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{{multiple issues|
{{redirect-distinguish|Meitei religion|Meiteism|Meitei Vaishnavism}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2008}}
{{distinguish|Shamanism}}
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=November 2008}}
{{Merging from |1=Philosophy of Sanamahism |target=Sanamahism |afd=Philosophy of Sanamahism |date =September 2026 }}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox religion
| name              = Sanamahism
| native_name        = {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ}}
| native_name_lang  = mni
| image              = The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg
| imagewidth        = 200px
| alt                =
| caption            = The Symbol of Sanamahism
| abbreviation      =
| type              = [[Ethnic religion]]
| main_classification = [[Animism]]
| orientation        =
| scripture          = [[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puya]]s
| theology          = [[Polytheism]]
| area              = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| language          = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Amailon]])
| founded_date      = 3500+ years ago<ref name="Nilabir 2002">{{Cite book |last=Nilabir |first=Sairem |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239 |title=Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou |date=2002}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2025}}
| number_of_followers = 222,422 (2011)<ref name="2011 other religions"/>
| footnotes          =
}}
}}
{{contains special characters|Meitei}}


{{ infobox religious group
{{Sanamahism}}
| group        = Shanamahism
'''Sanamahism''' ({{langx|mni|ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ|Sanamahi laining|liquid gold religion}}),<ref name="Meitei 30">{{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30 |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |page=30 |language=en}}</ref> also known as Meiteism ({{langx|mni|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ|Meitei laining|Meitei religion}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Meitei%20Laining%20or%20Sanamahism&pg=PT185 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zehol |first=Lucy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qTRz27T_UcC&q=meiteism%20sanamahism&pg=PA79 |title=Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives |date=1998 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-51-6 |page=79}}</ref> or Lainingthouism ({{langx|mni|ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ|Lainingthou laining}}) is an [[ethnic religion]] of the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]], in [[Northeast India]]. It is a [[Polytheism|polytheistic religion]] and is named after [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gourchandra |first=M. |date=1982 |title=Sanamahi Laihui |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name="Nilabir 2002">{{Cite book |last=Nilabir |first=Sairem |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239 |title=Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou |date=2002}}</ref>
| flag          =  
| flag_caption  =  
| image        =  
| image_caption =  
| population    = 235,000–250,000<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm 2001 Census]</ref>
| founder      =


| regions      = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
The followers of Sanamahism are known as [[Sanamahists]]. Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god [[Sidaba Mapu]] and the supreme goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, the Maru Loishang, that oversees the main religious activities and governs all affairs of the religion, including the conduct of priest and priestess.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |url=https://panditloisangmanipur.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |language=en}}</ref> The Maru Loishang also acts as a court for religious disputes.<ref name=":0" /> There are three main departments under the Manu Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang, and the Amaibi Loishang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur {{!}} IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/regional-centers/northeastern-regional-centre-guwahati/report-workshop-on-maibi-culture-of-manipur/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=ignca.gov.in}}</ref> These departments have existed since the reign of King [[Naothingkhong|Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong]] of [[Manipur]] in 662 CE.<ref name=":1"/>
| tablehdr      =


| region1      =  
''[[Amailon]]'' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯃꯥꯏꯂꯣꯟ}}), also known as ''Amailol'' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯃꯥꯏꯂꯣꯜ}}), is a [[liturgical language|liturgical variety]] of the [[Meitei language]], spoken by the [[Maibi]]s (priestesses) and the [[:simple:Nupa Maibi|Nupa Maibi]]s ([[transgender]] priests), ritual practitioners of the Sanamahi religious tradition in [[Manipur]] and other places of [[Meitei diaspora]]. It is used specifically in ceremonial and ritual contexts and has no daily spoken form.<ref name=":cultureincrisis.org/projects/amailon">{{Cite web|title=Amailon: the ritual language of the Nupa Maibi|url=https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/amailon-the-ritual-language-of-the-nupa-maibi|access-date=2026-02-11|website=Culture in Crisis|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":amailon-the-ritual-language-of-the-nupa-maibi">{{Cite web|title=Project Profile: Amailon: the ritual language of the Nupa Maibi – Endangered Languages Archive|url=https://blogs.soas.ac.uk/elar/2017/12/18/project-profile-amailon-the-ritual-language-of-the-nupa-maibi/|access-date=2026-02-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":preservica">Endangered Languages Archive. (n.d.). Amailon: The ritual language of the Nupa Maibi. eldp.access.preservica.com</ref>
| pop1          =  
| ref1          =  
| region2      =  
| pop2          =  
| ref2          =  
| region3      =  
| pop3          =  
| ref3          =


| religions    =  
==Deities==
| scriptures    = [[Meitei language|Puya / written in Meitei Mayek]] (Manipuri)
The deities in Sanamhism can be classified as principal deities, ancestral deities, or [[apokpa (deity type)|apokpa]], regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai, and the ancestral deities worshipped by particular Meitei clans (Yek Lai) and families (Saghei Lai).
| languages    =
| related-c    =
| notes        =
}}


