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{{short description|Proposed language family}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see [[languages of East Asia]].}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see [[languages of East Asia]].}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| name = East Asian
| name         = East Asian
| acceptance = proposed, under study
| acceptance   = proposed, under study
| region = [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Oceania]], [[Madagascar]]
| region       = [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Oceania]], [[Madagascar]], [[Siberia]]
| familycolor = superfamily
| familycolor   = superfamily
| family = Proposed language family
| family       = Proposed language family
| child1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| child1       = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| child2 = [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]
| child2       = [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]
| child3 = [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]]
| child3       = [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]]
| child4 = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| child4       = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| child5 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| child5       = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| child6 = [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] (sometimes included)
| child6       = [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] (sometimes included)
| child7 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] (sometimes included)
| child7       = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] (sometimes included)
| glotto = none
| glotto       = none
| glottoname =  
| glottoname   =  
| glottorefname =  
| glottorefname =  
| notes =  
| notes         =  
| map =  
| map           =  
| mapcaption =  
| mapcaption   =  
| child8        = [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] (sometimes included)
| child9        = [[Tungusic Languages|Tungusic]] (sometimes included)
| child10      = [[Ainu languages|Ainu]] (sometimes included)
| child11      = [[Paleo-Siberian languages|Paleo-Siberian]]
| child12      = [[Eskaleut languages|Eskaleut]]
| child13      = [[Uralic Languages|Uralic]] (rarely included)
| child14      = [[Turkic Languages|Turkic]] (rarely included)
}}
}}
The '''East Asian languages''' are a [[language family]] (alternatively ''[[macrofamily]]'' or ''superphylum'') proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by [[George van Driem]] and others.
The '''East Asian languages''' are a [[language family]] (alternatively ''[[macrofamily]]'' or ''superphylum'') proposed by [[Stanley Starosta]] in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by [[George van Driem]] and others.


==Classifications==
==Classifications==
Line 27: Line 33:
Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophylla, in narrower scope:<ref name=GvD2013 />
Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophylla, in narrower scope:<ref name=GvD2013 />


*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman'': [[August Conrady]] (1916, 1922)<ref>Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. ''Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern'', 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.</ref><ref>Conrady, August. 1922. ''Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen''. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.</ref> and Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)<ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1934. ''Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen''. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.</ref><ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. ''Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen''. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Tibeto-Burman'': [[August Conrady]] (1916, 1922)<ref>Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. ''Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern'', 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.</ref><ref>Conrady, August. 1922. ''Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen''. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.</ref> and Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)<ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1934. ''Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen''. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.</ref><ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. ''Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen''. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien'': [[Paul K. Benedict]] (1942),<ref>Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. ''American Anthropologist'' 44:576-601.</ref> [[Robert Blust]] (1996),<ref>Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. ''Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific'', ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref> [[Ilia Peiros]] (1998)<ref>Peiros, Ilia. 1998. ''Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Hmong–Mien'': [[Paul K. Benedict]] (1942),<ref>Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. ''American Anthropologist'' 44:576-601.</ref> [[Robert Blust]] (1996),<ref>Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. ''Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific'', ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref> [[Ilia Peiros]] (1998)<ref>Peiros, Ilia. 1998. ''Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong-Mien'': Stanley Starosta (2001)
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong–Mien'': Stanley Starosta (2001)


Precursors to the East Asian proposal:
Precursors to the East Asian proposal:
*''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'' (Kra-Dai and Austronesian): [[Gustave Schlegel]] (1901, 1902),<ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. ''T'oung Pao'' (Série II), II:76-87.</ref><ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. ''T'oung Pao'', New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.</ref> Weera Ostapirat (2005)<ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.</ref><ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. ''Austro-Tai revisited''. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.</ref>
*''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'' (Kra–Dai and Austronesian): [[Gustave Schlegel]] (1901, 1902),<ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. ''T'oung Pao'' (Série II), II:76-87.</ref><ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. ''T'oung Pao'', New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.</ref> Weera Ostapirat (2005)<ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.</ref><ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. ''Austro-Tai revisited''. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.</ref>
*''[[Austric languages|Austric]]'' (Austroasiatic and Austronesian): [[Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)|Wilhelm Schmidt]] (1906),<ref>Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. ''Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge'' V:59-109.</ref> [[Lawrence Reid]] (1994, 2005)<ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 33.2:323-344.</ref><ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.</ref>
*''[[Austric languages|Austric]]'' (Austroasiatic and Austronesian): [[Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)|Wilhelm Schmidt]] (1906),<ref>Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. ''Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge'' V:59-109.</ref> [[Lawrence Reid]] (1994, 2005)<ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 33.2:323-344.</ref><ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.</ref>


