Archive:Tripolitsa massacre: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox civilian attack

| title = Tripolitsa massacre

| image = [[File:Report of Yusuf Aga on the Fall of Tripolitsa and Massacre in October 1821.png|thumb|The report presented by Yusuf Agha, arriving from Anaboli (Nafplio), regarding the fall of Tripolitsa on October 5, 1821, and the massacre that took place in the city.]]

| location = Tripolitsa,Morean peninsula

| target = Muslim and Jewish residents and refugees in the city

| date = {{Start date|1821|09|23}} – October 1821

| fatalities = 8.000-32.000

| perp =Greek rebels }}

The '''Tripolitsa massacre''' ({{langx|tr|Tripoliçe katliamı}}) was the final and largest in a sequence of massacres against Muslims in the Peloponnese during the first months of the revolt.In the three days following the city's capture inhabitants of Tripolitsa were massacred.<ref>Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). ''Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe''. [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. p. 9. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3038-5|<bdi>978-1-4422-3038-5</bdi>]]. <q>The fall of the Turkish fortress of Tripolitsa in the central Morea on October 5, 1821, brought the single worst massacre of the war. ... At least 8,000 Muslims and Jews died at Tripolitsa alone.</q></ref><ref>Katsikas, Stefanos (2021). ''Islam and Nationalism in Modern Greece, 1821–1940''. [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 23. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065200-5|<bdi>978-0-19-065200-5</bdi>]]. <q>One of the worst atrocities, in terms of ferocity and number of victims, took place after the fall of Tripolitsa in September 1821. In the words of Alison Phillips: "the other atrocities of the Greeks paled before the awful scenes which followed the storming of Tripolitsa." In the heart of Morea, home to the Ottoman pasha (governor) of the region, Tripolitsa was estimated to have a population of 15,000 people before the Greek revolution that included 7,000 Muslims and 1,000 Greek-speaking (Romaniote) Jews. With the start of the revolution most of the Orthodox Christians fled the town, and the Muslims of the surrounding regions of Mistras, Bardounia, Leondari and Fanari, along with 9,000 Muslim troops, sought protection inside the walls of the citadel. It is estimated that approximately 25,000 souls were inside the citadel in the summer of 1821. Famine, disease, and fighting had thinned the population, yet it is believed that approximately 8,000 Muslims of every age and sex, but mostly women and children, perished when the Greeks sacked the citadel.</q></ref><ref>Heraclides, Alexis (2011). ''The essence of the Greek–Turkish rivalry: national narrative and identity''. Academic Paper. The London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 15. "On the Greek side, a case in point is the atrocious onslaught of the Greeks and Hellenised Christian Albanians against the city of Tripolitza in October 1821, which is justified by the Greeks ever since as the almost natural and predictable outcome of more than '400 years of slavery and dudgeon'."</ref>Historians estimate that upwards of twenty thousand Muslim men, women and children were killed during this time, often with the exhortation of the local clergy.<ref>William St. Clair (1972) p. 12</ref><ref>Finlay, p. 172</ref><ref>Phillips (1897), pp. 57–61</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=Steven|url=http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/articles/30-F3-Bowman.pdf|title=The Jews in Greece|pages=419–435|author-link=Steven Bowman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219115941/http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/articles/30-F3-Bowman.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2005}}</ref>

=== Background ===

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=== Jews ===

=== ~~Opposition~~ by Greek ~~leaders~~ ===

===Death toll===

The total number of people killed during massacre differs by narattive.

