Archive:Anti-Slavic sentiment: Difference between revisions
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'''Anti-Slavic sentiment''', also called '''anti-Slavic racism''' or '''Slavophobia''', refers to different types of negative attitudes, [[Prejudice|prejudices]], [[Hatred|collective hatred or animosity]], [[Stereotype|stereotypes]], discrimination, and [[violence]] ([[Economic violence|economic]], [[Physical abuse|physical]], [[Political violence|political]], [[Psychological abuse|psychological]], [[Verbal abuse|verbal]], etc.) directed at one or more ethnic groups of [[Slavs|Slavic peoples]]. Accompanying [[racism]] and [[xenophobia]], the most common manifestation of anti-Slavic sentiment throughout history has been the assertion that some Slavs are [[Dehumanization|inferior to other peoples]]. | '''Anti-Slavic sentiment''', also called '''anti-Slavic racism''' or '''Slavophobia''', refers to different types of negative attitudes, [[Prejudice|prejudices]], [[Hatred|collective hatred or animosity]], [[Stereotype|stereotypes]], discrimination, and [[violence]] ([[Economic violence|economic]], [[Physical abuse|physical]], [[Political violence|political]], [[Psychological abuse|psychological]], [[Verbal abuse|verbal]], etc.) directed at one or more ethnic groups of [[Slavs|Slavic peoples]]. Accompanying [[racism]] and [[xenophobia]], the most common manifestation of anti-Slavic sentiment throughout history has been the assertion that some Slavs are [[Dehumanization|inferior to other peoples]]. | ||
Anti-Slavic sentiment reached its highest point during [[World War II]], when [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|its collaborators]] classified most of the Slavs, especially the [[Belarusians | Anti-Slavic sentiment reached its highest point during [[World War II]], when [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|its collaborators]] classified most of the Slavs, especially the [[Belarusians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Serbs]], and [[Ukrainians]], as "subhumans" ({{Transliteration|de|[[Untermensch|Untermenschen]]}}), murdering millions of them through the ''[[Generalplan Ost]]'' and [[Hunger Plan]].<ref name="Longerich">{{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-280436-5 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | page = 241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ingrao |first=Christian |title=Intellectuals in the SS War Machine |publisher=Polity Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7456-6027-1 |edition=English |location=65 Bridge Street, Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK |pages=127–130, 157 |translator-last=Brown |translator-first=Andrew}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fritz |first=Stephen G. |title=Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8131-3416-1 |pages=93-95, 253-260, 317}}</ref> | ||
Slavophobia also emerged twice in the [[United States]]. The first time was during the [[Progressive Era]], when immigrants from [[Eastern Europe]] were met with opposition from the dominant class of [[Western Europe|Western European]]–origin American citizens, who drew on a mix of [[Puritanism]], [[Anglo-Saxonism]], Teutonism, [[Social Darwinism]], and [[Eugenics]] to frame Eastern Europeans as racially inferior, culturally unassimilable, and a threat to national vitality; and again during the [[Cold War]], when the United States became locked in an intensive global rivalry with the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=":2">Roucek, Joseph S. “The Image of the Slav in U.S. History and in Immigration Policy.” ''The American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', vol. 28, no. 1, 1969, pp. 29–48. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|3485555}}. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024.</ref> | Slavophobia also emerged twice in the [[United States]]. The first time was during the [[Progressive Era]], when immigrants from [[Eastern Europe]] were met with opposition from the dominant class of [[Western Europe|Western European]]–origin American citizens, who drew on a mix of [[Puritanism]], [[Anglo-Saxonism]], Teutonism, [[Social Darwinism]], and [[Eugenics]] to frame Eastern Europeans as racially inferior, culturally unassimilable, and a threat to national vitality; and again during the [[Cold War]], when the United States became locked in an intensive global rivalry with the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=":2">Roucek, Joseph S. “The Image of the Slav in U.S. History and in Immigration Policy.” ''The American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', vol. 28, no. 1, 1969, pp. 29–48. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|3485555}}. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024.</ref> | ||
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== By country == | == By country == | ||
=== Albania === | === Albania === | ||