===Starosta (2005)===
===Starosta (2005)===
[[File:Peiligang_map.svg|thumb|right|Location of the Peiligang culture]]
[[File:Peiligang_map.svg|thumb|right|Location of the Peiligang culture]]
Stanley Starosta's (2005)<ref>Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.</ref> East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]], to form an '''East Asian''' superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct [[sister group|sister]] of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a [[disyllabic]] (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by [[Peiligang culture]] and [[Cishan culture]] [[millet]] farmers on the [[North China Plain]] (specifically the [[Hanshui|Han River]], [[Wei River]], and central [[Yellow River]] areas).<ref name="Origin">{{cite book | given = Stanley | surname = Starosta | chapter = Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210 182]–197 | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen | url-access = limited | editor-given1 = Laurent | editor-surname1 = Sagart | editor-given2 = Roger | editor-surname2 = Blench | editor-given3 = Alicia | editor-surname3 = Sanchez-Mazas | location = London | publisher = Routledge Curzon | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-32242-3 }}</ref>
[[Stanley Starosta]]'s (2005)<ref>Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.</ref> East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]], to form an '''East Asian''' superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct [[sister group|sister]] of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a [[disyllabic]] (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by [[Peiligang culture]] and [[Cishan culture]] [[millet]] farmers on the [[North China Plain]] (specifically the [[Hanshui|Han River]], [[Wei River]], and central [[Yellow River]] areas).<ref name="Origin">{{cite book | given = Stanley | surname = Starosta | chapter = Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210 182]–197 | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen | url-access = limited | editor-given1 = Laurent | editor-surname1 = Sagart | editor-given2 = Roger | editor-surname2 = Blench | editor-given3 = Alicia | editor-surname3 = Sanchez-Mazas | location = London | publisher = Routledge Curzon | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-32242-3 }}</ref>


{{tree list}}
{{tree list}}
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===van Driem (2012)===
===van Driem (2012)===
{{see also|Father Tongue hypothesis}}
{{see also|Father tongue hypothesis}}
The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by [[George van Driem]] in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the [[Benares Hindu University]].<ref name=GvD2013>van Driem, George. 2013. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429103442/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf |date=2019-04-29 }}", ''Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics'', 7 (1): 135-188.</ref><ref>van Driem, George. 2016. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009043105/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf |date=2018-10-09 }}", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — ''Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics''. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».</ref>
The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by [[George van Driem]] in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the [[Benares Hindu University]].<ref name=GvD2013>van Driem, George. 2013. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190429103442/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography]}}", ''Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics'', 7 (1): 135-188.</ref><ref>van Driem, George. 2016. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181009043105/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory]}}", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — ''Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics''. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».</ref>


{{tree list}}
{{tree list}}
*'''East Asian'''
*'''East Asian'''
**'''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'''
**'''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'''
***'''[[Kra-Dai languages|Kradai]]'''
***'''[[Kra–Dai languages|Kradai]]'''
***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
**'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
**'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
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[[File:Geographic distributions of Y chromosome haplogroups O in East Asia.png|thumb|Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.]]
[[File:Geographic distributions of Y chromosome haplogroups O in East Asia.png|thumb|Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.]]
According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O]].<ref>van Driem, George. 2018. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235952/https://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf |date=2021-01-10 }}", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'', LX (4): 1-38.</ref> (Further information: [[Father Tongue hypothesis]])
According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O]].<ref>van Driem, George. 2018. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235952/https://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes]}}", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'', LX (4): 1-38.</ref> (Further information: [[Father tongue hypothesis]])


=== Larish (2006, 2017) ===
=== Larish (2006, 2017) ===
According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] is grouped together with [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Kra-Dai]], [[Hmong-Mien]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Larish|first=Michael D.|date=January 2006|title=Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages|url=https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|conference=Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|access-date=2019-01-07|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Larish, Michael. 2017. ''Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia''. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.</ref>
According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] is grouped together with [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Kra–Dai]], [[Hmong–Mien]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Larish|first=Michael D.|date=January 2006|title=Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages|url=https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|conference=Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|access-date=2019-01-07|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Larish, Michael. 2017. ''Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia''. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.</ref>


{{tree list}}
{{tree list}}
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***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
***'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
***'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
***'''[[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]'''
***'''[[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]]'''
***'''[[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]]'''
***'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}
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;Sources
;Sources
* [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]: Matisoff (2015)<ref>Matisoff, James A. 2015. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters ''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221846/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters |date=2020-10-23 }}. Berkeley: University of California. ([http://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202053131/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf |date=2020-02-02 }})</ref>
* [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]: Matisoff (2015)<ref>Matisoff, James A. 2015. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters ''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221846/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters |date=2020-10-23 }}. Berkeley: University of California. ([https://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202053131/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf |date=2020-02-02 }})</ref>
* [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]: Ratliff (2010)<ref>Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-615-7}}.</ref>
* [[Proto-Hmong–Mien]]: Ratliff (2010)<ref>Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-615-7}}.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]: Sidwell & Rau (2015)<ref>Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]: Sidwell (2024);<ref name="Sidwell 500">{{cite journal |last1=Sidwell |first1=Paul |date=2024 |title=500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10524/52519 |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=i-xxxiii |issn=1836-6821 |access-date=2024-06-15 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu}}</ref> Sidwell & Rau (2015)<ref name="SidwellRau2015">Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austronesian]]: Blust & Trussel (2020)<ref name="ACD">{{cite web |title=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition |first1=Robert |last1=Blust |first2=Stephen |last2=Trussel |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm |date=June 21, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165028/https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-pl_pan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Proto-Austronesian]]: Blust & Trussel (2020)<ref name="ACD">{{cite web |title=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition |first1=Robert |last1=Blust |first2=Stephen |last2=Trussel |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm |date=June 21, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165028/https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-pl_pan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Proto-Tai]]: Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai''. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.</ref>
* [[Proto-Tai]]: Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai''. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.</ref>
Line 114: Line 120:
!
!
! Sino-Tibetan
! Sino-Tibetan
! Hmong-Mien
! Hmong–Mien
! Austroasiatic
! Austroasiatic
! Austronesian
! Austronesian
! colspan = "3" | Kra-Dai
! colspan = "3" | Kra–Dai
|-
|-
! gloss
! gloss
! [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]
! [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]
! [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]
! [[Proto-Hmong–Mien]]
! [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]
! [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]
! [[Proto-Austronesian]]
! [[Proto-Austronesian]]
Line 131: Line 137:
| *(t)sam
| *(t)sam
| *pljei
| *pljei
| *suk, *sɔːk
| *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ
| *bukeS
| *bukeS
| *prɤm<sup>A</sup>
| *prɤm<sup>A</sup>
Line 140: Line 146:
| *s-myak
| *s-myak
| *mu̯ɛjH
| *mu̯ɛjH
| *mat
| *matˀ
| *maCa
| *maCa
| *p.taː<sup>A</sup>
| *p.taː<sup>A</sup>
Line 149: Line 155:
| *r/g-na
| *r/g-na
| *mbræu
| *mbræu
| *-toːr
| *Ctoːr
| *Caliŋa
| *Caliŋa
| *krwɯː<sup>A</sup>
| *krwɯː<sup>A</sup>
Line 158: Line 164:
| *s-na ~ *s-naːr
| *s-na ~ *s-naːr
