Hindi/Plurals and postpositions: Difference between revisions
wikademia>Mozzie New page: ==Plurals== Singular nouns are nouns that describe one object or thing. One dog, one idea. Plurals nouns describe more than onte thing Two dogs, two ideas. Hindi forms plurals by modifyi... |
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Hindi forms plurals by modifying the end of a noun, just like English adds an s to the end of a noun. However, in Hindi there are four different ways of forming a plural depending on the gender of a noun and its ending (type 1 or 2). | Hindi forms plurals by modifying the end of a noun, just like English adds an s to the end of a noun. However, in Hindi there are four different ways of forming a plural depending on the gender of a noun and its ending (type 1 or 2). | ||
'''Masculine Nouns''' | '''Masculine Nouns''' | ||
'''Type 1''' | '''Type 1''' | ||
Type 1 masculine nouns form plurals by changing the आ ''ā'' into an ए ''e'': | Type 1 masculine nouns form plurals by changing the आ ''ā'' into an ए ''e'': | ||
लड़्का ''laṛkā'' boy | लड़्का ''laṛkā'' boy | ||
लड़्के ''laṛke'' boys | लड़्के ''laṛke'' boys | ||
कुरता ''kurtā'' an indian collarless shirt | कुरता ''kurtā'' an indian collarless shirt | ||
कुरते ''kurte'' kurtas/shirts | कुरते ''kurte'' kurtas/shirts | ||
'''Type 2''' | '''Type 2''' | ||
The plural form of type 2 masculine is the same as the singular: | The plural form of type 2 masculine is the same as the singular: | ||
आम ''ām'' mango, mangoes | आम ''ām'' mango, mangoes | ||
गाँव ''găv'' village, vilages | गाँव ''găv'' village, vilages | ||
'''Feminine Nouns''' | '''Feminine Nouns''' | ||
'''Type 1'' | '''Type 1''' | ||
Type 1 feminine nouns form plurals by replacing ई ''ī'' with इयाँ ''iyă'': | Type 1 feminine nouns form plurals by replacing ई ''ī'' with इयाँ ''iyă'': | ||
लड़्की ''laṛkī'' girl | लड़्की ''laṛkī'' girl | ||
लड़कियाँ ''laṛkiyă'' girls | लड़कियाँ ''laṛkiyă'' girls | ||
साड़ी ''saṛī'' sari | साड़ी ''saṛī'' sari | ||
साड़ियाँ ''saṛiyă'' saris | साड़ियाँ ''saṛiyă'' saris | ||
''Type 2'' | |||
'''Type 2''' | |||
Type 2 feminine nouns form plurals by ading एँ ''ẽ'' to the end. | Type 2 feminine nouns form plurals by ading एँ ''ẽ'' to the end. | ||
औरत ''aurat'' lady, woman | औरत ''aurat'' lady, woman | ||
औरतें ''auratẽ'' ladies, women | औरतें ''auratẽ'' ladies, women | ||
बस ''bas'' bus | बस ''bas'' bus | ||
बसें ''basẽ'' buses | बसें ''basẽ'' buses | ||
==Postpositions== | ==Postpositions== | ||
Postpositions are words that come after a noun to indicate a relationship to something else. (English uses prepositions which come before the word). These are words such as, in, before, about, with. Some examples | Postpositions are words that come after a noun to indicate a relationship to something else. (English uses prepositions which come before the word). These are words such as, in, before, about, with. Some examples: | ||
को ''ko'' to | को ''ko'' to | ||
में ''mẽ'' in | में ''mẽ'' in | ||
से ''se'' of, with | से ''se'' of, with | ||
पर ''par'' on | पर ''par'' on | ||
तक ''tak'' up to | तक ''tak'' up to | ||
Hindi also uses more complex prepositions beginning with के ke: | Hindi also uses more complex prepositions beginning with के ke: | ||
के पस ''ke pas'' near | |||
के पस ''ke pas'' near | |||
ले लिए ''ke lie'' for | ले लिए ''ke lie'' for | ||
के बारे में ''ke bāre mẽ'' about | के बारे में ''ke bāre mẽ'' about | ||
के अंदर ''ke andar'' inside | के अंदर ''ke andar'' inside | ||
के बद ''ke bad'' after | के बद ''ke bad'' after | ||
के बिना ''ke binā'' without | के बिना ''ke binā'' without | ||
के साथ ''ke sath'' with | के साथ ''ke sath'' with | ||
के ऊपर ''ke ūpar'' on top of | के ऊपर ''ke ūpar'' on top of | ||
The nouns that postpositions act on must be put into a new case, called the oblique case. The oblique case has two endings for singular and plural nouns: | |||
The nouns that postpositions act on must be put into a new case, called the oblique case. (Note: the case previously considered is called the accusative case) The oblique case has two endings for singular and plural nouns: | |||
'''Masculine Nouns''' | '''Masculine Nouns''' | ||
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लड़का ''laṛkā'' boy | लड़का ''laṛkā'' boy | ||
लड़के को ''laