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===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===
===National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism===
[[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM) is a far right subculture{{Citation needed|date=September 2026}} embedded in the larger [[black metal]] music scene, especially in Northern Europe. Its participants express [[antisemitism]], [[White nationalism]] and nostalgia for 20th century fascism and [[Nazism]], motifs that stem from the [[pagan]] and [[anti-Christian]] tropes common in black metal lyrics and culture, rather than under the influence of far right political organisations.<ref name=Teitelbaum>{{cite web | last=Teitelbaum | title= The Study of Far-Right Music | website=Music Research Annual | date=2022-05-27 | url=https://musicresearchannual.org/teitelbaum-the-study-of-far-right-music/?amp | ref={{sfnref|Music Research Annual|2022}} | access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>
[[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM) is a far right subculture<ref name="l777">{{cite web | last=Penteado | first=Ricardo Cabral | title=Sonic Hate: Examining Brazil's NSBM Scene and Its Global Networks | website=GNET | date=2025-02-10 | url=https://gnet-research.org/2025/02/10/sonic-hate-examining-brazils-nsbm-scene-and-its-global-networks/ | access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref><ref name="a169">{{cite web | title=National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right | website=Southern Poverty Law Center | date=2025-10-24 | url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/ | access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref><ref name="n114">{{cite web | last1=Demuynck | first1=Méryl | last2=Cresson | first2=Pierre | title=Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France | website=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT | date=2024-07-02 | url=https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france | access-date=2026-09-29}}</ref> embedded in the larger [[black metal]] music scene, especially in Northern Europe <ref name=Teitelbaum/> but spreading globally, including to South America.<ref name="l777"/><ref name="j443">{{cite | last=Jun 2023 | first=Alex Gendler / 03 | title=Aryan Aztlan | date=2023-06-03 | url=https://thebattleground.eu/2023/06/03/aryan-aztlan/ | language=en-GB | access-date=2026-09-29 | page=}}</ref> Its participants express [[antisemitism]], [[White nationalism]] and nostalgia for 20th century fascism and [[Nazism]], motifs that stem from the [[pagan]] and [[anti-Christian]] tropes common in black metal lyrics and culture, rather than under the influence of far right political organisations.<ref name=Teitelbaum>{{cite web | last=Teitelbaum | title= The Study of Far-Right Music | website=Music Research Annual | date=2022-05-27 | url=https://musicresearchannual.org/teitelbaum-the-study-of-far-right-music/?amp | ref={{sfnref|Music Research Annual|2022}} | access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>


===Hardbass and Fashwave===
===Hardbass and Fashwave===

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Template:Multiple issues Template:Far-right politics sidebar Far-right subcultures refers to the symbolism, ideology and traits that hold relevance to various politically extreme right-wing groups and organisations.[1][2]Template:Verification failed

The most commonly discussed far right subculture is the white power music scene that emerged from the skinhead culture, although other far right subcultures have been identified too.

Background

Subculture

A subculture is understood in cultural studies as a smaller group within a dominant mainstream culture that distinguishes itself through unique values, behaviors, styles, and signifying practices, or is unified by a deviant perspective.[3] While the Chicago school of sociology described subcultures in the mid-20th century as forms of deviancy, the classic analysis comes from the Birmingham school of cultural studies. The Birmingham Centre for Cultural Studies (BCCS), particularly in the books ‘’Resistance Through Rituals’’, edited by Stuart Hall in 1976, and ‘’Subculture: The Meaning of Style’’ by Dick Hebdige, argued that youth subcultures—like punks or mods—use visible style as a symbolic form of resistance against class subordination and dominant capitalist norms. Skinheads were one of the classic subcultures they analysed. BCCS saw the 1960s and 1970s skinhead subculture as a complex, symbolic response to the decline of traditional British working-class communities. Hebdige and Phil Cohen saw the style was an exaggeration and imitation of traditional working-class masculinity.