| *mbruiH
| *mbruiH
| *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs
| *muːh, *muːɕ
| *ujuŋ
| *ujuŋ
| *ɗaŋ<sup>A</sup>
| *ɗaŋ<sup>A</sup>
Line 167: Line 173:
| *s/p-wa
| *s/p-wa
| *hmjinʔ
| *hmjinʔ
| *lmVɲ, *sraŋ, *p(i)əŋ
| *muɲ, *məɲ
| *lipen, *n/ŋipen
| *lipen, *n/ŋipen
| *wan<sup>A</sup>
| *wan<sup>A</sup>
Line 176: Line 182:
| *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley
| *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley
| *mblet
| *mblet
| *lntaːk
| *lntaːkˀ
| *Sema, *lidam
| *Sema, *lidam
| *liːn<sup>C</sup>
| *liːn<sup>C</sup>
Line 185: Line 191:
| *lak ~ *C-yak
| *lak ~ *C-yak
| *-bɔuʔ
| *-bɔuʔ
| *tiːʔ
| *tiːˀ
| *kamay
| *kamay
| *mwɯː<sup>A</sup>
| *mwɯː<sup>A</sup>
Line 203: Line 209:
| *s-hywəy-t
| *s-hywəy-t
| *ntshjamʔ
| *ntshjamʔ
| *saːm, *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm
| *(m)ɕaːm
| *daRaq
| *daRaq
| *lɯət<sup>D</sup>
| *lɯət<sup>D</sup>
Line 212: Line 218:
| *m-sin
| *m-sin
| *-hri̯ən
| *-hri̯ən
| *kləːm, *ris
| *kləːm;<ref name="SidwellRau2015"/> *gre(ː)ɕ
| *qaCay
| *qaCay
| *tap<sup>D</sup>
| *tap<sup>D</sup>
Line 221: Line 227:
| *sya-n
| *sya-n
| ''P-Mienic'' *ʔa<sup>B</sup>
| ''P-Mienic'' *ʔa<sup>B</sup>
| *sac
| *sacˀ
| *Sesi
| *Sesi
| *n.mɤː<sup>C</sup>
| *n.mɤː<sup>C</sup>
Line 230: Line 236:
| *d-kʷəy-n
| *d-kʷəy-n
| ''P-Hmongic'' *hmaŋ<sup>C</sup>
| ''P-Hmongic'' *hmaŋ<sup>C</sup>
| *cɔːʔ
| *cɔʔ
| *asu
| *asu
| *ʰmaː<sup>A</sup>
| *ʰmaː<sup>A</sup>
Line 239: Line 245:
| *s-ŋak
| *s-ŋak
| *m-nɔk
| *m-nɔk
| *ciːm, *ceːm
| *ciːm
| *manuk
| *manuk
| *C̬.nok<sup>D</sup>
| *C̬.nok<sup>D</sup>
Line 257: Line 263:
| *s-r(y)ik
| *s-r(y)ik
| *ntshjeiʔ
| *ntshjeiʔ
| *ciːʔ
| *ciʔ
| *kuCux
| *kuCux
| *traw<sup>A</sup>
| *traw<sup>A</sup>
Line 275: Line 281:
| *s-nəy
| *s-nəy
| ''P-Mienic'' *hnu̯ɔi<sup>A</sup>
| ''P-Mienic'' *hnu̯ɔi<sup>A</sup>
| *tŋiːʔ
| *tŋiːˀ
| *waRi, *qajaw
| *waRi, *qajaw
| *ŋwan<sup>A</sup>
| *ŋwan<sup>A</sup>
Line 284: Line 290:
| *s/g-la
| *s/g-la
| *hlaH
| *hlaH
| *khaj
| *khe(ː)ʔ
| *bulaN, *qiNaS
| *bulaN, *qiNaS
| *ɓlɯən<sup>A</sup>
| *ɓlɯən<sup>A</sup>
Line 293: Line 299:
| *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s
| *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s
| *ʔu̯əm
| *ʔu̯əm
| *ɗaːk; Pal. *ʔoːm
| *ɗaːkˀ; [[Proto-Palaungic language|Pal]]. *ʔoːm
| *daNum
| *daNum
| *C̬.nam<sup>C</sup>
| *C̬.nam<sup>C</sup>
Line 302: Line 308:
| *r/s/g-wa
| *r/s/g-wa
| ''P-Hmongic'' *m-noŋ<sup>C</sup>
| ''P-Hmongic'' *m-noŋ<sup>C</sup>
| *gmaʔ
| *gmaːˀ
| *quzaN
| *quzaN
| *C̥.wɯn<sup>A</sup>
| *C̥.wɯn<sup>A</sup>
Line 311: Line 317:
| *mey
| *mey
| *douʔ
| *douʔ
| *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs
| *ʔuːɕ
| *Sapuy
| *Sapuy
| *wɤj<sup>A</sup>
| *wɤj<sup>A</sup>
Line 320: Line 326:
| *r-mi(ŋ/n)
| *r-mi(ŋ/n)
| *mpɔuH
| *mpɔuH
| *-məh
| *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh
| *ŋajan
| *ŋajan
| *ɟɤː<sup>B</sup>
| *ɟɤː<sup>B</sup>
Line 329: Line 335:
| *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s
| *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s
| ''P-Mienic'' *ɲən<sup>C</sup>
| ''P-Mienic'' *ɲən<sup>C</sup>
| *caːʔ
| *ca(ː)ʔ
| *kaen
| *kaen
| *kɯɲ<sup>A</sup>
| *kɯɲ<sup>A</sup>
Line 338: Line 344:
| *səy
| *səy
| *dəjH
| *dəjH
| *kceːt
| *kceːt<ref name="SidwellRau2015"/>
| *ma-aCay
| *ma-aCay
| *p.taːj<sup>A</sup>
| *p.taːj<sup>A</sup>
Line 356: Line 362:
| *na-ŋ
| *na-ŋ
| *mu̯ei
| *mu̯ei
| *miːʔ
| *miːˀ, *meːˀ
| -mu
| -mu
| *mɯŋ<sup>A</sup>
| *mɯŋ<sup>A</sup>
Line 371: Line 377:
|File:Hmong-Mien-en.svg|Distribution of [[Hmong–Mien languages]]
|File:Hmong-Mien-en.svg|Distribution of [[Hmong–Mien languages]]
|File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|Dispersal of [[Austronesian languages]]
|File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|Dispersal of [[Austronesian languages]]
|File:Japanese_dialects-en.png|Distribution of [[Japonic languages]]
|File:Koreanic.svg|Distribution of [[Koreanic languages]]
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Father Tongue hypothesis]]
*[[Father tongue hypothesis]]
*[[Classification of Southeast Asian languages]]
*[[Classification of Southeast Asian languages]]
**[[Sino-Austronesian languages]]
**[[Sino-Austronesian languages]]
Line 389: Line 397:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://himalayanlanguages.org/team/george_van_driem/publications Papers on the East Asian languages by George van Driem]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206095029/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/team/george_van_driem/publications Papers on the East Asian languages by George van Driem]}}


