Archive:Tripolitsa massacre: Difference between revisions
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
Tripolitsa was located in the interior of the Morean peninsula, and there was no direct logistical support possibility to the city by sea; therefore, there was no possibility of evacuating the besieged city.<ref>BOA, HAT, 888/39242, 29 Zilhicce 1237/ 16 Eylül 1822.</ref>When the Ottoman plan to evacuate tens of thousands of Muslims who had taken refuge in Tripolitsa from Nafplion with a force of 3,500 men was abandoned, it was decided that the Ottoman soldiers in Nafplion would be transferred to Tripolitsa to protect the city's population. While this plan was being considered,Because the city of Tripolitsa was surrounded by walls, it was considered safe, so tens of thousands of Muslims from surrounding towns and villages took refuge there.In the centuries following the conquest of the Morean peninsula by Mehmed the 2nd, a social order prevailed in the peninsula among the Greeks, Turks, and Jews living there<ref>Christos Loukos, “Some Suggestion for a Bolder Incorporation of Studies of the Greek Re-volution of 1821 into their Ottoman Context”, Ottoman Rule and The Balkans, 1760-1850:Conflict, Transformation, Adaptation, Girit Üniversitesi Yay., Rethymno 2007, s. 197-198.</ref> | Tripolitsa was located in the interior of the Morean peninsula, and there was no direct logistical support possibility to the city by sea; therefore, there was no possibility of evacuating the besieged city.<ref>BOA, HAT, 888/39242, 29 Zilhicce 1237/ 16 Eylül 1822.</ref>When the Ottoman plan to evacuate tens of thousands of Muslims who had taken refuge in Tripolitsa from Nafplion with a force of 3,500 men was abandoned, it was decided that the Ottoman soldiers in Nafplion would be transferred to Tripolitsa to protect the city's population. While this plan was being considered,Because the city of Tripolitsa was surrounded by walls, it was considered safe, so tens of thousands of Muslims from surrounding towns and villages took refuge there.In the centuries following the conquest of the Morean peninsula by Mehmed the 2nd, a social order prevailed in the peninsula among the Greeks, Turks, and Jews living there,<ref>Christos Loukos, “Some Suggestion for a Bolder Incorporation of Studies of the Greek Re-volution of 1821 into their Ottoman Context”, Ottoman Rule and The Balkans, 1760-1850:Conflict, Transformation, Adaptation, Girit Üniversitesi Yay., Rethymno 2007, s. 197-198.</ref> apart from tensions and loss of life during periods of war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=William |url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?lr=&redir_esc=y&hl=el&id=qUoMAAAAIAAJ |title=The Turkish Restoration in Greece, 1718–1797 |date=1921 |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>(like Russian backed [[Orlov revolt]] and its bloody suppression) However, the Turkish massacres during the rebellion and the [[Constantinople massacre of 1821|Ottoman retaliations against Greek its subjects]] strained relations.<ref name=":5">Flathe, T. (1905). ''Restoration and revolution'' (J. Hunter, J. H. Myers, & others, Trans.; J. H. Wright, Superv.). In: ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/A_history_of_all_nations_from_the_earliest_times%3B_being_a_universal_historical_library_%28IA_historyofallnati18wrig%29.pdf? A history of all nations from the earliest times: Being a universal historical library]'' (Vol. 18, p. 368). Lea Brothers & Co. (Original work published 1892)</ref> | ||
Before and during the siege,The population of the city under siege allowed the local Greek community to leave the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linner |first=Sture |title=W. H. Humphreys' First "Journal of the Greek War of Independence" (July 1821–February 1822) |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |year=1967}}</ref> but eight Greek Orthodox [[prelate]]s of [[Peloponnese]] were incarcerated inside the city, and five of them died before the fall, due to "hardships, torture, and illnesses".<ref>{{cite book|editor= Michael Angold|title=The Cambridge history of Christianity|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-81113-2|pages=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBy7CTYVBeMC&q=orthodoxy%2Bpatriarch%2B1821%2Bgregory&pg=PA230|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> They were imprisoned by the Turks, chained in a cramped underground cell, suffered starvation and disease, and were in extremely poor physical condition by the time of the fall.<ref name=":6">Trikoupis, S. (1888). ''Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως'' (3rd ed., Vol. 2). Athens: Τυπογραφείο της «Ώρας».