*Theodoros Kolokotronis, the ringleader of the massacre, states that the number of people slaughtered was 32,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kolokotrones |first=Theodoros |editor-last=Edmonds |editor-first=Mrs. |title=Kolokotrones: The Klepht and the Warrior; Sixty Years of Peril and Daring: An Autobiography |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |location=London |year=1892 |pages=135–156, 157–161}}</ref>

*{{Interlanguage link|Edward Blaquière|el|Έντουαρντ Μπλακιέρ}}, who arrived in Greece two years later, estimated around 6,000 dead.<ref>Blaquière, E. (1824). ''The Greek Revolution: Its origin and progress, together with some remarks on the religion, national character, &c. in Greece''. London: G. & W. B. Whittaker, p.{{nbsp}}146</ref>[[Josiah Conder (editor and author)|Josiah Conder]] and Thomas Curtis agreed with that number.<ref>Curtis, T. (1839). "Tripolizza". In ''The London Encyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature and Practical Mechanics'' (Vol. 17, p.{{nbsp}}646). London. </ref><ref>Conder, J. (1830). ''The modern traveller: A description, geographical, historical, and topographical, of the various countries of the globe. Vol. XV: Greece, Vol. I''. London: James Duncan, p.{{nbsp}}142.</ref>

*The French cavalry officer Maurice Persat, who came to the Morea, states in his memoirs published in 1910 that the death toll was 40,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Persat |first=Maurice |editor-last=Schlumberger |editor-first=Gustave |title=Mémoires du Commandant Persat, 1806 à 1844 |publisher=Librairie Plon |location=Paris |year=1910 |language=French}}</ref>

*Greek Historian Dimitris Stathakopulos estimates number of people killed as 10.000<ref>{{cite book |last=Kolokotrones |first=Theodoros |editor-last=Edmonds |editor-first=Mrs. |title=Kolokotrones: The Klepht and the Warrior; Sixty Years of Peril and Daring: An Autobiography |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |location=London |year=1892 |pages=135–156, 157–161}}</ref>

* [[Thomas Gordon (British Army officer)|Thomas Gordon]], who arrived in the city shortly after its fall, estimated it at 8,000.<ref>Finlay, p. 269.</ref> Scholar Aristides N. Hatzis believes this to be the most realistic estimate.<ref name=":3">Hatzis, A. N. (2023). "The absolute barbarians as victims: Moral blame, historical disappointment and Orientalist double standards in rationalizing the Tripolitsa massacre". In N. Christofis, A. Lamprou, & L. Moiras (Eds.), ''The Greek War of Independence and the Ottomans''. Berghahn Books.</ref>

*The Romanian Ottoman historian Nicolae Iorga estimated the death toll at 32,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iorga |first=Nicolae |translator-last=Epçeli |translator-first=Nilüfer |translator2-last=Beydilli |translator2-first=Kemal |title=Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi |trans-title=History of the Ottoman Empire |volume=5 |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2005 |orig-year=1908–1913 |language=Turkish}}</ref>

* Greek historians [[Spyridon Trikoupis]] and [[Ioannis Filimon]], both disavowing the atrocity, estimated the number at 10,000, including former combatants and non-combatants. This number is considered close to the truth by historian Kyriakos Simopoulos.<ref>Σιμόπουλος, Κ. (1979). ''Πώς είδαν οι ξένοι την Ελλάδα του '21: 1821–1822 (Τόμ. Α')''. Αθήνα: Στάχυ. pp.{{nbsp}}278–279, n.{{nbsp}}145</ref>

*The European Philhellene William Henry Humphreys stated that the death toll was 10,000, including women and children.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linner |first=Sture |title=W. H. Humphreys' First "Journal of the Greek War of Independence" (July 1821–February 1822) |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |year=1967}}</ref>

*Historian Theophilus C. Prousis, citing David Brewer, reports that: "Flight, disease, starvation, and death in battle reduced the town’s population by almost one-half (from 30,000 to 15,000 residents). Nearly 8,000 Turks and Albanians died in combat during the siege, while an additional 2,000 non-combatants, mostly women and children, were massacred by Greek forces in a nearby gorge".<ref>Prousis, Theophilus C., "[https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub/13/ Eastern Orthodoxy Under Siege in the Ottoman Levant: A View from Constantinople in 1821]" (2008). History Faculty Publications. 13.</ref>