[[Albania (toponym)|Albanian]] slavophobia can be found in ''[[The Highland Lute]]'' by the "Albanian [[Homer]]" [[Gjergj Fishta]], who wrote after [[Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars|massacres]] and [[Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878|expulsions]] of Albanians by their Slavic neighbours.<ref>{{Citation |last1= Detrez |first1=Raymond |first2= Pieter |last2=Plas |title=Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C&pg=PA221 |year=2005 |publisher=P.I.E. Peter Lang S.A. |location= Brussels |isbn=90-5201-297-0 |page= 220|quote=it led to adoption of anti-Slavic component }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gjergj FISHTA |url=http://www.albanianliterature.net/authors/classical/fishta/index.html |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=www.albanianliterature.net}}</ref><ref name="KoliqiRrahmani2003">{{cite book|author1=Koliqi, Ernesto|author2=Rahmani, Nazmi|name-list-style=amp|title=Vepra|year=2003|publisher=Shtëpía Botuese Faik Konica|page=183}}</ref> The Albanian intelligentsia proudly asserted, "We Albanians are the original and autochthonous race of the Balkans. The Slavs are conquerors and immigrants who came but yesterday from Asia."<ref>{{Citation |last=Kolarz |first=Walter | author-link=Walter Kolarz|title=Myths and realities in eastern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1e2AAAAIAAJ&q=skanderbeg+inauthor:%22Walter+Kolarz%22 |year= 1972|publisher=Kennikat Press |isbn=978-0-8046-1600-3 |page=227 |quote=Albanian intelligentsia, despite the backwardness of their country and culture: 'We Albanians are the original and autochthonous race of the Balkans. The Slavs are conquerors and immigrants who came but yesterday from Asia.'}}</ref> | |||
=== Italy === | === Italy === | ||
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The leader of fascist Italy, [[Benito Mussolini]], considered the Slavic race inferior and barbaric.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.provincia.lucca.it/scuolapace/uploads/quaderni/ricordo2012.pdf |title=I profugi istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca |language=it |trans-title=The Istrian, Dalmatian and Rijeka Refugees in Lucca |publisher=Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca |chapter=Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi |trans-chapter=The Eastern Border: One Land, Multiple Exoduses |date=10 February 2012 |editor=Sestani, Armando |quote=When dealing with such a race as Slavic – inferior and barbarian – we must not pursue the carrot, but the stick policy. We should not be afraid of new victims. The Italian border should run across the Brenner Pass, Monte Nevoso and the Dinaric Alps. I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians. |pages=12–13 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://znaci.org/00001/179.pdf Resistance, Suffering, Hope. The Slovene Partisan Movement 1941-1945], Ljubljana 2008, {{ISBN|978-961-6681-02-5}}, p. 27</ref> Furthermore, he believed that the [[Croats]] posed an existential threat to Italy as they supposedly intended to seize [[Dalmatia]], a region which was claimed by Italy, while he also claimed that the threat rallied Italians at the end of [[World War I]]: "The danger of seeing the Yugoslavians settle along the whole Adriatic shore had caused a bringing together in Rome of the cream of our unhappy regions. Students, professors, workmen, citizens—representative men—were entreating the ministers and the professional politicians."<ref>[[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini, Benito]]; Child, Richard Washburn; [[Max Ascoli|Ascoli, Max]]; & Lamb, Richard (1988) ''My rise and fall''. New York: Da Capo Press. pp.105–106.</ref> These claims often tended to emphasize the "foreignness" of the Yugoslavs by stating that they were newcomers to the area, unlike the ancient Italians, whose territories were occupied by the Slavs. | The leader of fascist Italy, [[Benito Mussolini]], considered the Slavic race inferior and barbaric.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.provincia.lucca.it/scuolapace/uploads/quaderni/ricordo2012.pdf |title=I profugi istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca |language=it |trans-title=The Istrian, Dalmatian and Rijeka Refugees in Lucca |publisher=Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca |chapter=Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi |trans-chapter=The Eastern Border: One Land, Multiple Exoduses |date=10 February 2012 |editor=Sestani, Armando |quote=When dealing with such a race as Slavic – inferior and barbarian – we must not pursue the carrot, but the stick policy. We should not be afraid of new victims. The Italian border should run across the Brenner Pass, Monte Nevoso and the Dinaric Alps. I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians. |pages=12–13 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://znaci.org/00001/179.pdf Resistance, Suffering, Hope. The Slovene Partisan Movement 1941-1945], Ljubljana 2008, {{ISBN|978-961-6681-02-5}}, p. 27</ref> Furthermore, he believed that the [[Croats]] posed an existential threat to Italy as they supposedly intended to seize [[Dalmatia]], a region which was claimed by Italy, while he also claimed that the threat rallied Italians at the end of [[World War I]]: "The danger of seeing the Yugoslavians settle along the whole Adriatic shore had caused a bringing together in Rome of the cream of our unhappy regions. Students, professors, workmen, citizens—representative men—were entreating the ministers and the professional politicians."<ref>[[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini, Benito]]; Child, Richard Washburn; [[Max Ascoli|Ascoli, Max]]; & Lamb, Richard (1988) ''My rise and fall''. New York: Da Capo Press. pp.105–106.</ref> These claims often tended to emphasize the "foreignness" of the Yugoslavs by stating that they were newcomers to the area, unlike the ancient Italians, whose territories were occupied by the Slavs. | ||