{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
Line 398: Line 406:
{{Language families}}
{{Language families}}
{{Eurasian languages}}
{{Eurasian languages}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Proposed language families]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]

Latest revision as of 02:48, 2 October 2026

Template:Hatnote Template:Infobox language family The East Asian languages are a language family (alternatively macrofamily or superphylum) proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by George van Driem and others.

Classifications

Early proposals

Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophylla, in narrower scope:[1]

Precursors to the East Asian proposal:

Starosta (2005)

Location of the Peiligang culture

Stanley Starosta's (2005)[16] East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien, to form an East Asian superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct sister of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a disyllabic (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by Peiligang culture and Cishan culture millet farmers on the North China Plain (specifically the Han River, Wei River, and central Yellow River areas).[17]

Template:Tree list

Template:Tree list/end

Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in Proto-Tibeto-Burman and Proto-Austronesian, as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as Nicobaric.[18]

  • *m(V)- 'agent of V-ing'
  • *-Vn 'patient of V-ing'
  • *sV- 'instrument of V-ing'
  • *n(V)- 'perfective'

van Driem (2012)

Template:See also The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by George van Driem in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the Benares Hindu University.[1][19]

Template:Tree list

Template:Tree list/end

Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.

According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA Haplogroup O.[20] (Further information: Father tongue hypothesis)

Larish (2006, 2017)

According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). Japonic is grouped together with Koreanic as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Kra–Dai, Hmong–Mien and Sino-Tibetan languages.[21][22]

Template:Tree list

Template:Tree list/end

Vocabulary comparison

Below is a comparison of basic vocabulary items for proto-languages of all 5 East Asian language families.

