Archive:Developmental disorder: Difference between revisions

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{{Afd-merge to|Neurodevelopmental disorder|discussion=Developmental disorder|date=27 October 2026}}

{{Infobox medical condition (new)

| name = Developmental disorder

| synonyms =

| image =

| image = 2017-04-19 Sheikh Hasina speech International Conference on Autism and Neuro Developmental Disorders Bhutan Royal Banquet Hall (PID-0049607).jpg

| field = [[Psychiatry]]

| caption =

| caption = [[Sheikh Hasina]] delivering a speech at the 2017 International Conference on Autism and Neuro Developmental Disorders.

}}

'''Developmental disorders''' comprise a group of [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term.<ref name = Rutter3233>{{cite book |url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |title=Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |editor=Michael Rutter |editor2=Dorothy V. M. Bishop |editor3=Daniel S. Pine |editor4=Stephen Scott |editor5=Jim Stevenson |editor6=Eric Taylor |editor7=Anita Thapar |display-editors=3 |others=Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter |year=2008 |pages=32–33 |isbn=978-1-4051-4549-7 |access-date=2013-02-05 |archive-date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428003610/http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the [[ICD-10]].<ref name = Rutter3233/> These disorders comprise [[developmental language disorder]], [[learning disorder]]s, [[developmental coordination disorder]]s, and [[autism spectrum]] disorders (ASD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|title=ICD 10|website=priory.com|access-date=2013-02-05|archive-date=2010-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009002519/http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In broader definitions, [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) is included, and the term used is [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name = Rutter3233/> ~~Yet others~~ include [[antisocial behavior]] and [[schizophrenia]] that begins in childhood and continues through life.<ref name = Rutter3233/> However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.<ref name = Rutter3233/>

'''Developmental disorders''' comprise a group of [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term.<ref name = Rutter3233>{{cite book |url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |title=Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |editor=Michael Rutter |editor2=Dorothy V. M. Bishop |editor3=Daniel S. Pine |editor4=Stephen Scott |editor5=Jim Stevenson |editor6=Eric Taylor |editor7=Anita Thapar |display-editors=3 |others=Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter |year=2008 |pages=32–33 |isbn=978-1-4051-4549-7 |access-date=2013-02-05 |archive-date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428003610/http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the [[ICD-10]].<ref name = Rutter3233/> These disorders comprise [[developmental language disorder]], [[learning disorder]]s, [[developmental coordination disorder]]s, and [[autism spectrum]] disorders (ASD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|title=ICD 10|website=priory.com|access-date=2013-02-05|archive-date=2010-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009002519/http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In broader definitions, [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) is included, and the term used is [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name = Rutter3233/> Others include [[antisocial behavior]] and [[schizophrenia]] that begins in childhood and continues through life.<ref name = Rutter3233/> However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.<ref name = Rutter3233/>

Developmental disorders are present from early life onward. Most improve as the child grows older, but some entail impairments that continue throughout life. These disorders differ from [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]s (PPD), which uniquely describe a group of five developmental diagnoses, one of which is autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pervasive developmental disorders reference a limited number of conditions whereas development disorders are a broad network of social, communicative, physical, genetic, intellectual, behavioral, and language concerns and diagnoses.

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These patterns can be seen in the form of repeated movements of the hand or the phrases used while talking. A rigid adherence to schedules and inflexibility to adapt even if a minor change is made to their routine is also one of the behavioral symptoms of ASD. They could also display sensory patterns such as extreme aversion to certain odors or indifference to pain or temperature.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack a social smile, do not like being touched or held, have unusual sensory behavior and show a lack of imitation. Children between 12 and 24 months with ASD show a lack of gestures, prefer to be alone, do not point to objects to indicate interest, are easily frustrated with challenges, and lack of functional play. And finally children between the ages 24 to 36 months with ASD show a lack of symbolic play and an unusual interest in certain objects, or moving objects.<ref name="Dereu, Mieke 2010" />