</ref> Two of them died before being released, while three died immediately, the day they were released and a few weeks before the city's fall.<ref name=":6" />Because of these refugees the population of the city reached 30.000-50.000. | Before and during the siege,The population of the city under siege allowed the local Greek community to leave the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linner |first=Sture |title=W. H. Humphreys' First "Journal of the Greek War of Independence" (July 1821–February 1822) |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |year=1967}}</ref> but eight Greek Orthodox [[prelate]]s of [[Peloponnese]] were incarcerated inside the city, and five of them died before the fall, due to "hardships, torture, and illnesses".<ref>{{cite book|editor= Michael Angold|title=The Cambridge history of Christianity|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-81113-2|pages=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBy7CTYVBeMC&q=orthodoxy%2Bpatriarch%2B1821%2Bgregory&pg=PA230|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> They were imprisoned by the Turks, chained in a cramped underground cell, suffered starvation and disease, and were in extremely poor physical condition by the time of the fall.<ref name=":6">Trikoupis, S. (1888). ''Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως'' (3rd ed., Vol. 2). Athens: Τυπογραφείο της «Ώρας».</ref> Two of them died before being released, while three died immediately, the day they were released and a few weeks before the city's fall.<ref name=":6" />Because of these refugees the population of the city reached 30.000-50.000. | ||
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During the massacre, Greek gangs first tortured Halim Efendi, the Qadi of Tripoli, for the morale he had boosted among the city's inhabitants and refugees during the siege. They smeared him with oil and burned him alive. Afterwards, they dug up the bodies and bones from the Muslim cemetery in the city and burned them. After all the property in the city was plundered, the women and children were distributed as spoils of war. | During the massacre, Greek gangs first tortured Halim Efendi, the Qadi of Tripoli, for the morale he had boosted among the city's inhabitants and refugees during the siege. They smeared him with oil and burned him alive. Afterwards, they dug up the bodies and bones from the Muslim cemetery in the city and burned them. After all the property in the city was plundered, the women and children were distributed as spoils of war. | ||
<ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, C. HR, 19/926 |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=23 February 1822 |type=1 Gurre-i Cemaziyelâhir 1237}}</ref><ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, HAT, 841/37873 |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=24 March 1822 |type=1 Gurre-i Receb 1237}}</ref><ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, HAT, 871/38718-A |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=5 May 1823 |type=23 Şaban 1238}}</ref><ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, HAT, 877/38829 |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=19 November 1821 |type=23 Safer 1237}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Thomas |title=History of the Greek Revolution and the Wars and Campaigns Arising from the Struggle of the Greek Patriots in Emancipating their Country from The Turkish Yoke |volume=1 |publisher=William Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |year=1844}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mehmed Esad Efendi |editor-last=Yılmazer |editor-first=Ziya |title=Vak’anüvis Mehmed Es’ad Efendi Tarihi (Bâhir Efendi Zeyl ve İlâveleriyle) 1237-1241/1821 1826 |publisher=OSAV Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2000 |language=Turkish}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |title=Freedom’s Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Linner |first=Sture |title=W. H. Humphreys’ First "Journal of the Greek War of Independence" (July 1821–February 1822) |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |year=1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Örenç |first=Ali Fuat |title=Yunanistan’ın Bağımsızlığı Sürecinde Yok Edilen Mora Türkleri |trans-title=The Turks of Morea Exterminated During the Process of Greek Independence |journal=Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih Dergisi |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=5–32 |language=Turkish}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kurşun |first=Zekeriya |title=Nasuhzâde Ali Paşa ve Rum İsyanı |publisher=Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2021 |language=Turkish}}</ref> | <ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, C. HR, 19/926 |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=23 February 1822 |type=1 Gurre-i Cemaziyelâhir 1237}}</ref><ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, HAT, 841/37873 |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=24 March 1822 |type=1 Gurre-i Receb 1237}}</ref><ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, HAT, 871/38718-A |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=5 May 1823 |type=23 Şaban 1238}}</ref><ref>{{cite document |title=BOA, HAT, 877/38829 |publisher=[[Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi|Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives]] |location=Istanbul |date=19 November 1821 |type=23 Safer 1237}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Thomas |title=History of the Greek Revolution and the Wars and Campaigns Arising from the Struggle of the Greek Patriots in Emancipating their Country from The Turkish Yoke |volume=1 |publisher=William Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |year=1844}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mehmed Esad Efendi |editor-last=Yılmazer |editor-first=Ziya |title=Vak’anüvis Mehmed Es’ad Efendi Tarihi (Bâhir Efendi Zeyl ve İlâveleriyle) 1237-1241/1821 1826 |publisher=OSAV Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2000 |language=Turkish}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |title=Freedom’s Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Linner |first=Sture |title=W. H. Humphreys’ First "Journal of the Greek War of Independence" (July 1821–February 1822) |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |year=1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Örenç |first=Ali Fuat |title=Yunanistan’ın Bağımsızlığı Sürecinde Yok Edilen Mora Türkleri |trans-title=The Turks of Morea Exterminated During the Process of Greek Independence |journal=Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih Dergisi |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=5–32 |language=Turkish}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kurşun |first=Zekeriya |title=Nasuhzâde Ali Paşa ve Rum İsyanı |publisher=Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2021 |language=Turkish}}</ref> | ||
The Greek general Theodoros Kolokotronis opposed this massacre and slaughter that took place in the city.<ref>Veis, N. A. (1901). ''Ἔγγραφα ἀφορώντα εἰς τὴν πολιορκίαν καὶ ἅλωσιν τῆς Τριπόλεως'' (1821). Ἁρμονία, 2, 227–233.</ref> Ahmed Lûtfî Efendi, a chronicler who lived during the Ottoman period, states that during the rebellion in Morea, the Greeks annihilated the Muslims, executing and burning even the fetuses in the wombs of pregnant women, and that the rebels thus destroyed many women and children, driving the survivors from their homeland, and that in a short time, all the Turks in the entire Morea region were devastated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lütfi Efendi |first=Ahmed |title=Vak’anüvis Ahmed Lûtfî Efendi Tarihi |volume=1 |pages=38-39 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lütfi Efendi |first=Ahmed |title=Vak’anüvis Ahmed Lûtfî Efendi Tarihi |volume=2-3 |page=543 |language=tr}}</ref> | |||
Ahmed Lûtfî Efendi, a chronicler who lived during the Ottoman period, states that during the rebellion in Morea, the Greeks annihilated the Muslims, executing and burning even the fetuses in the wombs of pregnant women, and that the rebels thus destroyed many women and children, driving the survivors from their homeland, and that in a short time, all the Turks in the entire Morea region were devastated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lütfi Efendi |first=Ahmed |title=Vak’anüvis Ahmed Lûtfî Efendi Tarihi |volume=1 |pages=38-39 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lütfi Efendi |first=Ahmed |title=Vak’anüvis Ahmed Lûtfî Efendi Tarihi |volume=2-3 |page=543 |language=tr}}</ref> | |||
==Plunder== | ==Plunder== | ||