===Canada=== | ===Canada=== | ||
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==== Middle Ages ==== | ==== Middle Ages ==== | ||
Though anti-Slavic sentiments reached their peak during Nazi Germany, Germany has had a long history of Slavophobia. ''{{Interlanguage link|Thietmari merseburgensis episcopi chronicon|pl|Kronika Thietmara|ru|Хроника Титмара Мерзебургского|bg|Хроника на Титмар}}'' ([https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Chronicon_(Thietmarus_Merseburgensis) see: Wikisource]), an important [[chronicle]] written in the 1010s by [[Thietmar of Merseburg|Thietmar]], [[Bishopric of Merseburg|Prince-Bishop of Merseburg]], contains negative, prejudicial depiction of Slavic people, defined as population living between the rivers Elbe and Oder ([[Polabian Slavs|Polabians]])—although Thietmar recognized that inhabitants of [[Civitas Schinesghe|Poland]] and [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]] speak "Slavic language", he did not refer to them as Slavs in the ethnic sense.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goetz |first=Hans-Werner |date=2015-10-01 |title=Die Slawen in der Wahrnehmung Thietmars von Merseburg zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts |url=https://www.xn--ltopis-b5a.de/letopis/article/view/115 |journal=Lětopis – Zeitschrift für Sorabistik und vergleichende Minderheitenforschung |language=de |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=103–118 |doi=10.59195/lp.2015.62-115 |issn=0863-0585}}</ref> Later, the Germanic people of [[Prussia]] often depicted Polish people in a negative light, which paralleled future Slavophobia in the Nazi regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaworska |first=Sylvia |title=Anti-Slavic imagery in German radical nationalist discourse at the turn of the twentieth century: a prelude to Nazi ideology? |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |issue=45 |pages=435–452}}</ref> [[Teutonic Order|The Teutonic Order]] played a foundational role in shaping early German anti-Slavic sentiment through its participation in the ''[[Drang nach Osten]]'' ("Drive to the East"), a medieval and later nationalistic concept referring to German expansion into Slavic and Baltic lands. Beginning in the 13th century, the order launched crusades against pagan and Slavic populations in the eastern Baltic region, including Prussians, Lithuanians, and [[Pomeranians (tribe)|Pomeranians]], under the pretext of Christianization and a civilizing mission.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lerski |first1=Jerzy J. |title=Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 |last2=Wróbel |first2=Piotr |last3=Kozicki |first3=Richard J. |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-26007-0 |location=Westport, Conn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kettler |first=Mark Thomas |title=Losing Faith in Civilization: The German Occupation of Congress Poland and the Crisis of Multinational Imperialism |date=2018 |publisher=UC Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c12b88t |language=en}}</ref> The conquest and colonization of these territories involved the suppression of native Slavic and Baltic cultures, forced conversions, and the settlement of German colonists. These actions were justified by portraying Slavic peoples as barbaric, morally deficient, and politically inferior, a narrative reinforced by Teutonic chroniclers such as [[Peter of Dusburg]]. The order imposed German legal systems and language, contributing to a lasting cultural hierarchy in which German identity was seen as superior.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christiansen |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9bocwdldecC |title=The Northern Crusades |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-14-026653-5 |language=en}}</ref> | Though anti-Slavic sentiments reached their peak during Nazi Germany, Germany has had a long history of Slavophobia. ''{{Interlanguage link|Thietmari merseburgensis episcopi chronicon|pl|Kronika Thietmara|ru|Хроника Титмара Мерзебургского|bg|Хроника на Титмар}}'' ([https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Chronicon_(Thietmarus_Merseburgensis) see: Wikisource]), an important [[chronicle]] written in the 1010s by [[Thietmar of Merseburg|Thietmar]], [[Bishopric of Merseburg|Prince-Bishop of Merseburg]], contains negative, prejudicial depiction of Slavic people, defined as population living between the rivers Elbe and Oder ([[Polabian Slavs|Polabians]])—although Thietmar recognized that inhabitants of [[Civitas Schinesghe|Poland]] and [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]] speak "Slavic language", he did not refer to them as Slavs in the ethnic sense.