'''Shanamahism''' is the worship of [[Shanamahi]], the [[Creator deity|Creator]] aspect of ''Sidaba Mapu'', the [[Triple deity|trinity]] [[God]] of the [[Meitei people|Meitei]]s. Shanamahism is one of the oldest sects of [[South Asia]]. It originated in [[Manipur]], [[India]] and is mainly practiced by the Meiteis, [[Kabui]], [[Zeliangrong]] and other communities who inhabit Manipur, [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Bangladesh]], with small populations in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Canada]].
There are five main deities in Sanamahism:
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], protector and guardian god of mankind.
* [[Sidaba Mapu]], [[Creator deity|creator]] of the universe.
* [[Pakhangba]], ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil.
* [[Leimarel Sidabi]], Earth goddess.
* [[Imoinu Ahongbi]], an incarnation of Leimarel, and a goddess of wealth and prosperity.


==Revivalism==
Other important gods and goddesses include [[Panthoibi]], [[Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou]], [[Lainingthou Koubru]], [[Ibudhou Marjing]], [[Thongalel]], [[Wangbren]], [[Eputhou Thangjing]], [[Kounu]], [[Nongshaba]], [[Nongthang Leima]], and [[Irai Leima]].
Religion in Manipur is thought to have passed through three stages.<ref>P. 199 ''Social Movements in North-East India'' By Mahendra Narain Karna</ref>


According to the last census, about eleven percent of Manipur belong to religions stated as 'other'. Most of this population can be assumed to represent followers of the Sanamahi religion. This represents a significant increase over the previous census. The revivalism of Shanamahism is recognized by the census records of the government of India due to the efforts of R. K. Birendro Singh, I.A.S.
The Umang Lais are often regarded as aspects or incarnations of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. The Umang Lais are associated with [[sacred groves]], also called [[Umang Lai]]. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the [[Nat (deity)|Nat]] deities of Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival |website=e-pao.net |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Myanmar_Nat_and_Manipuri_UmangLai_Nat_Festival|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>


Attitude of indigenous people of Manipur to the religion and concept of God is not possible without the proper understanding of Sanamahi religion. Pakhangba Laining was also currently employed to signify revivalism.
All the deities are denoted by the universal term Lai which means "God" in the Manipuri language/Meiteilon. When referring to a male deity, the terms Lainingthou, Ebhudhou or Epa are used while the terms; Lairembi, Ebhendhou or Ema are used to refer to a female deity. Lairembi is mostly used for the Umang Lais.


==Form of Worship==
==Origin==
In assimilate features such as the worship of forces of nature like fire, water, mountain etc. ancestor worship (Apokpa), Lamlai, Yumlai, Ningthoulai and Umanglai. Religion of antiquity – in its pure native form it is as all as the history of Meetei/Meitei people.
The first mentions are found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Court Chronicles of the kings of [[Manipur]], starting from the king [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]], who traditionally ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE, though modern scholarship, including [[Sujit Mukherjee]], give a range of 21 years, from 33 to 54 CE.<ref name=mukherjee>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur.jpg|thumb|[[Kangla Pakhangba Laishang]], the temple of God [[Pakhangba]] of Sanamahi religion inside the [[Kangla Fort]], [[Imphal West]], [[Manipur]]]]


===Deities worshiped===
== Revival ==
There is reference to the worship of Shanamahi by King Kangba in the Hayi age. Manipur is a land of deities with Atiya Shidaba as the Supreme God.
The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the [[Apokpa Marup]] by [[Laininghal Naoriya Phulo]] in 1930 at [[Cachar district|Cachar]] (present day [[Assam, India]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Meitei |first=Langonjam Chingkheinganba |title=Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo |url=https://www.academia.edu/3726228}}</ref> The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the [[Battle of Imphal|Japanese invasion]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]], plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul).<ref name=":2" /> Phulo died in 1941.


Atiya Shidaba, Apanba and Asheeba are the three manifestations or incarnations of God as the creator, the preserver and the annihilator of this universe respectively.
Three years after the death of Phulo in 1944, the movement finally started gaining momentum in Manipur. Resolutions were made to denounce Hinduism and to revive Sanamahism in Manipur. Mass campaign were held to popularise Sanamahi religion at various places in Manipur. On 14 May 1945, the popular Meitei Marup movement was formed. This marked the beginning of the revival of Sanamahism and the [[Meitei script|Meitei Mayek]], original script of the Manipuri Language among other things. The term Sanamahism and Meitei Marup are often used interchangeably. The Brahma Sabha strongly opposed the movement and formally outcast 38 members of Meitei Marup.
Pakhangba, Sannamahi and Nongpok Ningthou are the incarnations who play the role of the male deities of the Meiteis whereas Leimarel Shidabi and [[Panthoibi]], the role of female deities.