There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack a social smile, do not like being touched or held, have unusual sensory behavior and show a lack of imitation. Children between 12 and 24 months with ASD show a lack of gestures, prefer to be alone, do not point to objects to indicate interest, are easily frustrated with challenges, and lack of functional play. And finally children between the ages of 24 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of symbolic play and an unusual interest in certain objects, or moving objects.<ref name="Dereu, Mieke 2010" />

====Treatment====

There is no specific treatment for [[Autism Spectrum Disorders|autism spectrum disorders]], but there are several types of therapy effective in easing the symptoms of autism, such as [[Applied behavior analysis|Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)]], [[Speech-language therapy]], [[Occupational therapy]] or [[Sensory integration therapy]].{{cn|date=June 2022}}

[[Applied behavioral analysis]] (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for [[Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum disorders]] by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Scott M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Chris Plauché|date=1 November 2007|title=Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|issn=0031-4005|pmid=17967921|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009024902/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}</ref> ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA): What is ABA?|url=http://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|website=Autism partnership|date=16 June 2011|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103173916/https://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review">{{cite journal |last1=Matson |first1=Johnny |last2=Hattier |first2=Megan |last3=Belva |first3=Brian |title=Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |date=January–March 2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008 }}</ref> and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=Jane |last2=Sharami |first2=Ali |last3=Cali |first3=Stefanie |last4=D'Mello |first4=Chantelle |last5=Kako |first5=Milena |last6=Palikucin-Reljin |first6=Andjelka |last7=Savage |first7=Melissa |last8=Shaw |first8=Olivia |last9=Lunsky |first9=Yona |title=Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input |journal=Brain Sci |date=November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=140 |doi=10.3390/brainsci7110140 |pmid=29072583 |pmc=5704147 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Strategies - Getting to Know ABA|url=http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100326/http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|archive-date=2015-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Applied behavioral analysis]] (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for [[Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum disorders]] by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Scott M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Chris Plauché|date=1 November 2007|title=Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|issn=0031-4005|pmid=17967921|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009024902/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA): What is ABA?|url=http://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|website=Autism partnership|date=16 June 2011|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103173916/https://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review">{{cite journal |last1=Matson |first1=Johnny |last2=Hattier |first2=Megan |last3=Belva |first3=Brian |title=Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |date=January–March 2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008 }}</ref> and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=Jane |last2=Sharami |first2=Ali |last3=Cali |first3=Stefanie |last4=D'Mello |first4=Chantelle |last5=Kako |first5=Milena |last6=Palikucin-Reljin |first6=Andjelka |last7=Savage |first7=Melissa |last8=Shaw |first8=Olivia |last9=Lunsky |first9=Yona |title=Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input |journal=Brain Sci |date=November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=140 |doi=10.3390/brainsci7110140 |pmid=29072583 |pmc=5704147 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Strategies - Getting to Know ABA|url=http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100326/http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|archive-date=2015-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Occupational therapy]] helps autistic children and adults learn everyday skills that help them with daily tasks, such as personal hygiene and movement. These skills are then integrated into their home, school, and work environments. Therapists will oftentimes help patients learn to adapt their environment to their skill level.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crabtree |first=Lisa |date=2018 |title=Occupational Therapy's Role with Autism |url=https://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/CY/Fact-Sheets/Autism%20fact%20sheet.ashx |website=American Occupational Therapy Association |access-date=2022-09-17 |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103173916/https://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/CY/Fact-Sheets/Autism |url-status=live }}</ref> This type of therapy could help autistic people become more engaged in their environment.<ref name="autismspeaks.org">{{cite web|title=What Treatments are Available for Speech, Language and Motor Issues?|url=https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/what-treatments-are-available-speech-language-and-motor-impairments|website=Autism Speaks|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222074105/https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/what-treatments-are-available-speech-language-and-motor-impairments|archive-date=2015-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> An occupational therapist will create a plan based on the patient's needs and desires and work with them to achieve their set goals.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