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goetz |first=Hans-Werner |date=2015-10-01 |title=Die Slawen in der Wahrnehmung Thietmars von Merseburg zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts |url=https://www.xn--ltopis-b5a.de/letopis/article/view/115 |journal=Lětopis – Zeitschrift für Sorabistik und vergleichende Minderheitenforschung |language=de |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=103–118 |doi=10.59195/lp.2015.62-115 |issn=0863-0585|doi-access=free }}</ref> Later, the Germanic people of [[Prussia]] often depicted Polish people in a negative light, which paralleled future Slavophobia in the Nazi regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaworska |first=Sylvia |title=Anti-Slavic imagery in German radical nationalist discourse at the turn of the twentieth century: a prelude to Nazi ideology? |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |issue=45 |pages=435–452}}</ref> [[Teutonic Order|The Teutonic Order]] played a foundational role in shaping early German anti-Slavic sentiment through its participation in the ''[[Drang nach Osten]]'' ("Drive to the East"), a medieval and later nationalistic concept referring to German expansion into Slavic and Baltic lands. Beginning in the 13th century, the order launched crusades against pagan and Slavic populations in the eastern Baltic region, including Prussians, Lithuanians, and [[Pomeranians (tribe)|Pomeranians]], under the pretext of Christianization and a civilizing mission.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lerski |first1=Jerzy J. |title=Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 |last2=Wróbel |first2=Piotr |last3=Kozicki |first3=Richard J. |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-26007-0 |location=Westport, Conn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kettler |first=Mark Thomas |title=Losing Faith in Civilization: The German Occupation of Congress Poland and the Crisis of Multinational Imperialism |date=2018 |publisher=UC Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c12b88t |language=en}}</ref> The conquest and colonization of these territories involved the suppression of native Slavic and Baltic cultures, forced conversions, and the settlement of German colonists. These actions were justified by portraying Slavic peoples as barbaric, morally deficient, and politically inferior, a narrative reinforced by Teutonic chroniclers such as [[Peter of Dusburg]]. The order imposed German legal systems and language, contributing to a lasting cultural hierarchy in which German identity was seen as superior.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christiansen |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9bocwdldecC |title=The Northern Crusades |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-14-026653-5 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==== 19th century ==== | ==== 19th century ==== | ||
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As part of the ''Generalplan Ost'', Nazi Germany developed the [[Hunger Plan]], a forced starvation programme which involved the seizure of all of the food that was produced in Eastern European lands and the delivery of it to Germany, primarily to the German army. The full implementation of this plan would have ultimately resulted in the starvation and death of 20 to 30 million people (mainly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians). It is estimated that in accordance with this plan, over four million Soviet citizens were starved to death from 1941 to 1944.<ref>Snyder, Timothy (2010) ''Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin''. New York: Basic Books. p.411.</ref> The resettlement policy reached a much more advanced stage in [[German occupation of Poland|occupied Poland]] because of its immediate proximity to Germany.<ref name="bendersky"/> | As part of the ''Generalplan Ost'', Nazi Germany developed the [[Hunger Plan]], a forced starvation programme which involved the seizure of all of the food that was produced in Eastern European lands and the delivery of it to Germany, primarily to the German army. The full implementation of this plan would have ultimately resulted in the starvation and death of 20 to 30 million people (mainly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians). It is estimated that in accordance with this plan, over four million Soviet citizens were starved to death from 1941 to 1944.<ref>Snyder, Timothy (2010) ''Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin''. New York: Basic Books. p.411.</ref> The resettlement policy reached a much more advanced stage in [[German occupation of Poland|occupied Poland]] because of its immediate proximity to Germany.<ref name="bendersky"/> | ||