Panthoibi is the Mother of the Universe and Nongpok Ningthou is her mate.<ref>P. 4290 ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' By various</ref>
By the 1970s and 1980s, the Sanamahi Movement attracted more activists. Massive drives were held reclaiming shrines of deiteis and adverting Hindu practices or worship to ancient old traditions of Sanamahism. Notable movement was the seizure of the idols of Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi from Hindu Brahmins, which are now presently installed in the temple at First Manipur Rifles Ground, Imphal. On 16 February 1974, a mass conversion to Sanamahism was held. The event became known as, ''Nongkhang Parei Hanba'', which symbolized reversing the forced mass baptism into Hinduism of the Meitei people of Manipur by King Pamheiba in 1729, which is referred to as ''Nongkhang Iruppa''.
Besides these, three hundred and sixty four deities with their consorts are the most important deities worshipped by the Meiteis.


The Plain Kabui are observed in worship of Sanamahi and Ima Leimarel.<ref>''People of India'' By Kumar Suresh Singh, S. B. Roy, Asok K. Ghosh</ref>
On 23 April 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, Okendrajit Sana declared that "I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>


Shanamahi (also known as Aseeba) has a creator brother (like him) named Pakhangba (Konjin Tukthapa).<ref>P. 82 ''A History of Manipuri Literature'' By Ch Manihar Singh</ref>
The [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] of India estimated the Sanamahism followers to be around 8.19% of the total population of Manipur, India.


<p>Some of the important mythical gods worshipped by the Meiteis are:</p>
== Official status ==
<P>Shidaba Mapu (Immortal Owner),</P>
On 5 August 2022, the [[Manipur State Legislative Assembly]] re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
<P>Pakhangba,</P>
<P>Lainingthou Sanamahi,</P>
<P>Ima Leimarel Shidabi,</P>
<P>Apokpa,</P>
<P>Imoinu,</P>
<P>Panthoibi (goddess of valor and battle),</P>
<P>Yumjao Lairenbi, </P>
<P>Phouoibi (goddess of bounty),</P>  
<P>Marjing (god of sports),</P>
<P>Thangjing, and </P>
<P>Wangbren (god of rain)(Kumar 2004, 92).</P>
They also worshipped the Umanglais (forest gods/spirits).</P>


===Food offerings===
In the previous decades, many social, religious and political activists, associations and organisations struggled through violent agitations and protests to include the Sanamahi religion as an officially recognised minority religion of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chingkheinganba |first=Salam |title=Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16776-okram-joy-threatens-to-throng-at-assembly-if-house-fails-to-recognise-sanamahi-as-minority-religion |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=14 February 2020 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minority religion status sought |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-14-The-Committee-on-Inclusion-of-Sanamahi-Religion-in-the-list.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/2/14/IMPHAL-Feb-14-Ex-MLA-O-Joy-has-urged-the-State-Government-to-declare-Sanamahi-as-a-religious-minority-.amp.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
Devout Meiteis offer food at sacred spots daily.<ref>P. 62 ''Feminism in a traditional society'' By Manjusri Chaki-Sircar</ref>


==Festivals==
== Practices ==
Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as [[oracle|oracular]] ritual in which priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival, goes:


===Cheiraoba===
{{blockquote|
''Chahihouba'' is the ''real New Year' Day'' for Meitei and is observed every year on Wakching - the first day of the first month - Wakching of Meitei Calender. The Meiteis have their own calendar known as Thaballon. A calendar year has twelve months viz. Wakching
<poem>
Failel
Incarnate Lord, Lairen (Lai- God, Len- Supreme) Deity Pakhangba, O golden one,
Lamta
Goddess of the waters, Ruler of the rivers:
Sachifu
Golden Goddess (Laisana) fair and beautiful one:
Kalel
For you, Lord and Lady, in order to call up your souls,
Eenga
We have poured the rice on the finest of banana leaves,
Eengen
And on it have placed the fertile egg and the langthrei buds.
Thouwan
We do not offer you the ordinary khayom (offering packet), we offer you your own khayoms,
Langpal
And we have tied them with the seven bamboo strips.
Mela
Which (represent) the seven days of the week.
Heeyangkei and
We offer you the khayoms as they are tied thus.
Poinu. Wakching mainly falls during the month of December last week - Janauary Last week. But after 18th Century (when Hinduism came) they burnt out most of the Puyas and forcely converted the name Charak Pujah as Cheiraoba. Since then to make alive the festival ''Charak Pujah'' of the Hindus converted as the New Year's Day for Meitei to match with the Hindu Calendar and is observed every year on April i.e. the day on which CHARAK PUJAH falls and converted the name Charak Pujah as Cheiraoba. he gate of House and offer those to three deities - Kumsana Kumliklai, Lamsenba Tusenba and Lammaba Tumaba (Cheiraoba Masil).During the festival each and every family prepared many special curry/items and after offering to the gods and goddesses, the items are exchange with our relatives which is called as Mathel Lanba. It is believed that on the day of new year everybody should be healthy so that the whole year will be healthy i.e. why it is a must to climb the nearest hill to digest whatever the items/curry taken on that day. Again prior to the day of cheiraoba/meitei new year, there is a custom that a married woman should present a gift to her father and her brothers.
Lord and Lady, we beseech you,
<P>Puya recorded 12 months named as in the embryological process and progress with a strong scientific foundation many centuries ago. -</P>
Ascend from within the khayoms, riding along the hiris.<ref>{{cite book|author=Saroj Parratt|title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vikas|isbn=8125904166|page=77}}</ref></poem>}}
<p>Wakching</p>
<p>Failel</p>
<p>Lamta</p>
<p>Sachifu</p>
<p>Kalel</p>
<p>Eenga</p>
<p>Eengen</p>
<p>Thouwan</p>
<p>Langpal</p>
<p>Mela</p>
<p>Heeyangkei</p>
<p>Poinu</p>
<p>1.The statement of the puya about kok (human head) is very authoritative that head is the source of everything including human sperm. Please mark Lang-on khutingki" in the last part of the Puya quotation.