Sources
Sino-Tibetan Hmong–Mien Austroasiatic Austronesian Kra–Dai
gloss Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Hmong–Mien Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Tai Proto-Hlai Proto-Kra
hair *(t)sam *pljei *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ *bukeS *prɤmA *hnom *m-səmA
eye *s-myak *mu̯ɛjH *matˀ *maCa *p.taːA *tʃʰaː *m-ʈaA
ear *r/g-na *mbræu *Ctoːr *Caliŋa *krwɯːA *ljəy *k-raA
nose *s-na ~ *s-naːr *mbruiH *muːh, *muːɕ *ujuŋ *ɗaŋA *kʰət *hŋətD
tooth *s/p-wa *hmjinʔ *muɲ, *məɲ *lipen, *n/ŋipen *wanA *fjən *l-pənA
tongue *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley *mblet *lntaːkˀ *Sema, *lidam *liːnC *hliːnʔ *l-maA
hand *lak ~ *C-yak *-bɔuʔ *tiːˀ *kamay *mwɯːA *C-mɯː *mjaA
bone *s/m/g-rus *tshuŋʔ *cʔaːŋ *CuqelaN *C̥.dukD *Cuɾɯːk *dəkD
blood *s-hywəy-t *ntshjamʔ *(m)ɕaːm *daRaq *lɯətD *alaːc *platD
liver *m-sin *-hri̯ən *kləːm;[26] *gre(ː)ɕ *qaCay *tapD *ɗəy *təpD
meat, flesh *sya-n P-Mienic *ʔaB *sacˀ *Sesi *n.mɤːC *rəmʔ *ʔaɯC
dog *d-kʷəy-n P-Hmongic *hmaŋC *cɔʔ *asu *ʰmaːA *hmaː *x-maA
bird *s-ŋak *m-nɔk *ciːm *manuk *C̬.nokD *səc *ɳokD
fish *s-ŋya *mbrəuʔ *kaʔ *Sikan *plaːA *hlaː *p-laA
louse *s-r(y)ik *ntshjeiʔ *ciʔ *kuCux *trawA *tʃʰwəw *C-ʈuA
leaf *lay P-Hmongic *mblɔŋA,
P-Mienic *nɔmA 		*slaʔ *waSaw *ɓaɰA *ɓɯː *ɖiŋA
sun, day *s-nəy P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA *tŋiːˀ *waRi, *qajaw *ŋwanA *hŋwən *(l-/h)wənA
moon *s/g-la *hlaH *khe(ː)ʔ *bulaN, *qiNaS *ɓlɯənA *C-ɲaːn *(C-)tjanA
water *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s *ʔu̯əm *ɗaːkˀ; Pal. *ʔoːm *daNum *C̬.namC *C-nəmʔ *ʔuŋC
rain *r/s/g-wa P-Hmongic *m-noŋC *gmaːˀ *quzaN *C̥.wɯnA *fun *jəlA
fire *mey *douʔ *ʔuːɕ *Sapuy *wɤjA *fiː *puiA
name *r-mi(ŋ/n) *mpɔuH *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh *ŋajan *ɟɤːB *pʰaːŋ *n(ʒ)iA
eat *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s P-Mienic *ɲənC *ca(ː)ʔ *kaen *kɯɲA *kʰən *kanA
die *səy *dəjH *kceːt[26] *ma-aCay *p.taːjA *hlaːwɦ *pɣonA
I *ŋa-y ~ *ka P-Hmongic *kɛŋB *ʔaɲ -ku *kuːA *ɦuː *kuA
you (sg.) *na-ŋ *mu̯ei *miːˀ, *meːˀ -mu *mɯŋA *C-mɯː *məA/B

Distributions

Template:Gallery

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 van Driem, George. 2013. "Template:Usurped", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1): 135-188.
  2. ↑ Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
  3. ↑ Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
  4. ↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
  5. ↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
  6. ↑ Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
  7. ↑ Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
  8. ↑ Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  9. ↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. T'oung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
  10. ↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. T'oung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
  11. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.
  12. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
  13. ↑ Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
  14. ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
  15. ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
  16. ↑ Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.
  17. ↑ Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3. https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen. 
  18. ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). "Morphological evidence for Austric". Oceanic Linguistics 33 (2): 323–344. doi:10.2307/3623132. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf. Retrieved on 2020-08-10. 
  19. ↑ van Driem, George. 2016. "Template:Usurped", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».
  20. ↑ van Driem, George. 2018. "Template:Usurped", Journal of the Asiatic Society, LX (4): 1-38.
  21. ↑ Template:Cite conference
  22. ↑ Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
  23. ↑ Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Template:Webarchive. Berkeley: University of California. (PDF Template:Webarchive)
  24. ↑ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. Template:ISBN.
  25. ↑ Sidwell, Paul (2024). "500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press) 17 (1): i-xxxiii. ISSN 1836-6821. https://hdl.handle.net/10524/52519. Retrieved on 2024-06-15. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  27. ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (June 21, 2020). "Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition". https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm. 
  28. ↑ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
  29. ↑ Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai Template:Webarchive. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
  30. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "Proto-Kra Template:Webarchive." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.

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