Subcultures, which remain within dominant society, are distinguished from countercultures, which seek to escape or destroy dominant society. Some scholars have argued that the far right itself is a subculture (for example, Benjamin Lee lists the far right as one of several “lethal subcultures”, including Jihadism [3]) while others have discussed whether fascist groups such as the British National Party should be seen as subcultures or countercultures. [4]

Key far right subcultures

Skinheads and white power music

“Emerging from the skinhead youth subculture in Britain at the end of the 1970s, and spreading to the continent and across the Atlantic in the following decade,” the white power music scene “served as accompaniment to a rising tide of racist and anti-immigrant violence in Germany, and become a focus of recruiting for the radical right world-wide.”[5]

in the 1990s, “skinhead gangs carried out much of the violence associated with the far right, as violence against political opponents and immigrants was an integral part of their subculture.” They attracted young people through white power rock music and a vibrant scene. However, the scene subsided in most of Western Europe in the 21st century.[6]

National Socialist Black Metal and Neo-Paganism

National Socialist black metal (NSBM) is a far right subculture[7][8][9] embedded in the larger black metal music scene, especially in Northern Europe [10] but spreading globally, including to South America.[7][11] Its participants express antisemitism, White nationalism and nostalgia for 20th century fascism and Nazism, motifs that stem from the pagan and anti-Christian tropes common in black metal lyrics and culture, rather than under the influence of far right political organisations.[10]

Hardbass and Fashwave

In Europe and North America “in the current post skinhead era,… the far right has found new cultural forms that are less workerist, less masculinist and less crude in style” then earlier skinhead subcultures. Among these are Hardbass and Fashwave. [6] Hardbass is a “short-lived but vibrant far-right, post–White power music subculture in Europe during the early 2010s”, centered on electronic dance music genre.[10]

Alt right digital subcultures

In the 2010s, the alt-right was one of the most prominent far right subcultures.[12] The alt right has included several digital subcultures, flourishing on platforms such as 4Chan, including groypers.

Subcultural parasitism

Template:See also

A neo-Nazi skinhead from Germany

Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate subcultures in order to spread their ideas among them.[13] These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism. The most well-known subculture that has been taken over by the far-right and neo-Nazis is the skinhead scene, which originated in Great Britain.[14] Some examples of subculture parasitism: the nipster, infiltration of the hipster (contemporary subculture) by neo-Nazis (Nazi Hipster), Nazi punk, infiltration of the heavy metal subculture, known as National Socialist black metal (NSBM/NSCH). Subcultures as the Goth subculture and the hip hop subculture have also been infiltrated by far-right movements and ideologists.[2]

Cultural counter-subversion

Template:See alsoTemplate:Further There is another strategy which is resorted to by neo-Nazis and far-right movements, and it is called cultural subversion. This strategy uses already existing forms of expression and organization and gives them a far right meaning.[15] Some examples:

  • Music: use of already existing songs and the changing of their lyrics into lyrics which are nationalist or racist
  • Slogans: the changing of the left-wing slogan 'Long live the international solidarity' into the nationalist slogan 'Long live the national solidarity'
  • Forms of Organization: democratic forms of organization are copied and accommodated to far-right ideologies

Contemporary forms in specific countries

Template:Globalize section

Germany

Far-right politics in Germany

Template:Category see also

Far right organisations in Germany

  • Far right parties: East Germany: National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD); West-Germany: 'Die Rechte' and 'Dritter Weg'. All together there are around 6,000 members of far right parties in Germany.
  • Extreme right-wing comradeships: Blood & Honour network (or 'White Power'). Both networks are primarily selling extreme right-wing music and organizing international concerts. Their offers play an important role regarding the far right lifestyle and they have an integrating effect on the far right scene in general. The Autonome Nationalisten are a similar organization, for predominantly young far right. The ideology is the same but in terms of aesthetics, they are more orientated towards their political opponent on the left and copy their lifestyles and symbols for their own purposes. See also Cultural Subversion
  • Intellectuals of the 'Neue Rechte' (New Right): they function as the source of inspiration and keyword transmitter.
  • Far-right projects: An innovation of the last years are far right projects at the interface of virtual and real life. Examples are the 'Identitären' (Identitarian movement) and the 'Unsterblichen'. The 'Unsterblichen' was started by far rights in East Germany. They formulated the prosecution of the supposed 'Volkstods' (death of the nation). Which can be seen as relation to the demographic change in Germany and the fear of being swamped by foreign influences. The 'Unsterblichen' took over the flash mob idea and produced high quality choreographies for demonstrations which they filmed professionally and distributed them with music in social networks.[16]

Identitarian movement

Identitarian movement

The Identitarian movement is one of the most renowned far-right youth cultures in Germany and it is also a part of the New Right. Within the New Right, it has four unique position features: youthfulness, an excessive desire for action, pop culture and Corporate Identity.[17] The German Identitarian movement uses Facebook as its main platform, where it spreads quotations of famous thinkers of the Conservative Revolutionary movement such as Ernst Jünger and Carl Schmitt, articles of the far-right journal Sezession and videos of various campaigns.[18]

United States

Fascism in the United States

The American alt-right movement

Alt-right

Template:See also

Also referred to as the alternative right, the alt-right is a recently formed political movement which holds extreme views on a wide array of political, cultural, racial and religious issues, with their central themes being white supremacy and white nationalism.[19] It has gained a significant amount of prominence since the run-up to the presidential election of 2016, in which Donald Trump was elected.[20] While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim behavior by alt-right supporters, most of whom have a predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond the religious beliefs of those who are discriminated against.[21]Template:Failed verification

Embrace of Nazi/fascist symbolism

Richard B. Spencer speaking at an alt-right meeting, 2016

Following Donald Trump's victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism which is associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In mid-November 2016, an alt-right conference with approximately 200 people was held in Washington, D.C. One of the speakers at this event was president of the National Policy Institute and white supremacist; Richard Spencer. Audience members cheered and gave the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"[22] The parallel theme of cultural purity combined with the totalitarian connotations and other ominous connotations which are associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appeal to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, the understanding of the key concepts which are behind these other far-right political movements is secondary to the imagery and the visual culture which are both associated with them.[23]

Far-right subcultures and fashion labels

Fashion label use

Template:See also

Such movements use specific fashion labels by using them as symbols of their ideologies. Some prominent examples of fashion label abuse are Lonsdale, Fred Perry and New Balance.[24] The British sport label Lonsdale became popular in the German neo-Nazi movement because of the letters 'NSDA' in the name, which refers to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP, Nazi Party), that was active between 1920 and 1945.[25] The popularity of Fred Perry can be explained through the demand in the skinhead scene. On top of that the brand offers polo shirts with a collar in the colors black-white-red, which was the flag color used by the Nazi regime and is therefore as well prominent in German neo-Nazi movements.[26] Both brands distance themselves from any association. In November 2016 Matthew LeBretton, New Balance's vice president of public affairs, criticized the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, that the Obama administration led and Donald Trump opposes. After New Balance defended its opposition to TTP, Andrew Anglin, publisher of the American neo-nazi news and commentary website The Daily Stormer, declared New Balance the “Official Shoes of White People”.[27]