The word "Wakching", the name of the first month of the Kangleipak Meetei race is a derivative of the combination of two words/concepts "wakon" + "Ching". The first syllable of the word wakching, that is "Wak" may mean "Wakon", "Wakonpung", the abode of the universal God Father. The second syllable of the word Wakching, that is "ching" may mean "Konching", "Wakonching", "ching" mean chingkhatpa, pulling up, etc.  
Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text ''Sanamahi Naiyom'' provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain.<ref>{{cite book|author=Soibam Birajit|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=ARECOM|page=103}}</ref>


Therefore, the meaning of the first month of the 12 months of the Kangleipak Meitei Race, Wakching is pulling up and storing in the Wakonpung (human head, head of all living beings) of the semen including the sperm.
==Religious festivals==
{{Main|Fairs and Festivals in Manipur}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba]]
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
* [[Mera Hou Chongba]]
* [[Mera Chaorel Houba]]
* [[Kwaak Taanba]]
* [[Yaoshang]]
* [[Panthoibi Iratpa]]
* [[Imoinu Iratpa]]
* [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]]
* [[Heikru Hidongba]]
{{div col end}}


Now in the 21st century everybody on the Earth agree that reproduction starts from the (Head).</p>
== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
|1981|1538
|1991|
|2001|223742
|2011|222422
}}
According to the 2011 census of India, 222,422 people in India follow Sanamahism. The vast majority of them (222,315 people) are in the state of [[Manipur]].<ref name="2011 other religions">
[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398 C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011], Census of India, 2011.
</ref> Sanamahism followers make up 14.6 percent of all the [[Meitei people]]. Others that profess to follow Hinduism also follow many religious traditions and rituals of Sanamahism. For example, they worship Sanamahi in the south-west corners of their homes.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Inclusion of Sanamahi religion in minority is being reviewed' |newspaper=Hueiyen News Service |date=26 August 2011 |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..270811.aug11 |via=e-pao.net |archive-date=7 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307055131/http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..270811.aug11}}</ref>


<p>2.The 2nd month's name is Failel (Fairel).
== Associations and organisations ==
* [[International Sanamahism Students' Association]]
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung]]
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]]
* [[South East Asia Cultural Organisation]]


The meaning of 'Failel' is Fai+lel. Failel = Fai + lel, here Fai means Leipa further means stay, staying + lel, means here lelpa, further means staying for further doing works for improvement or perfection.
==References==
 
{{Reflist}}
Now science agree that the human body system takes about two months in manufacturing a sperm perfectly from the best elements from the foods and drinks, ate and drank by the subject.From these facts, we generally say that mapana tha ani nou pui (Father is pregnant for two months before the nou(child) comes to the womb of the mother).
 
In the last five days of the two months when the sperm stays in the head of the human father, just before the sperm comes to the mother-would-be woman, the pupils of the human Father bifurcate into two, showing one part will go to mother-would-be woman for a new Lang-on.</p>
 
<p>3.The 3rd month of the Kangleipak Meitei race is Lamta.The meaning of Lamta: Lamta = Lam + ta, here lam means a part of the earth commonly. In the concept of the puya, human body is called 'Leipak Ahingpi'. The human seed (sperm) is shown to the body of the "eema" (Leipak Ahingpi), in the quotation above 'Chalot' means womb 'ta' here means tale=tare on the 'Leipak Ahingpi'.
 
Therefore, the meaning of the 3rd month Lamta is that the human seed (sperm) has fallen well on the body of the would-be-mother woman for a new langon after 10 months in her body. The fourth month of the Kangleipak Meitei race is Sachifu (misnamed Sajibu after the advent of Hinduism).</p>
 
<p>4.Sachifu = Sa + chi + fur, sa here means the body part of the living beings including of the human, meaning the 'sperm' with the liquid portion, in another meaning the 'Shanamahi', chi here means chisillakpa, further means coming of the shanamahi in the womb to transform into Ha chak, konchak and langpa chak in the womb, fu here simply means chafu, that is, womb.The puya is very categorical about the naming and the process and progress of the 4th month in its life journey in the transformation beginning from the head of the human father to the womb of the human mother and finally as man and woman on the Earth.
 
Please mark the "Sachifu leikhun toulakpa milel papot lonpana". Here "Sachifu leikhun Toulakpa" means the journey of the human sperm to come directly in the womb after fertilization and "milel papot lonpa" means the human mother has two lives – one her own live and the second new developing life in the womb.</p>
 
<p>5.The fifth month of the Meitei race is Kalel – Kalel comes just after Sachifu, the 4th month.
 