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====Symptoms====

Symptoms of ADHD include inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and academic problems. Another area that is affected by these disorders is the social arena for the person with the disorder. Many children that have this disorder exhibit poor interpersonal relationships and struggle to fit in socially with their peers.<ref name="Tresco Katy E. 2004" /> Behavioral study of these children can show a history of other symptoms such as temper tantrums, mood swings, sleep disturbances and aggressiveness.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

~~==== Treatment options ====~~

The treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly involves a multimodal approach, combining various strategies to address the complex nature of the disorder. This comprehensive approach includes psychological, behavioral, pharmaceutical, and educational interventions tailored to the individual's specific needs. Here's a breakdown of the different components:

*Psychological Interventions:

**Counseling and Psychoeducation - Individuals with ADHD may benefit from counseling sessions that provide a safe space to discuss challenges, develop coping strategies, and improve self-esteem. **Psychoeducation helps individuals and their families understand the nature of ADHD and learn effective management techniques.

**Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - CBT aims to modify negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with ADHD. It helps individuals develop organizational skills, time management, and problem-solving abilities.

*Behavioral Interventions:

**Parent Training - Parents often participate in training programs to learn behavior management techniques. This may involve setting clear expectations, using positive reinforcement, and implementing consistent consequences for behavior.

**Behavioral Modification Programs - These programs focus on shaping positive behaviors and reducing impulsive or disruptive behaviors in various settings, including home and school.

*Pharmaceutical Interventions:

**Stimulant Medications - Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of ADHD. These medications enhance the activity of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, helping to improve attention and impulse control.

**Non-stimulant Medications - In cases where stimulants are not suitable or effective, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine (Intuniv) may be prescribed.

*Educational Interventions:

**[[Individualized Education Program|Individualized Education Plans]] (IEPs) - In educational settings, IEPs are developed to accommodate the unique learning needs of students with ADHD. This may involve classroom modifications, additional support, and specific teaching strategies.

**[[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 Plans]] - These plans outline accommodations for students with ADHD in mainstream educational settings, such as extended test-taking time or preferential seating.

The effectiveness of the treatment plan depends on the individual's specific challenges and responses to interventions. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving parents, educators, mental health professionals, and healthcare providers is crucial for developing and implementing a successful ADHD management plan. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary to meet the evolving needs of individuals with ADHD.<ref>Tripp G, Wickens JR. Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Dec;57(7-8):579-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PMID 19627998.</ref>

~~===== Behavioral therapy =====~~

Sessions of counselling, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT), making environmental changes in noise and visual stimulation are some behavioral management techniques followed. But it has been observed that behavioral therapy alone is less effective than therapy with stimulant drugs alone.{{fact|date=January 2024}}

~~===== Drug therapy =====~~

Medications commonly utilized in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include stimulants like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, as well as non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. These medications can effectively manage ADHD symptoms by targeting neurotransmitter imbalances. However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects associated with these medications. Common side effects may include headaches, which can often be mitigated by adjusting the dosage or administration timing. Gastrointestinal discomfort, including stomach pain or nausea, is another possible side effect, and taking the medication with food or modifying the dosage may help alleviate these symptoms. Additionally, while rare, changes in mood such as [[Feeling|feelings]] of [[Depression and immune function|depression]] have been reported. Careful monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are essential to address and manage any side effects, ensuring the overall effectiveness and well-being of individuals undergoing [[ADHD treatments]].<ref>Austerman J. ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015 Nov;82(11 Suppl 1):S2-7. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.01. PMID 26555810.</ref>

[[SSRI]] antidepressants may be unhelpful, and could worsen symptoms of ADHD.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=C. W. Popper|author-link=C. W. Popper|year=1997|title=Antidepressants in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry]]|volume=58 |issue=Suppl 14|pages=14–29|pmid=9418743}}</ref> However ADHD is often misdiagnosed as depression, particularly when no hyperactivity is present.