* [[Hezekiah Niles]] quoted the ''London Courier'' in December 1821: "8,000 Turks bearing arms were put to the sword on the taking of Tripolitza".<ref name=":8">Booth, C. L. (2005). ''Let the American flag wave in the Aegean: America responds to the Greek War of Independence (1821–1824)'' [Doctoral dissertation, New York University]. </ref>

===Assessments===

British historian William St Clair describes the massacre as follows:<blockquote>The Greeks entered the city on October 5th. The city was surrendered to the gangs for two days. More than ten thousand Turks were executed. European officers who witnessed the events described the horrific scenes. Among those captured, those suspected of hiding money were tortured. Their arms and legs were cut off, and they were slowly tortured over fire. Pregnant Turkish women had their bellies slit open, their heads severed, and the heads of dogs stuffed between their legs. Until Kolokontoris entered the city and intervened, from Friday to Sunday, the sky was filled with screams and laughter. One Greek boasted of personally killing 90 people. The Jewish community in the city also suffered systematic torture. Approximately 2,000 captives, mostly women and children, were taken naked to a valley outside the town and killed there. The piles of bones scattered around would still be visible years later. Even weeks after the massacre, starving Turkish children, running desperately among the ruins of the city, were being slaughtered or shot dead by enthusiastic Greeks.The bodies were left where they had been killed. Soon, an unbearable stench of decay filled the city, and flocks of scavenging birds swarmed in. Wild dogs roamed among the burning ruins, feeding on the decaying human corpses. The wells were poisoned by the bodies thrown into them. Soon, cholera broke out. Thousands of Greeks became rich through the looting. Some, taking a few Turkish women as slaves, returned to their villages and retired. In Tripoliçe, piles of blood-stained clothing, weapons, furniture, and everything of value were offered for sale. The prices of those sold as slaves in the city had fallen so low that all but the youngest women were killed. The proceeds were divided among the rebel leaders (captains). However, Kolokotronis received the largest share of the spoils. Kolokotronis carefully set aside his spoils, transporting the jewels, money, and weapons from the Turkish governor's mansion on 52 horses.Kolokotronis became extremely wealthy and sent his money to a bank in the Seven Islands.<ref>Clair, age., s. 44-45; Kurşun, age., s. 109-111.</ref></blockquote>