Far-right fashion labels

There are also fashion labels that were created for neo-Nazis, by neo-Nazis.[28] Some examples of Nazi fashion labels: Ansgar Aryan, Consdaple, Eric and Sons, Masterrace Europe, Outlaw, Reconquista, Rizist, Thor Steinar, Troublemaker, Dryve by Suizhyde, Greifvogel Wear, Hate-Hate, Hermannsland, Sport Frei, Pro Violence.[29]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Patyi, Peter; Levická, Jana (August 2014). "Attractiveness of Right Wing Oriented Movements and Subcultures in Modern Society of the Slovak Republic". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 143: 832–837. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.485. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Subkulturen | Netz gegen Nazis" (in de). http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lee, Benjamin (2022-09-15). "Lethal Subcultures". https://crestresearch.ac.uk/resources/lethal-subcultures/. 
  4. ↑ Rhodes, James (2013-07-03). "Multiculturalism and the Subcultural Politics of the British National". Taylor & Francis. 62–78. doi:10.4324/9780203830192-5. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203830192-5/multiculturalism-subcultural-politics-british-national-party-james-rhodes. 
  5. ↑ Brown, T. S. (2004-09-01). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany". Journal of Social History 38 (1): 157–178. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079. ISSN 0022-4529. https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-lookup/doi/10.1353/jsh.2004.0079. Retrieved on 2026-09-28. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Larsen, Jeppe Fuglsang; Jensen, Sune Qvotrup (2025-10-03). "The New Far Right, Subcultural Theory, and the Sociology of Emotions". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (Routledge) 48 (10): 1079–1099. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163458. ISSN 1057-610X. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Penteado, Ricardo Cabral (2025-02-10). "Sonic Hate: Examining Brazil's NSBM Scene and Its Global Networks". https://gnet-research.org/2025/02/10/sonic-hate-examining-brazils-nsbm-scene-and-its-global-networks/. 
  8. ↑ "National Socialist Black Metal Becoming Soundtrack for Racist Right". 2025-10-24. https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/national-socialist-black-metal-becoming-soundtrack-racist-right/. 
  9. ↑ Demuynck, Méryl; Cresson, Pierre (2024-07-02). "Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France". https://icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Teitelbaum (2022-05-27). "The Study of Far-Right Music". https://musicresearchannual.org/teitelbaum-the-study-of-far-right-music/?amp. 
  11. ↑ Template:Cite
  12. ↑ "Alt Right Movement – Subcultures and Sociology". 2017-11-03. https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/subcultural-theory-and-theorists/right-wing-subcultures/. 
  13. ↑ Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: Rechtsextreme Jugendkultur http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/41740/jugendkultur
  14. ↑ Worley, Matthew, and Nigel Copsey. "White youth: the Far Right, Punk and British youth culture." JOMEC Journal 9 (2016): 27-47.
  15. ↑ "Kulturelle Subversion - Mut Gegen Rechte Gewalt". https://www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de/service/lexikon/k/kulturelle-subversion. Retrieved on 4 September 2017. 
  16. ↑ Borstel, Dierk (2017). Ungleichwertigkeitsideologien in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft (Borstel, Dierk; Bozay, Kemal ed.). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien. pp. 153–164. ISBN 978-3-658-14245-2. 
  17. ↑ Bruns, Julian; Glösel, Kathrin; Strobl, Natascha (May 2016). Die Identitären. Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechte in Europa. (2nd ed.). Münster: UNRAST. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-3-89771-560-8. 
  18. ↑ Bruns, Julian; Glösel, Kathrin; Strobl, Natascha (May 2016). Die Identitären. Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechte in Europa. (2nd ed.). Münster: UNRAST. p. 85. ISBN 978-3-89771-560-8. 
  19. ↑ "AP Definitive Source | Writing about the 'alt-right'". https://blog.ap.org/behind-the-news/writing-about-the-alt-right. 
  20. ↑ "Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy". http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc. 
  21. ↑ Michael, George (23 November 2016). "The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement" (in en). http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036. 
  22. ↑ Goldstein, Joseph (20 November 2016). "Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute". https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html. 
  23. ↑ Romano, Aja (30 December 2016). "The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right". https://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme. 
  24. ↑ "Fashion labels worn by Europe's skinheads restore their reputation - Culture - DW - 16.02.2010". http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933. Retrieved on 4 September 2017. 
  25. ↑ "Lonsdale | Netz gegen Nazis" (in de). 29 July 2009. http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/lonsdale. 
  26. ↑ "Fred Perry | Netz gegen Nazis" (in de). 29 July 2009. http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/fred-perry. 
  27. ↑ "We live in crazy times: Neo-Nazis have declared New Balance the 'Official Shoes of White People'". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/15/the-crazy-reason-neo-nazis-have-declared-new-balance-the-official-shoes-of-white-people/. 
  28. ↑ "Marken der rechtsextremen Szene" (in de). Netz-gegen-Nazis.de. 27 March 2009. http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene. 
  29. ↑ "Marken, die bei Neonazis beliebt sind - Belltower News". 29 July 2017. http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/marken-die-bei-neonazis-beliebt-sind. Retrieved on 4 September 2017. 

Bibliography

  • Borstel, Dierk; Bozay, Kemal, ed. (2017). Ungleichwertigkeitsideologien in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
  • Bruns, Julian, Kathrin Glösel, and Natascha Strobl. Die Identitären: Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechten in Europa. Unrast, 2014.
  • Häusler, Alexander; Schedler, Jan. "Neue Formen einer flüchtlingsfeindlichen sozialen Bewegung von rechts" Neue Formen einer flüchtlingsfeindlichen sozialen Bewegung von rechts.
  • Jaschke, Hans-Gerd. "Right-Wing Extremism and Populism in Contemporary Germany and Western Europe". Rightwing radicalism today: Perspectives from Europe and the US (2013): 22–36.
  • Leo, Tobias. "Der Nazis neue Kleider: Die Vereinnahmung jugendlicher Subkulturen durch die extreme Rechte". historia. scribere 8 (2016): 83-124 Der Nazis neue Kleider: Die Vereinnahmung jugendlicher Subkulturen durch die extreme Rechte
  • Mecklenburg, Jens, ed. Handbuch deutscher Rechtsextremismus. Elefanten Press, 1996.
  • Patyi, Peter, and Jana Levická. "Attractiveness of right wing oriented movements and subcultures in modern society of the Slovak republic". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 143 (2014): 832–837.
  • Pisoiu, Daniela. "Subcultures, violent radicalization and terrorism". (2015): 1–2.
  • Schedler, Jan. "Die extreme Rechte als soziale Bewegung". Handbuch Rechtsextremismus. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. 285–323.
  • Schlembach, Raphael. "New trends on the German extreme right". (2013): 192–194.
  • Stroud, Joseph James Iain. "Constructions of identity through music in extreme-right subcultures". (2014).

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