In the Sachifu, the 4th month, the human embryo comes inside the womb, the puya calls 'chalot, and stays in the womb for one month. After this one month in the 'chalot', in the month kalel (a rough duration of 30 days) the foetus in the womb has developed its main organs.
 
Please see the meaning of the Kalel, the 5th month of the Meetei race:
 
Kalel = Ka + lel, ka means here Ka of the human body, here means the organs of the human body. The Puya, Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai ama-ilon Pukok says that there are 11 (eleven) 'kayats' in the human body, though we do not know generally what are the 11 'kayats'.
 
Ka means here the 'Kayat' of the human body. Lel, the 2nd syllable of the word, Kalel means here the best, most important ka or kayat of the human body. Therefore, in the Kalel month of the Meetei race, 5th in the 12 month series, the foetus in the womb has developed the main kayats of the human body.</p>
 
<p>6.The sixth month of the meetei race is Eenga and the seventh month is Eengen.
 
The most important part of the embryonic development during these two months, Eenga and Eengen is played by the blood of the human body. The blood to the foetus is supplied by the mother in whose womb the foetus is developed.
 
During the 60 days of these two months almost all organs are developed and blood is supplied to all the organs. Most probably the nervous system is completely developed during these two months, Eenga and Eengen of the Kanglei Meitei months.</p>
 
<p>8.The 8th month of the Meetei race is Thouwan.
 
Please see the meaning of the 8th month Thouwan of the Meitei race:
Thouwan = Thou + wan, thou here means the physical function of the organs developed in the foetus in the womb + wan here means functionalisation of all organs in the foetus. In common parlance, it may means that all organs in the foetus begins to perform their own different and peculiar functions.</p>
 
<p>9.The ninth month of the Meitei race is Langpal. The ninth month Langpal conveys exact and unambiguous meaning.
 
Please see the meaning of the 9th month, Langpal:
Langpal = Lang + Pal, the Lang here means Lang-on or Saion, the process and progress of the development of the sperm to a full human being is complete in this month, Langpal + Pal here means oire and masak oire, further means the foetus is now a full human being to comeout from the mother on the open lap of the everloving and ever caring mother earth.</p>
 
<p>10.The 10th month of the meitei race is Mela. The Mela tha is also said as Menta Tha. In the Mela (Mera) month of the foetus as a complete human being in form and the organs doing the full functions as in a ordinary human being, takes rest.</p>
 
<p>11.The eleventh month of the Meitei race is Heeyangkei. The name of the eleventh month, Heeyangkei also conveys the exact nature and development of the foetus in the womb of the mother.
 
Please see the meaning of the word/concept of the eleventh month Heeyangkei:
Heeyangkei = Hee + yang + Kei, Hee here means the best thing as medicine, the best thing as food to develop life, human mind etc + yang means Yangna, further means quickly + Kei means barn, here means human body (the developed foetus).
 
Therefore, Heeyangkei here means the foetus as a fully developed human being prepares for a debut in the open world to play in the Life stage as man or woman collecting the best things for its body from the blood streams of the mother in the womb.</p>
 
<p>12.The last 12th month of the Meitei race is Poinu. The last month of the Meetei race Poinu also expresses its exact nature by the word itself.
 
Please see the meaning of the word/concept of the 'Poinu':
Poinu = Poi+nu, Poi here means Leiba, to live further means living spending life (for example : Lampoiba = vagabond) + nu means man, common gender, nu + pa, nu + pi.
 
In the last month Poinu, the foetus from the womb of the mother comes out as man or woman to live among the human beings to play his/her roll on the life stage as desired by the God Father.</p>
 
===Lai Haraoba===
[[Lai Haraoba]] is the festival of the recollection of the creation stories played by all deities with the first origin of this universe and evolution of the plants and animals through the will of Atiya Shidaba.
[[Shannamahi]]  and [[Leimarel]]  are worshiped in every house of the Meiteis and other mentioned Indigenous community of Manipur and nearby states including Mayanmar.
The other gods and the 364 deities are worshipped in the ''Umanglai Laisangs'' (temple of gods in the reserved woods with spacious grounds) in the villages.
 
===How the name 'Shanamahi' came into existence===
 
The puya, Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Ama-ilon Pukok says very clearly that at the beginning of creation, the ultimate universal god, the Father of all living beings, Ipung Loinapa Apakpa as the Kanglei ancestors called Him, gave a Talang Laipao (God's message from the open space) to the effect that he will come down to the Earth to create living beings.
 
The universal Father clearly says in the Talang Laipao that He will be found as a 'Threeday- child' (Not 3 days old child) in the colour of 'Sana'.
 
The Talang Laipao was heard by gods. The Salailel Sitapa (space personified as male person) Ima Leimalel Sitapi (the earth personified as Female principle) also heard it. As predicted by the Talang Laipao a 'Three-day-child' was found in the ''Isaiphu' of the Salailel Sitapa (space – Ipa sorarel).
 
What is actually written in the puya is this "Numit humni supaki Angangki Matam- Kumna Sanaki Masak Malpa Nouwa Ama oina Leilamke". The word/concept 'Shana' was first used by the universal Father, and was also first heard by the gods (lesser gods) before creation.
 