David Howarth, an author who wrote a work on Greek history, describes the massacre in this way:<blockquote>Within two days, not a single living soul remained in the city where tens of thousands of Turks had lived. Most of them had been killed, their heads, arms, and legs cut off. After this massacre, thousands of Greeks, who were wealthy in their own right, returned to their villages to hide the spoils they had obtained from the looting. The value of the captives had fallen so low that no one wanted to possess them anymore. Because no one buried the dead, an unbearable stench permeated the city of Tripoli, the drinking water was poisoned, and a cholera epidemic broke out. In reality, a Greek might deny what everyone knows, sees, and believes, claiming that such a thing never happened. But they all know from experience that the bandits and pirates, who are presented as national heroes, were in reality mangy, filthy, insatiable thieves. As Lord Byron said, "Greeks lack the ability to grasp reality. Every Greek has an exaggerated opinion of Greeks." Every open-minded traveler like myself cannot help but admire them. This is perhaps the result of sensitivity. I felt indebted to the Greeks for their gentleness. I pondered the reason why their ancestors had suddenly become so ferocious 150 years earlier. The general explanation was the hatred they had awakened in themselves towards the Turks after centuries of Turkish oppression. Therefore, they sought revenge. During the 1821 revolution, the number of foreigners living in Greece was negligible. Therefore, European countries were unaware of what was happening in Greece. Reports sent outside of Greece were prepared by enlightened romantics living in Athens who had not participated in the war, and were thus written in accordance with Greek ideals.<ref>Howarth, age., s. 27-32, 52-56.</ref></blockquote>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Infobox civilian attack
+| title          = Tripolitsa massacre
+| image          = [[File:Report of Yusuf Aga on the Fall of Tripolitsa and Massacre in October 1821.png|thumb|The report presented by Yusuf Agha, arriving from Anaboli (Nafplio), regarding the fall of Tripolitsa on October 5, 1821, and the massacre that took place in the city.]]
+| location       = Tripolitsa,Morean peninsula
+| target         = Muslim and Jewish residents and refugees in the city
+| date           = {{Start date|1821|09|23}} – October 1821
+| fatalities              = 8.000-32.000
+| perp           =Greek rebels }}
 The '''Tripolitsa massacre''' ({{langx|tr|Tripoliçe katliamı}}) was the final and largest in a sequence of massacres against Muslims in the Peloponnese during the first months of the revolt.In the three days following the city's capture inhabitants of Tripolitsa were massacred.<ref>Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). ''Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe''. [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. p.&#x20;9. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3038-5|<bdi>978-1-4422-3038-5</bdi>]]. <q>The fall of the Turkish fortress of Tripolitsa in the central Morea on October 5, 1821, brought the single worst massacre of the war. ... At least 8,000 Muslims and Jews died at Tripolitsa alone.</q></ref><ref>Katsikas, Stefanos (2021). ''Islam and Nationalism in Modern Greece, 1821–1940''. [[Oxford University Press]]. p.&#x20;23. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065200-5|<bdi>978-0-19-065200-5</bdi>]]. <q>One of the worst atrocities, in terms of ferocity and number of victims, took place after the fall of Tripolitsa in September 1821. In the words of Alison Phillips: "the other atrocities of the Greeks paled before the awful scenes which followed the storming of Tripolitsa." In the heart of Morea, home to the Ottoman pasha (governor) of the region, Tripolitsa was estimated to have a population of 15,000 people before the Greek revolution that included 7,000 Muslims and 1,000 Greek-speaking (Romaniote) Jews. With the start of the revolution most of the Orthodox Christians fled the town, and the Muslims of the surrounding regions of Mistras, Bardounia, Leondari and Fanari, along with 9,000 Muslim troops, sought protection inside the walls of the citadel. It is estimated that approximately 25,000 souls were inside the citadel in the summer of 1821. Famine, disease, and fighting had thinned the population, yet it is believed that approximately 8,000 Muslims of every age and sex, but mostly women and children, perished when the Greeks sacked the citadel.</q></ref><ref>Heraclides, Alexis (2011). ''The essence of the Greek–Turkish rivalry: national narrative and identity''. Academic Paper. The London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 15. "On the Greek side, a case in point is the atrocious onslaught of the Greeks and Hellenised Christian Albanians against the city of Tripolitza in October 1821, which is justified by the Greeks ever since as the almost natural and predictable outcome of more than '400 years of slavery and dudgeon'."