660s. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "Naukova Dumka", 2004.

Further reading

  • Dyadychenko, V. Sketches of a social and political system of the Left-bank Ukraine at the end of 17th and the start of 18th centuries. Kiev 1959
  • Smoliy, V. Hetmanate Ukraine. Kiev 1999

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