What we know from the puya scripture upto this stage of creation, we have now the knowledge that the concept of 'Shana' used in the puya in relation to the theory of creation, is never related in whatever way to the 'Shana', yellow metal gold which is a product of scientific age of the world.
 
The word/concept 'Shana' is described in the puya, Wachetlon Pathup as " Wakonpungta Leipa Tongsaki Machuti Shana Ahingpa Machune| Fisetti Angoupane||" A rough translation of the passage from the puya scripture may please be seen :
"The colour of the muscle in Wakonpung (Head) is living Sana colour, dressed in white."
 
Further, please see what are actually written in the puya, scripture, wakoklon heelelthilel salai ama-ilon pukok
 
"asum oipa laipaoki matung inna sitapaki Isaiphu illon nungta numit
humni supaki nouwaki ma-ong oina Sanaki machu manpa nouwa ama leilamle||
Nouwa atupu yenglaka sanaki masak manpa angangpa machuna leitengpa maahi atupu upata
shanamahi haipa mingthonpu pituna machaki matamkumna Loukhatle||
Asum touna loukhatlapaka lailelpi sitapi Lailem mata pishille ||0||
Lailem mana yenglaka ngangleinapa nouwa atupu upata
angang mingthon phangtuna chetna channa konsille||"
Please read carefully to above quotation from the puya, scripture.
 
The scheme of creation of God is shown in the passage of the scripture. The universal Father God sends the life-seed to the Earth and the seed is preserved in the male person. This time when the life-seed is preserved in the male person, it is called Shanamahi. The Shanamahi is given to Female person, then it becomes Angang.
 
Now please think what is Shanamahi. It is the life-essense given by the God preserved in the Male person for endless creation. A male person is called Pali in Kanglei vocabulary. Pali = Pa + Li = Pa means universal father, who gave the life-seed to Male Person + Li means Leeba, Leeduna thamba, that is, preservation in English. In such scheme of creation of the universal God Father, can there be any possibility of the 'Shanamahi' in the Male Person to be a 'Gold liquid' , yellow metal liquid.
 
In the above quotation from the puya, scripture, the words "Isaiphu illonnung" means in the body of the Salailel sitapa (the space personified as a Male person), and "Lailelpi Sitapi Lailemma" means the Earth personified as a female person.
 
Isaiphu = I + Sha + iphu = I means blood, human blood + Sha means Hakchang. Human body + Iphu = I means blood + phu means chaphu, further means pot. Therefore Isaiphu means human body, full of blood. Illonnung simply means in the blood of the body.


The using of an Isaiphu in every religious ceremony as a symbol of the universal lord in the Kanglei tradition comes from this 'Isaiphu' in the puya, the scripture. As a corollary of this knowledge of "Isaiphu" in the scripture of the Meitei Race, we come now to know that to keep an "Ishaiphu" at the Phampal of Ima Leimalel sitapi at the left side of the house is patently wrong, may be an arrangement during the Hindu rule since 18th century C.E.
== Sources ==
 
{{refbegin}}
In the Kanglei Lai Haraoba, "Ningthourelgi Sagoldi mamei jum jum Laoyida, Angouba Sagol Tongbara?" is heard generally. Here the "Ningthourel" means the ultimate universal God Father, 'Sagol' means Sakol = Sa + Kol means the creative, procreative life-seed in always with the 'Ningthourel'; nothing can give, nothing can have the life-seed with, except the 'Ningthourel'.  
* {{citation|title= Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study| author= Otojit Kshetrimayum| journal= Indian Anthropologist| volume= 39| number= 1/2|year = 2009| pages= 17–34|jstor= 41920088|issn=0970-0927}}
 
* {{citation | last = Kshetrimayum | first = Otojit | year = 2014 | title = Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-50-8 }}
So, the sentence means the white colour Shanamahi is with the 'Sagol' of the universal God Father "The 'Ningthourelgi Sagoldi mamei jum jum Laoyida' means the 'Sagol' with the Ningthourel becomes numerous in the long rung, meaning the increasing living beings in the long run in the process of creation.  
* {{citation | last = Hodson | first = T.C. | year = 2015 | title = The Meitheis | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-56-0}}
 
* {{citation| title= The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development| author= Saroj Nalini Parratt | year= 1974| publisher=Australian National University Press}}
Lastly, the writer show a verse from the puya scripture showing in a nutshell the philosophy of the Kanglei creation theory:
* {{citation| title= The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur| author1= Saroj N. Arambam Parratt |author2= John Parratt| journal = Modern Asian Studies| volume= 35| number = 4| year= 2001| pages= 905–919| doi= 10.1017/S0026749X0100405X | jstor=313195| s2cid= 145449486 }}
Malem Leimana Lumpala,
*{{citation| title= Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India| author = Sohini Ray| journal= Anthropological Quarterly| volume= 82| number=1| year=2009| pages= 129–154| doi = 10.1353/anq.0.0047| jstor= 25488260| s2cid = 140755509}}
Palem Immana Malum-ee;
* {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-21-8}}
Koilou Nongmatonna Wangpala,
* {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = Population Geography of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-25-6}}
Panthou Ipana Mawang-ee.
{{refend}}
 
{{Commons}}
 
{{Portal bar|Religion|Philosophy|India|History|Asia}}
The above four lines verse indicates the heights of Kanglei Wang-u-lon (philosophy) of the meitei race of Kangleipak. The last two lines say that 'Panthou Ipa' is higher than the Koulou Nongmaton (the top of the space, the sky, the Ating-aa, the Atiya in different languages of the same word/concept).
 
The sky seemingly round above our heads is called 'Koilou Nongmaton' by the Puya, the scripture of the Meitei race. The 'Panthou Ipa' in the above verse is the universal father God Creator who gave the Talang Laipao for creation. The Kanglei Mietei Race call Him Panthou Ipa or simply Ipa (Father roughly in English) who is higher than the Koilou Nongmaton.  
 
When my esteemed readers begin to think critically about the 'Shanamahi Kachin' and the 'Santhong' (door of creation) which they see everyday, the readers may come to their senses about the concept of Shanamahi etc.
 
==See also==
*[[Folk Hinduism]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{Sanamahi1}}
*[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Meeteis_Surname Meiteis Surname]
{{Religion in India topics}}
*[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism The Revivalism of Sanamahism]
{{Religion topics}}
*Sohini Ray  "2000–01" ''The Body-Cult in Sanamahism: A Case of the Revival of an Indigenous Religion Among the Meiteis in Manipur'' is an ethnographic study of the sacred myths about the human body among the Meiteis, a community in Northeast India, and on how these mythological beliefs play a pivotal role in a socio-religious revival movement now occurring in the community. Sohini Ray recently received her Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, Los Angeles.  [http://www.hds.harvard.edu/cswr/people/past/N-R.html]


[[Category:Sanamahism| ]]
[[Category:Ancient culture]]
[[Category:Animism]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]
[[Category:Folk culture of Asia]]
[[Category:Folk religions]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Manipuri culture]]
[[Category:Nature and religion]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Panentheism]]
[[Category:Pantheism]]
[[Category:Polytheism]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]
[[Category:Religion in Manipur]]
[[Category:Religion in Tripura]]
[[Category:Shamanism]]

Latest revision as of 21:59, 1 October 2026

Template:Redirect-distinguish Template:Distinguish Template:Merging fromTemplate:Use Indian English Template:Infobox religion Template:Contains special characters

Template:Sanamahism Sanamahism (Template:Langx),[1] also known as Meiteism (Template:Langx),[2][3] or Lainingthouism (Template:Langx) is an ethnic religion of the Meitei people of Manipur, in Northeast India. It is a polytheistic religion and is named after Lainingthou Sanamahi, one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith.[4][5][6]

The followers of Sanamahism are known as Sanamahists. Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god Sidaba Mapu and the supreme goddess Leimarel Sidabi. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, the Maru Loishang, that oversees the main religious activities and governs all affairs of the religion, including the conduct of priest and priestess.[7] The Maru Loishang also acts as a court for religious disputes.[7] There are three main departments under the Manu Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang, and the Amaibi Loishang.[8] These departments have existed since the reign of King Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong of Manipur in 662 CE.[8]

Amailon (Template:Script), also known as Amailol (Template:Script), is a liturgical variety of the Meitei language, spoken by the Maibis (priestesses) and the Nupa Maibis (transgender priests), ritual practitioners of the Sanamahi religious tradition in Manipur and other places of Meitei diaspora. It is used specifically in ceremonial and ritual contexts and has no daily spoken form.[9][10][11]

Deities

The deities in Sanamhism can be classified as principal deities, ancestral deities, or apokpa, regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai, and the ancestral deities worshipped by particular Meitei clans (Yek Lai) and families (Saghei Lai).

There are five main deities in Sanamahism:

Other important gods and goddesses include Panthoibi, Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou, Lainingthou Koubru, Ibudhou Marjing, Thongalel, Wangbren, Eputhou Thangjing, Kounu, Nongshaba, Nongthang Leima, and Irai Leima.

The Umang Lais are often regarded as aspects or incarnations of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. The Umang Lais are associated with sacred groves, also called Umang Lai. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the Nat deities of Myanmar.[12]

All the deities are denoted by the universal term Lai which means "God" in the Manipuri language/Meiteilon. When referring to a male deity, the terms Lainingthou, Ebhudhou or Epa are used while the terms; Lairembi, Ebhendhou or Ema are used to refer to a female deity. Lairembi is mostly used for the Umang Lais.

Origin

The first mentions are found in the Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Court Chronicles of the kings of Manipur, starting from the king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who traditionally ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE, though modern scholarship, including Sujit Mukherjee, give a range of 21 years, from 33 to 54 CE.[13]

Kangla Pakhangba Laishang, the temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur

Revival

The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the Apokpa Marup by Laininghal Naoriya Phulo in 1930 at Cachar (present day Assam, India).[14] The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the Japanese invasion in the Second World War, plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul).[14] Phulo died in 1941.

Three years after the death of Phulo in 1944, the movement finally started gaining momentum in Manipur. Resolutions were made to denounce Hinduism and to revive Sanamahism in Manipur. Mass campaign were held to popularise Sanamahi religion at various places in Manipur. On 14 May 1945, the popular Meitei Marup movement was formed. This marked the beginning of the revival of Sanamahism and the Meitei Mayek, original script of the Manipuri Language among other things. The term Sanamahism and Meitei Marup are often used interchangeably. The Brahma Sabha strongly opposed the movement and formally outcast 38 members of Meitei Marup.

By the 1970s and 1980s, the Sanamahi Movement attracted more activists. Massive drives were held reclaiming shrines of deiteis and adverting Hindu practices or worship to ancient old traditions of Sanamahism. Notable movement was the seizure of the idols of Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi from Hindu Brahmins, which are now presently installed in the temple at First Manipur Rifles Ground, Imphal. On 16 February 1974, a mass conversion to Sanamahism was held. The event became known as, Nongkhang Parei Hanba, which symbolized reversing the forced mass baptism into Hinduism of the Meitei people of Manipur by King Pamheiba in 1729, which is referred to as Nongkhang Iruppa.

On 23 April 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, Okendrajit Sana declared that "I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion."[15]

The 2011 census of India estimated the Sanamahism followers to be around 8.19% of the total population of Manipur, India.

Official status

On 5 August 2022, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central Government of India.[16]

In the previous decades, many social, religious and political activists, associations and organisations struggled through violent agitations and protests to include the Sanamahi religion as an officially recognised minority religion of India.[17][18][19]

Practices

Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as oracular ritual in which priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the Lai Haraoba festival, goes:

Template:Blockquote

Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text Sanamahi Naiyom provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain.[20]

Religious festivals

Fairs and Festivals in Manipur

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Demographics

Template:Historical population According to the 2011 census of India, 222,422 people in India follow Sanamahism. The vast majority of them (222,315 people) are in the state of Manipur.[21] Sanamahism followers make up 14.6 percent of all the Meitei people. Others that profess to follow Hinduism also follow many religious traditions and rituals of Sanamahism. For example, they worship Sanamahi in the south-west corners of their homes.[22]

Associations and organisations

References

  1. ↑ Meitei, Mayanglambam Mangangsana (2021-06-06) (in en). The Sound of Pena in Manipur. Marjing Mayanglambam. p. 30. ISBN 978-93-5473-655-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30. 
  2. ↑ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020-11-25) (in en). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. pp. 185. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Meitei%20Laining%20or%20Sanamahism&pg=PT185. 
  3. ↑ Zehol, Lucy (1998). Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives. Regency Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-86030-51-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1qTRz27T_UcC&q=meiteism%20sanamahism&pg=PA79. 
  4. ↑ Gourchandra, M. (1982). Sanamahi Laihui. http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618. 
  5. ↑ "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism. 
  6. ↑ Nilabir, Sairem (2002). Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou. http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Maru (Pandit Loisang)" (in en). https://panditloisangmanipur.wordpress.com/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur | IGNCA". https://ignca.gov.in/regional-centers/northeastern-regional-centre-guwahati/report-workshop-on-maibi-culture-of-manipur/. 
  9. ↑ "Amailon: the ritual language of the Nupa Maibi" (in en). https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/amailon-the-ritual-language-of-the-nupa-maibi. 
  10. ↑ "Project Profile: Amailon: the ritual language of the Nupa Maibi – Endangered Languages Archive" (in en-GB). https://blogs.soas.ac.uk/elar/2017/12/18/project-profile-amailon-the-ritual-language-of-the-nupa-maibi/. 
  11. ↑ Endangered Languages Archive. (n.d.). Amailon: The ritual language of the Nupa Maibi. eldp.access.preservica.com
  12. ↑ "Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival". http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Myanmar_Nat_and_Manipuri_UmangLai_Nat_Festival. 
  13. ↑ Mukherjee, Sujit (1998) (in en). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Meitei, Langonjam Chingkheinganba. Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo. https://www.academia.edu/3726228. 
  15. ↑ "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism. 
  16. ↑ "Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22. 
  17. ↑ Chingkheinganba, Salam (14 February 2020). "Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times" (in en-gb). https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16776-okram-joy-threatens-to-throng-at-assembly-if-house-fails-to-recognise-sanamahi-as-minority-religion. 
  18. ↑ "Minority religion status sought" (in en). https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-14-The-Committee-on-Inclusion-of-Sanamahi-Religion-in-the-list.html. 
  19. ↑ "Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy" (in en). https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/2/14/IMPHAL-Feb-14-Ex-MLA-O-Joy-has-urged-the-State-Government-to-declare-Sanamahi-as-a-religious-minority-.amp.html. 
  20. ↑ Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM. p. 103. https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ. 
  21. ↑ C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011, Census of India, 2011.
  22. ↑ "'Inclusion of Sanamahi religion in minority is being reviewed'". Hueiyen News Service. 26 August 2011. http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..270811.aug11. 

Sources

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  • Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), "Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study", Indian Anthropologist 39 (1/2) 
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