</ref>Historians estimate that upwards of twenty thousand Muslim men, women and children were killed during this time, often with the exhortation of the local clergy.<ref>William St. Clair (1972) p. 12</ref><ref>Finlay, p. 172</ref><ref>Phillips (1897), pp. 57–61</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=Steven|url=http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/articles/30-F3-Bowman.pdf|title=The Jews in Greece|pages=419–435|author-link=Steven Bowman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219115941/http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/articles/30-F3-Bowman.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2005}}</ref>
 === Background ===
@@ Line 20: / Line 28: @@
 === Jews ===
-=== Opposition by Greek leaders ===
+===Death toll===
+The total number of people killed during massacre differs by narattive.
+*Theodoros Kolokotronis, the ringleader of the massacre, states that the number of people slaughtered was 32,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kolokotrones |first=Theodoros |editor-last=Edmonds |editor-first=Mrs. |title=Kolokotrones: The Klepht and the Warrior; Sixty Years of Peril and Daring: An Autobiography |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |location=London |year=1892 |pages=135–156, 157–161}}</ref>
+*{{Interlanguage link|Edward Blaquière|el|Έντουαρντ Μπλακιέρ}}, who arrived in Greece two years later, estimated around 6,000 dead.<ref>Blaquière, E. (1824). ''The Greek Revolution: Its origin and progress, together with some remarks on the religion, national character, &c. in Greece''. London: G. & W. B. Whittaker, p.{{nbsp}}146</ref>[[Josiah Conder (editor and author)|Josiah Conder]] and Thomas Curtis agreed with that number.<ref>Curtis, T. (1839). "Tripolizza". In ''The London Encyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature and Practical Mechanics'' (Vol. 17, p.{{nbsp}}646). London. </ref><ref>Conder, J. (1830). ''The modern traveller: A description, geographical, historical, and topographical, of the various countries of the globe. Vol. XV: Greece, Vol. I''. London: James Duncan, p.{{nbsp}}142.</ref>
+*The French cavalry officer Maurice Persat, who came to the Morea, states in his memoirs published in 1910 that the death toll was 40,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Persat |first=Maurice |editor-last=Schlumberger |editor-first=Gustave |title=Mémoires du Commandant Persat, 1806 à 1844 |publisher=Librairie Plon |location=Paris |year=1910 |language=French}}</ref>
+*Greek Historian Dimitris Stathakopulos estimates number of people killed as 10.000<ref>{{cite book |last=Kolokotrones |first=Theodoros |editor-last=Edmonds |editor-first=Mrs. |title=Kolokotrones: The Klepht and the Warrior; Sixty Years of Peril and Daring: An Autobiography |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |location=London |year=1892 |pages=135–156, 157–161}}</ref>
+* [[Thomas Gordon (British Army officer)|Thomas Gordon]], who arrived in the city shortly after its fall, estimated it at 8,000.<ref>Finlay, p. 269.</ref> Scholar Aristides N. Hatzis believes this to be the most realistic estimate.<ref name=":3">Hatzis, A. N. (2023). "The absolute barbarians as victims: Moral blame, historical disappointment and Orientalist double standards in rationalizing the Tripolitsa massacre". In N. Christofis, A. Lamprou, & L. Moiras (Eds.), ''The Greek War of Independence and the Ottomans''. Berghahn Books.</ref>
+*The Romanian Ottoman historian Nicolae Iorga estimated the death toll at 32,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iorga |first=Nicolae |translator-last=Epçeli |translator-first=Nilüfer |translator2-last=Beydilli |translator2-first=Kemal |title=Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi |trans-title=History of the Ottoman Empire |volume=5 |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2005 |orig-year=1908–1913 |language=Turkish}}</ref>
+* Greek historians [[Spyridon Trikoupis]] and [[Ioannis Filimon]], both disavowing the atrocity, estimated the number at 10,000, including former combatants and non-combatants. This number is considered close to the truth by historian Kyriakos Simopoulos.<ref>Σιμόπουλος, Κ. (1979). ''Πώς είδαν οι ξένοι την Ελλάδα του '21: 1821–1822 (Τόμ. Α')''. Αθήνα: Στάχυ. pp.{{nbsp}}278–279, n.{{nbsp}}145</ref>
+*The European Philhellene William Henry Humphreys stated that the death toll was 10,000, including women and children.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linner |first=Sture |title=W. H. Humphreys' First "Journal of the Greek War of Independence" (July 1821–February 1822) |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |year=1967}}</ref>
