Archive:Fachhochschule: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Type of vocational educational institution in German-speaking countries}} | {{short description|Type of vocational educational institution in German-speaking countries}} | ||
A '''{{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}}''' ({{IPA-de|ˈfaxhoːxʃuːlə|lang|Fachhochschule.ogg}}; plural | A '''{{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}}''' ({{IPA-de|ˈfaxhoːxʃuːlə|lang|Fachhochschule.ogg}}; plural {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}}), abbreviated '''FH''', is a [[university of applied sciences]] ('''UAS'''), in other words a [[Hochschule|German tertiary education institution]] that provides [[professional education]] in many applied sciences and applied arts, such as engineering, technology, business, architecture, design, and [[industrial design]]. | ||
{{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} were first founded in Germany and were later adopted in [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Switzerland]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Greece]]. An increasing number of {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} are abbreviated as ''Hochschule'', the generic term in Germany for institutions awarding academic degrees in higher education, or expanded as ''Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW)'', the German translation of "universities of applied sciences", which are primarily designed with a focus on teaching professional skills. [[Swiss law]] calls {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} and universities "separate but equal".<ref name=HEdA/> | |||
Due to the [[Bologna process]], universities and | Due to the [[Bologna process]], universities and {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} award legally equivalent [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree|master's]] degrees.<ref name="ME05">Secretariat of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany, 10 October 2003, version of 22 September 2005</ref> Excepting research-intensive institutions in Hesse, Saxony Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayerische Staatszeitung |url=https://www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de/staatszeitung/wissenschaft/detailansicht-wissenschaft/artikel/fachhochschulen-ruecken-zu-unis-auf.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/positiv-bewertete-fh-promotionen-5151454.html|title=Positiv bewertete FH-Promotionen|publisher=Tagesspiegel|access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref> {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} do not award [[Doctorate|doctoral degrees]] themselves but sometimes in cooperation with award-granting partner universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma.uni-heidelberg.de/ag/grk886/index_e.html|title=Molecular imaging methods for the analysis of gene and protein expression|publisher=University of Heidelberg|access-date=6 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928124649/http://www.ma.uni-heidelberg.de/ag/grk886/index_e.html|archive-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> This and the rule that they appoint only professors with a professional career of at least three years outside the university system are the two major ways in which they differ from traditional universities. | ||
==Impact of the Bologna process== | ==Impact of the Bologna process== | ||
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==In Germany== | ==In Germany== | ||
{{see also|Technische Hochschule}} | {{see also|Technische Hochschule}} | ||
The {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} or ''University of Applied Sciences and Arts'' is a type of German institution of higher education that emerged from the traditional Engineering Schools and similar professional schools of other disciplines. It differs from the traditional university (''Universität'') mainly through its more practical orientation.<ref name="UAS">{{cite news|title=University types: Universities of applied science|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5941530,00.html|access-date=17 August 2011|newspaper=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=13 September 2010|author=Claudia Unseld|author2=Gaby Reucher}}</ref> Subjects taught at | The {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} or ''University of Applied Sciences and Arts'' is a type of German institution of higher education that emerged from the traditional Engineering Schools and similar professional schools of other disciplines. It differs from the traditional university (''Universität'') mainly through its more practical orientation.<ref name="UAS">{{cite news|title=University types: Universities of applied science|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5941530,00.html|access-date=17 August 2011|newspaper=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=13 September 2010|author=Claudia Unseld|author2=Gaby Reucher}}</ref> Subjects taught at {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} include engineering, computer science, business and management, arts and design, communication studies, social service, and other professional fields. | ||
The traditional degree awarded at a {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} was the ''Diplom (FH)''. Coursework generally totaled six semesters (three years) of full-time study, with various options for specialization. In addition, there were one or two practical training semesters to provide hands-on experience in real working environments. The program concluded, usually after 3.5 – 4 years, with the final examination and a thesis (''Diplomarbeit'') which is usually an extensive project on a current practical or scientific aspect of the profession. | The traditional degree awarded at a {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} was the ''Diplom (FH)''. Coursework generally totaled six semesters (three years) of full-time study, with various options for specialization. In addition, there were one or two practical training semesters to provide hands-on experience in real working environments. The program concluded, usually after 3.5 – 4 years, with the final examination and a thesis (''Diplomarbeit'') which is usually an extensive project on a current practical or scientific aspect of the profession. | ||
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The {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} represents a close relationship between higher education and the employment system. Their practical orientation makes them very attractive to employers.<ref>Studienberatung USA in der Fachhochschule Hannover, an Education USA Student Advising Center for Lower Saxony, affiliated with the U.S. Department of State, Washington, 2006. Adapted from: G. B. Porter, Federal Republic of Germany: a Study of the Educational System of the FRG and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions of the United States. (American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, 1986)</ref> | The {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} represents a close relationship between higher education and the employment system. Their practical orientation makes them very attractive to employers.<ref>Studienberatung USA in der Fachhochschule Hannover, an Education USA Student Advising Center for Lower Saxony, affiliated with the U.S. Department of State, Washington, 2006. Adapted from: G. B. Porter, Federal Republic of Germany: a Study of the Educational System of the FRG and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions of the United States. (American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, 1986)</ref> | ||
Today, | Today, {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} also conduct research. Research projects are either publicly funded or sponsored by industry. Nevertheless, in Germany the right to confer [[doctoral degree]]s is still generally reserved to ''Universitäten''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrk.de/de/download/dateien/HGesetzePromotion2003.pdf |title=Auszüge aus dem Hochschulrahmengesetz der BRD (citings are outdated) |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=German Rectors Conference |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218230245/http://www.hrk.de/de/download/dateien/HGesetzePromotion2003.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2008 }}</ref> In 2016, however, [[Fulda University of Applied Sciences]] became the first {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} to be conferred this right for its graduate center for social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/fulda-erste-fachhochschule-darf-doktortitel-verleihen-a-1115948.html|title=Promotionsrecht: Erste Fachhochschule darf Doktortitel verleihen|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|language=de|access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Several {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} run doctoral programs where the degree itself is awarded by a partner university in Germany or abroad (similar to the doctoral programs in German [[research institute]]s, such as the [[Fraunhofer Society]] or the [[Max Planck Society]]). | ||
There are a few universities, such as [[Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt]] and [[Bundeswehr University Munich]], which run {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} courses in addition to their normal courses. | There are a few universities, such as [[Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt]] and [[Bundeswehr University Munich]], which run {{Lang|de|Fachhochschule}} courses in addition to their normal courses. | ||
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==In Austria== | ==In Austria== | ||
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}} | {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} | ||
The Austrian government decided to establish | The Austrian government decided to establish {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} (FH) in 1990. In the academic year of 2010/11, there were twenty-one institutions officially considered as {{Lang|de|Fachhochschulen}} plus a number of other providers of ''Fachhochschulstudiengängen'' with a total of over 27,000 students. About a third of the 136 ''Fachhochschulstudiengänge'' are organized as part-time courses of studies. | ||
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