===Other disorders===

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[[Category:Neurodevelopmental disorders| ]]

~~[[Category:Developmental neuroscience]]~~

~~[[Category:Developmental disabilities]]~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Afd-merge to|Neurodevelopmental disorder|discussion=Developmental disorder|date=27 October 2026}}
 {{distinguish|Pervasive developmental disorder|text=}}
 {{Infobox medical condition (new)
-| name            = Developmental disorder
+| name = Developmental disorder
-| synonyms        =
+| synonyms =
-| image           =
+| image = 2017-04-19 Sheikh Hasina speech International Conference on Autism and Neuro Developmental Disorders Bhutan Royal Banquet Hall (PID-0049607).jpg
-| field           = [[Psychiatry]]
+| field = [[Psychiatry]]
-| caption         =
+| caption = [[Sheikh Hasina]] delivering a speech at the 2017 International Conference on Autism and Neuro Developmental Disorders.
 }}
-'''Developmental disorders''' comprise a group of [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term.<ref name = Rutter3233>{{cite book |url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |title=Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |editor=Michael Rutter |editor2=Dorothy V. M. Bishop |editor3=Daniel S. Pine |editor4=Stephen Scott |editor5=Jim Stevenson |editor6=Eric Taylor |editor7=Anita Thapar |display-editors=3 |others=Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter |year=2008 |pages=32–33 |isbn=978-1-4051-4549-7 |access-date=2013-02-05 |archive-date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428003610/http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the [[ICD-10]].<ref name = Rutter3233/> These disorders comprise [[developmental language disorder]], [[learning disorder]]s, [[developmental coordination disorder]]s, and [[autism spectrum]] disorders (ASD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|title=ICD 10|website=priory.com|access-date=2013-02-05|archive-date=2010-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009002519/http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In broader definitions, [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) is included, and the term used is [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name = Rutter3233/> Yet others include [[antisocial behavior]] and [[schizophrenia]] that begins in childhood and continues through life.<ref name = Rutter3233/> However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.<ref name = Rutter3233/>
+'''Developmental disorders''' comprise a group of [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term.<ref name = Rutter3233>{{cite book |url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |title=Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |editor=Michael Rutter |editor2=Dorothy V. M. Bishop |editor3=Daniel S. Pine |editor4=Stephen Scott |editor5=Jim Stevenson |editor6=Eric Taylor |editor7=Anita Thapar |display-editors=3 |others=Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter |year=2008 |pages=32–33 |isbn=978-1-4051-4549-7 |access-date=2013-02-05 |archive-date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428003610/http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the [[ICD-10]].<ref name = Rutter3233/> These disorders comprise [[developmental language disorder]], [[learning disorder]]s, [[developmental coordination disorder]]s, and [[autism spectrum]] disorders (ASD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|title=ICD 10|website=priory.com|access-date=2013-02-05|archive-date=2010-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009002519/http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In broader definitions, [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) is included, and the term used is [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name = Rutter3233/> Others include [[antisocial behavior]] and [[schizophrenia]] that begins in childhood and continues through life.<ref name = Rutter3233/> However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.<ref name = Rutter3233/>
 Developmental disorders are present from early life onward. Most improve as the child grows older, but some entail impairments that continue throughout life. These disorders differ from [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]s (PPD), which uniquely describe a group of five developmental diagnoses, one of which is autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pervasive developmental disorders reference a limited number of conditions whereas development disorders are a broad network of social, communicative, physical, genetic, intellectual, behavioral, and language concerns and diagnoses.
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
 These patterns can be seen in the form of repeated movements of the hand or the phrases used while talking. A rigid adherence to schedules and inflexibility to adapt even if a minor change is made to their routine is also one of the behavioral symptoms of ASD. They could also display sensory patterns such as extreme aversion to certain odors or indifference to pain or temperature.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
-There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack a social smile, do not like being touched or held, have unusual sensory behavior and show a lack of imitation. Children between 12 and 24 months with ASD show a lack of gestures, prefer to be alone, do not point to objects to indicate interest, are easily frustrated with challenges, and lack of functional play. And finally children between the ages 24 to 36 months with ASD show a lack of symbolic play and an unusual interest in certain objects, or moving objects.<ref name="Dereu, Mieke 2010" />