+*Historian Theophilus C. Prousis, citing David Brewer, reports that: "Flight, disease, starvation, and death in battle reduced the town’s population by almost one-half (from 30,000 to 15,000 residents). Nearly 8,000 Turks and Albanians died in combat during the siege, while an additional 2,000 non-combatants, mostly women and children, were massacred by Greek forces in a nearby gorge".<ref>Prousis, Theophilus C., "[https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub/13/ Eastern Orthodoxy Under Siege in the Ottoman Levant: A View from Constantinople in 1821]" (2008). History Faculty Publications. 13.</ref>
+* [[Hezekiah Niles]] quoted the ''London Courier'' in December 1821: "8,000 Turks bearing arms were put to the sword on the taking of Tripolitza".<ref name=":8">Booth, C. L. (2005). ''Let the American flag wave in the Aegean: America responds to the Greek War of Independence (1821–1824)'' [Doctoral dissertation, New York University]. </ref>
+===Assessments===
+British historian William St Clair describes the massacre as follows:<blockquote>The Greeks entered the city on October 5th. The city was surrendered to the gangs for two days. More than ten thousand Turks were executed. European officers who witnessed the events described the horrific scenes. Among those captured, those suspected of hiding money were tortured. Their arms and legs were cut off, and they were slowly tortured over fire. Pregnant Turkish women had their bellies slit open, their heads severed, and the heads of dogs stuffed between their legs. Until Kolokontoris entered the city and intervened, from Friday to Sunday, the sky was filled with screams and laughter. One Greek boasted of personally killing 90 people. The Jewish community in the city also suffered systematic torture. Approximately 2,000 captives, mostly women and children, were taken naked to a valley outside the town and killed there. The piles of bones scattered around would still be visible years later. Even weeks after the massacre, starving Turkish children, running desperately among the ruins of the city, were being slaughtered or shot dead by enthusiastic Greeks.The bodies were left where they had been killed. Soon, an unbearable stench of decay filled the city, and flocks of scavenging birds swarmed in. Wild dogs roamed among the burning ruins, feeding on the decaying human corpses. The wells were poisoned by the bodies thrown into them. Soon, cholera broke out. Thousands of Greeks became rich through the looting. Some, taking a few Turkish women as slaves, returned to their villages and retired. In Tripoliçe, piles of blood-stained clothing, weapons, furniture, and everything of value were offered for sale. The prices of those sold as slaves in the city had fallen so low that all but the youngest women were killed. The proceeds were divided among the rebel leaders (captains). However, Kolokotronis received the largest share of the spoils. Kolokotronis carefully set aside his spoils, transporting the jewels, money, and weapons from the Turkish governor's mansion on 52 horses.Kolokotronis became extremely wealthy and sent his money to a bank in the Seven Islands.<ref>Clair, age., s. 44-45; Kurşun, age., s. 109-111.</ref></blockquote>
+David Howarth, an author who wrote a work on Greek history, describes the massacre in this way:<blockquote>Within two days, not a single living soul remained in the city where tens of thousands of Turks had lived. Most of them had been killed, their heads, arms, and legs cut off. After this massacre, thousands of Greeks, who were wealthy in their own right, returned to their villages to hide the spoils they had obtained from the looting. The value of the captives had fallen so low that no one wanted to possess them anymore. Because no one buried the dead, an unbearable stench permeated the city of Tripoli, the drinking water was poisoned, and a cholera epidemic broke out. In reality, a Greek might deny what everyone knows, sees, and believes, claiming that such a thing never happened. But they all know from experience that the bandits and pirates, who are presented as national heroes, were in reality mangy, filthy, insatiable thieves. As Lord Byron said, "Greeks lack the ability to grasp reality. Every Greek has an exaggerated opinion of Greeks." Every open-minded traveler like myself cannot help but admire them. This is perhaps the result of sensitivity. I felt indebted to the Greeks for their gentleness. I pondered the reason why their ancestors had suddenly become so ferocious 150 years earlier. The general explanation was the hatred they had awakened in themselves towards the Turks after centuries of Turkish oppression. Therefore, they sought revenge. During the 1821 revolution, the number of foreigners living in Greece was negligible. Therefore, European countries were unaware of what was happening in Greece. Reports sent outside of Greece were prepared by enlightened romantics living in Athens who had not participated in the war, and were thus written in accordance with Greek ideals.<ref>Howarth, age., s. 27-32, 52-56.</ref></blockquote>

Archive:Tripolitsa massacre: Difference between revisions

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