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*{{Interlanguage link|Edward Blaquière|el|Έντουαρντ Μπλακιέρ}}, who arrived in Greece two years later, estimated around 6,000 dead.<ref>Blaquière, E. (1824). ''The Greek Revolution: Its origin and progress, together with some remarks on the religion, national character, &c. in Greece''. London: G. & W. B. Whittaker, p.{{nbsp}}146</ref>[[Josiah Conder (editor and author)|Josiah Conder]] and Thomas Curtis agreed with that number.<ref>Curtis, T. (1839). "Tripolizza". In ''The London Encyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature and Practical Mechanics'' (Vol. 17, p.{{nbsp}}646). London. </ref><ref>Conder, J. (1830). ''The modern traveller: A description, geographical, historical, and topographical, of the various countries of the globe. Vol. XV: Greece, Vol. I''. London: James Duncan, p.{{nbsp}}142.</ref> | *{{Interlanguage link|Edward Blaquière|el|Έντουαρντ Μπλακιέρ}}, who arrived in Greece two years later, estimated around 6,000 dead.<ref>Blaquière, E. (1824). ''The Greek Revolution: Its origin and progress, together with some remarks on the religion, national character, &c. in Greece''. London: G. & W. B. Whittaker, p.{{nbsp}}146</ref>[[Josiah Conder (editor and author)|Josiah Conder]] and Thomas Curtis agreed with that number.<ref>Curtis, T. (1839). "Tripolizza". In ''The London Encyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature and Practical Mechanics'' (Vol. 17, p.{{nbsp}}646). London. </ref><ref>Conder, J. (1830). ''The modern traveller: A description, geographical, historical, and topographical, of the various countries of the globe. Vol. XV: Greece, Vol. I''. London: James Duncan, p.{{nbsp}}142.</ref> | ||
*The French cavalry officer Maurice Persat, who came to the Morea, states in his memoirs published in 1910 that the death toll was 40,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Persat |first=Maurice |editor-last=Schlumberger |editor-first=Gustave |title=Mémoires du Commandant Persat, 1806 à 1844 |publisher=Librairie Plon |location=Paris |year=1910 |language=French}}</ref> | *The French cavalry officer Maurice Persat, who came to the Morea, states in his memoirs published in 1910 that the death toll was 40,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Persat |first=Maurice |editor-last=Schlumberger |editor-first=Gustave |title=Mémoires du Commandant Persat, 1806 à 1844 |publisher=Librairie Plon |location=Paris |year=1910 |language=French}}</ref> | ||
*Greek Historian | *Greek Historian Dimitris Stathakopulos estimates number of people killed as 10.000<ref>{{cite book |last=Kolokotrones |first=Theodoros |editor-last=Edmonds |editor-first=Mrs. |title=Kolokotrones: The Klepht and the Warrior; Sixty Years of Peril and Daring: An Autobiography |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |location=London |year=1892 |pages=135–156, 157–161}}</ref> | ||
* [[Thomas Gordon (British Army officer)|Thomas Gordon]], who arrived in the city shortly after its fall, estimated it at 8,000.<ref>Finlay, p. 269.</ref> Scholar Aristides N. Hatzis believes this to be the most realistic estimate.<ref name=":3">Hatzis, A. N. (2023). "The absolute barbarians as victims: Moral blame, historical disappointment and Orientalist double standards in rationalizing the Tripolitsa massacre". In N. Christofis, A. Lamprou, & L. Moiras (Eds.), ''The Greek War of Independence and the Ottomans''. Berghahn Books.</ref> | * [[Thomas Gordon (British Army officer)|Thomas Gordon]], who arrived in the city shortly after its fall, estimated it at 8,000.<ref>Finlay, p. 269.</ref> Scholar Aristides N. Hatzis believes this to be the most realistic estimate.<ref name=":3">Hatzis, A. N. (2023). "The absolute barbarians as victims: Moral blame, historical disappointment and Orientalist double standards in rationalizing the Tripolitsa massacre". In N. Christofis, A. Lamprou, & L. Moiras (Eds.), ''The Greek War of Independence and the Ottomans''. Berghahn Books.</ref> | ||
*The Romanian Ottoman historian Nicolae Iorga estimated the death toll at 32,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iorga |first=Nicolae |translator-last=Epçeli |translator-first=Nilüfer |translator2-last=Beydilli |translator2-first=Kemal |title=Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi |trans-title=History of the Ottoman Empire |volume=5 |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2005 |orig-year=1908–1913 |language=Turkish}}</ref> | *The Romanian Ottoman historian Nicolae Iorga estimated the death toll at 32,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iorga |first=Nicolae |translator-last=Epçeli |translator-first=Nilüfer |translator2-last=Beydilli |translator2-first=Kemal |title=Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi |trans-title=History of the Ottoman Empire |volume=5 |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2005 |orig-year=1908–1913 |language=Turkish}}</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
{{coord missing|Greece}} | |||
[[Category:1821 conflicts]] | [[Category:1821 conflicts]] | ||
[[Category:Massacres in the Greek War of Independence]] | [[Category:Massacres in the Greek War of Independence]] | ||