+There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack a social smile, do not like being touched or held, have unusual sensory behavior and show a lack of imitation. Children between 12 and 24 months with ASD show a lack of gestures, prefer to be alone, do not point to objects to indicate interest, are easily frustrated with challenges, and lack of functional play. And finally children between the ages of 24 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of symbolic play and an unusual interest in certain objects, or moving objects.<ref name="Dereu, Mieke 2010" />
 ====Treatment====
 There is no specific treatment for [[Autism Spectrum Disorders|autism spectrum disorders]], but there are several types of therapy effective in easing the symptoms of autism, such as [[Applied behavior analysis|Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)]], [[Speech-language therapy]], [[Occupational therapy]] or [[Sensory integration therapy]].{{cn|date=June 2022}}
-[[Applied behavioral analysis]] (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for [[Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum disorders]] by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Scott M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Chris Plauché|date=1 November 2007|title=Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|issn=0031-4005|pmid=17967921|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009024902/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}</ref> ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA): What is ABA?|url=http://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|website=Autism partnership|date=16 June 2011|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103173916/https://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review">{{cite journal |last1=Matson |first1=Johnny |last2=Hattier |first2=Megan |last3=Belva |first3=Brian |title=Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |date=January–March 2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008 }}</ref> and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=Jane |last2=Sharami |first2=Ali |last3=Cali |first3=Stefanie |last4=D'Mello |first4=Chantelle |last5=Kako |first5=Milena |last6=Palikucin-Reljin |first6=Andjelka |last7=Savage |first7=Melissa |last8=Shaw |first8=Olivia |last9=Lunsky |first9=Yona |title=Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input |journal=Brain Sci |date=November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=140 |doi=10.3390/brainsci7110140 |pmid=29072583 |pmc=5704147 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Strategies - Getting to Know ABA|url=http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100326/http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|archive-date=2015-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Applied behavioral analysis]] (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for [[Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum disorders]] by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Scott M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Chris Plauché|date=1 November 2007|title=Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|issn=0031-4005|pmid=17967921|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009024902/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA): What is ABA?|url=http://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|website=Autism partnership|date=16 June 2011|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103173916/https://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review">{{cite journal |last1=Matson |first1=Johnny |last2=Hattier |first2=Megan |last3=Belva |first3=Brian |title=Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |date=January–March 2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008 }}</ref> and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=Jane |last2=Sharami |first2=Ali |last3=Cali |first3=Stefanie |last4=D'Mello |first4=Chantelle |last5=Kako |first5=Milena |last6=Palikucin-Reljin |first6=Andjelka |last7=Savage |first7=Melissa |last8=Shaw |first8=Olivia |last9=Lunsky |first9=Yona |title=Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input |journal=Brain Sci |date=November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=140 |doi=10.3390/brainsci7110140 |pmid=29072583 |pmc=5704147 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Strategies - Getting to Know ABA|url=http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100326/http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|archive-date=2015-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[Occupational therapy]] helps autistic children and adults learn everyday skills that help them with daily tasks, such as personal hygiene and movement. These skills are then integrated into their home, school, and work environments. Therapists will oftentimes help patients learn to adapt their environment to their skill level.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crabtree |first=Lisa |date=2018 |title=Occupational Therapy's Role with Autism |url=https://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/CY/Fact-Sheets/Autism%20fact%20sheet.ashx |website=American Occupational Therapy Association |access-date=2022-09-17 |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103173916/https://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/CY/Fact-Sheets/Autism |url-status=live }}</ref> This type of therapy could help autistic people become more engaged in their environment.<ref name="autismspeaks.org">{{cite web|title=What Treatments are Available for Speech, Language and Motor Issues?|url=https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/what-treatments-are-available-speech-language-and-motor-impairments|website=Autism Speaks|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222074105/https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/what-treatments-are-available-speech-language-and-motor-impairments|archive-date=2015-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> An occupational therapist will create a plan based on the patient's needs and desires and work with them to achieve their set goals.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