For strategic reasons, the Nazis deviated from some of their ideological theories by forging alliances with | For strategic reasons, the Nazis deviated from some of their ideological theories by forging alliances with the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the [[Slovak State]], and [[Bulgaria]]. Yugoslav general [[Milan Nedić]] would also lead Nazi Germany's [[Government of National Salvation|Serbian puppet government]].<ref name=othertarget>{{cite news|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia#:~:text=The%20Germans%20and%20their%20Axis,or%20by%20joining%20the%20partisans.|title=Axis Invasion Of Yugoslavia|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|accessdate=November 7, 2022}}</ref> The Nazis officially justified these alliances by stating that the Croats were "more Germanic than Slav," a notion which was propagated by Croatia's leader [[Ante Pavelić]], who espoused the view that the "Croats were the descendants of the ancient [[Goths]]" who "had the [[Pan-Slavism|pan-Slavic idea]] forced upon them as something artificial".<ref>Rich, Norman (1974) ''Hitler's War Aims: the Establishment of the New Order''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.276-7.</ref><ref name="Weinberg">[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler, Adolf]] and Gerhard, Weinberg (2007). ''Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944: His Private Conversations''. Enigma Books. p.356. Quoting Hitler: "For example to label the Bulgarians as Slavs is pure nonsense; originally they were Turkomans."</ref><ref>Davies, Norman (2008) ''[[Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory]]''. Pan Macmillan. pp.167,209.</ref> Hitler also believed that the Bulgarians were "[[Turkmen people|Turkoman]]", while the Czechs and Slovaks were ''Mongolians'' in their origins.<ref name="Weinberg" /> After conquering Yugoslavia, attention was instead focused on targeting mainly the nation's Jewish and Roma (Gypsy) population.<ref name=othertarget /> | ||
=== Greece === | === Greece === | ||
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In American pop culture, Slavic people (specifically Russians) are usually portrayed as either nefarious, violent criminals<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-05 |title='I Want You To Off Azimoff!' -- East European Stereotypes On U.S. TV |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/east-european-stereotypes-on-us-tv/24698997.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref> or as unintelligent, oblivious comic relief.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raskin |first=Hanna Rachel |date=2007-04-11 |title=For make benefit writer of remarkable satiric novel |url=http://mountainx.com/arts/art-news/041107absurdistan/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Mountain Xpress |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orlova |first=Olesya Gennadievna |title=The American Movies As A Discourse And A Sourсe Of Russian Stereotypes |journal=European Proceedings|series=European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences |date=2021 |volume=Language and Technology in the Interdisciplinary Paradigm |pages=123–136 |article-number=epsbs.2021.12.17 |doi=10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.17 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Polish joke|"Dumb Pole" jokes or "Polish jokes"]] (derogatory jokes towards Polish people) are just one manifestation of [[anti-Polish sentiment]] in America, and can be found in all sorts of media from many time periods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anatomy of a Polish Joke |url=https://culture.pl/en/article/the-anatomy-of-a-polish-joke |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Culture.pl |language=en}}</ref> | In American pop culture, Slavic people (specifically Russians) are usually portrayed as either nefarious, violent criminals<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-05 |title='I Want You To Off Azimoff!' -- East European Stereotypes On U.S. TV |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/east-european-stereotypes-on-us-tv/24698997.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref> or as unintelligent, oblivious comic relief.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raskin |first=Hanna Rachel |date=2007-04-11 |title=For make benefit writer of remarkable satiric novel |url=http://mountainx.com/arts/art-news/041107absurdistan/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Mountain Xpress |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orlova |first=Olesya Gennadievna |title=The American Movies As A Discourse And A Sourсe Of Russian Stereotypes |journal=European Proceedings|series=European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences |date=2021 |volume=Language and Technology in the Interdisciplinary Paradigm |pages=123–136 |article-number=epsbs.2021.12.17 |doi=10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.17 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Polish joke|"Dumb Pole" jokes or "Polish jokes"]] (derogatory jokes towards Polish people) are just one manifestation of [[anti-Polish sentiment]] in America, and can be found in all sorts of media from many time periods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anatomy of a Polish Joke |url=https://culture.pl/en/article/the-anatomy-of-a-polish-joke |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Culture.pl |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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[[Category:Anti-Slavic sentiment| ]] | [[Category:Anti-Slavic sentiment| ]] | ||
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment]] | [[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Slavic]] | ||