Archive:Skype protocol: Difference between revisions

Line 13:

==Peer-to-peer architecture==

Skype was the first [[peer-to-peer]] IP telephony network.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=cs/0412017v1 |title= An analysis of the Skype peer-to-peer Internet telephony protocol |year= 2004 |author1= Salman A. Baset |author2= Henning Schulzrinne |page=11}}</ref> The network contains three types of entities: ''[[Supernode (networking)|supernodes]]'', ordinary nodes, and the login server. Each client maintains a ''host cache'' with the [[IP address]] and port numbers of reachable supernodes. The Skype user directory is decentralized and distributed among the supernodes in the network. Supernodes are grouped into ''slots'' (9–10 supernodes), and slots are grouped into ''blocks'' (8 slots).{{cn}}

Skype was the first [[peer-to-peer]] IP telephony network.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=cs/0412017v1 |title= An analysis of the Skype peer-to-peer Internet telephony protocol |year= 2004 |author1= Salman A. Baset |author2= Henning Schulzrinne |page=11}}</ref> The network contains three types of entities: ''[[Supernode (networking)|supernodes]]'', ordinary nodes, and the login server. Each client maintains a ''host cache'' with the [[IP address]] and port numbers of reachable supernodes. The Skype user directory is decentralized and distributed among the supernodes in the network. Supernodes are grouped into ''slots'' (9–10 supernodes), and slots are grouped into ''blocks'' (8 slots).{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Previously any client with good bandwidth, no restrictions due to [[firewall (networking)|firewall]] or [[network address translation]] (NAT), and adequate processing power could become a supernode. This placed an extra burden on those who connected to the Internet without NAT, as Skype used their computers and Internet connections as third parties for [[UDP hole punching]] (to directly connect two clients both behind NAT) or to completely relay other users' calls. In 2012, Microsoft altered the design of the network, and brought all supernodes under their control as hosted servers in data centres.<ref>{{cite news|last=Branscombe|first=Mary|title=Forget the conspiracy theories: Skype's supernodes belong in the cloud|url=http://www.zdnet.com/forget-the-conspiracy-theories-skypes-supernodes-belong-in-the-cloud-7000001720/|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=500 words into the future (ZDNet)|date=27 July 2012}}</ref> Microsoft at the time defended the move, saying they "believe this approach has immediate performance, scalability and availability benefits for the hundreds of millions of users that make up the Skype community."<ref>{{cite news|title=Skype replaces P2P supernodes with Linux boxes hosted by Microsoft (updated)|url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/05/skype-replaces-p2p-supernodes-with-linux-boxes-hosted-by-microsoft/|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=Ars Technica|date=2 May 2012}}</ref> At the time there was some concern regarding the privacy implications of the change,<ref>{{cite news|last=Kosner|first=Anthony|title=Will Microsoft's Changes To The Architecture Of Skype Make It Easier To Snoop?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2012/07/18/did-microsoft-change-the-architecture-of-skype-to-make-it-easier-to-snoop/|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=Forbes blog|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> which appear to have been proven true with the revelation of the [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] surveillance program in June 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gallagher|first=Ryan|title=Newly Revealed PRISM Snooping Makes Verizon Surveillance Look Like Kids' Stuff|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/06/06/nsa_prism_surveillance_private_data_from_google_microsoft_skype_apple_yahoo.html|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=Slate blog|date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Greenwald|title=NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==Peer-to-peer architecture==
-Skype was the first [[peer-to-peer]] IP telephony network.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=cs/0412017v1 |title= An analysis of the Skype peer-to-peer Internet telephony protocol |year= 2004 |author1= Salman A. Baset |author2= Henning Schulzrinne |page=11}}</ref> The network contains three types of entities: ''[[Supernode (networking)|supernodes]]'', ordinary nodes, and the login server. Each client maintains a ''host cache'' with the [[IP address]] and port numbers of reachable supernodes. The Skype user directory is decentralized and distributed among the supernodes in the network.  Supernodes are grouped into ''slots'' (9–10 supernodes), and slots are grouped into ''blocks'' (8 slots).{{cn}}
+Skype was the first [[peer-to-peer]] IP telephony network.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=cs/0412017v1 |title= An analysis of the Skype peer-to-peer Internet telephony protocol |year= 2004 |author1= Salman A. Baset |author2= Henning Schulzrinne |page=11}}</ref> The network contains three types of entities: ''[[Supernode (networking)|supernodes]]'', ordinary nodes, and the login server. Each client maintains a ''host cache'' with the [[IP address]] and port numbers of reachable supernodes. The Skype user directory is decentralized and distributed among the supernodes in the network.  Supernodes are grouped into ''slots'' (9–10 supernodes), and slots are grouped into ''blocks'' (8 slots).{{cn|date=November 2022}}
 Previously any client with good bandwidth, no restrictions due to [[firewall (networking)|firewall]] or [[network address translation]] (NAT), and adequate processing power could become a supernode. This placed an extra burden on those who connected to the Internet without NAT, as Skype used their computers and Internet connections as third parties for [[UDP hole punching]] (to directly connect two clients both behind NAT) or to completely relay other users' calls. In 2012, Microsoft altered the design of the network, and brought all supernodes under their control as hosted servers in data centres.<ref>{{cite news|last=Branscombe|first=Mary|title=Forget the conspiracy theories: Skype's supernodes belong in the cloud|url=http://www.zdnet.com/forget-the-conspiracy-theories-skypes-supernodes-belong-in-the-cloud-7000001720/|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=500 words into the future (ZDNet)|date=27 July 2012}}</ref>  Microsoft at the time defended the move, saying they "believe this approach has immediate performance, scalability and availability benefits for the hundreds of millions of users that make up the Skype community."<ref>{{cite news|title=Skype replaces P2P supernodes with Linux boxes hosted by Microsoft (updated)|url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/05/skype-replaces-p2p-supernodes-with-linux-boxes-hosted-by-microsoft/|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=Ars Technica|date=2 May 2012}}</ref> At the time there was some concern regarding the privacy implications of the change,<ref>{{cite news|last=Kosner|first=Anthony|title=Will Microsoft's Changes To The Architecture Of Skype Make It Easier To Snoop?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2012/07/18/did-microsoft-change-the-architecture-of-skype-to-make-it-easier-to-snoop/|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=Forbes blog|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> which appear to have been proven true with the revelation of the [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] surveillance program in June 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gallagher|first=Ryan|title=Newly Revealed PRISM Snooping Makes Verizon Surveillance Look Like Kids' Stuff|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/06/06/nsa_prism_surveillance_private_data_from_google_microsoft_skype_apple_yahoo.html|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=Slate blog|date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Greenwald|title=NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

Archive:Skype protocol: Difference between revisions

wikipedia>AnomieBOT