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 ====Symptoms====
 Symptoms of ADHD include inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and academic problems. Another area that is affected by these disorders is the social arena for the person with the disorder. Many children that have this disorder exhibit poor interpersonal relationships and struggle to fit in socially with their peers.<ref name="Tresco Katy E. 2004" /> Behavioral study of these children can show a history of other symptoms such as temper tantrums, mood swings, sleep disturbances and aggressiveness.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
-==== Treatment options ====
-The treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly involves a multimodal approach, combining various strategies to address the complex nature of the disorder. This comprehensive approach includes psychological, behavioral, pharmaceutical, and educational interventions tailored to the individual's specific needs. Here's a breakdown of the different components:
-*Psychological Interventions:
-**Counseling and Psychoeducation - Individuals with ADHD may benefit from counseling sessions that provide a safe space to discuss challenges, develop coping strategies, and improve self-esteem. **Psychoeducation helps individuals and their families understand the nature of ADHD and learn effective management techniques.
-**Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - CBT aims to modify negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with ADHD. It helps individuals develop organizational skills, time management, and problem-solving abilities.
-*Behavioral Interventions:
-**Parent Training - Parents often participate in training programs to learn behavior management techniques. This may involve setting clear expectations, using positive reinforcement, and implementing consistent consequences for behavior.
-**Behavioral Modification Programs - These programs focus on shaping positive behaviors and reducing impulsive or disruptive behaviors in various settings, including home and school.
-*Pharmaceutical Interventions:
-**Stimulant Medications - Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of ADHD. These medications enhance the activity of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, helping to improve attention and impulse control.
-**Non-stimulant Medications - In cases where stimulants are not suitable or effective, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine (Intuniv) may be prescribed.
-*Educational Interventions:
-**[[Individualized Education Program|Individualized Education Plans]] (IEPs) - In educational settings, IEPs are developed to accommodate the unique learning needs of students with ADHD. This may involve classroom modifications, additional support, and specific teaching strategies.
-**[[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 Plans]] - These plans outline accommodations for students with ADHD in mainstream educational settings, such as extended test-taking time or preferential seating.
-The effectiveness of the treatment plan depends on the individual's specific challenges and responses to interventions. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving parents, educators, mental health professionals, and healthcare providers is crucial for developing and implementing a successful ADHD management plan. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary to meet the evolving needs of individuals with ADHD.<ref>Tripp G, Wickens JR. Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Dec;57(7-8):579-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PMID 19627998.</ref>
-===== Behavioral therapy =====
-Sessions of counselling, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT), making environmental changes in noise and visual stimulation are some behavioral management techniques followed. But it has been observed that behavioral therapy alone is less effective than therapy with stimulant drugs alone.{{fact|date=January 2024}}
-===== Drug therapy =====
-Medications commonly utilized in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include stimulants like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, as well as non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. These medications can effectively manage ADHD symptoms by targeting neurotransmitter imbalances. However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects associated with these medications. Common side effects may include headaches, which can often be mitigated by adjusting the dosage or administration timing. Gastrointestinal discomfort, including stomach pain or nausea, is another possible side effect, and taking the medication with food or modifying the dosage may help alleviate these symptoms. Additionally, while rare, changes in mood such as [[Feeling|feelings]] of [[Depression and immune function|depression]] have been reported. Careful monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are essential to address and manage any side effects, ensuring the overall effectiveness and well-being of individuals undergoing [[ADHD treatments]].<ref>Austerman J. ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015 Nov;82(11 Suppl 1):S2-7. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.01. PMID 26555810.</ref>
-[[SSRI]] antidepressants may be unhelpful, and could worsen symptoms of ADHD.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=C. W. Popper|author-link=C. W. Popper|year=1997|title=Antidepressants in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry]]|volume=58 |issue=Suppl 14|pages=14–29|pmid=9418743}}</ref> However ADHD is often misdiagnosed as depression, particularly when no hyperactivity is present.
 ===Other disorders===
@@ Line 124: / Line 96: @@
 [[Category:Neurodevelopmental disorders| ]]
-[[Category:Developmental neuroscience]]
-[[Category:Developmental disabilities]]

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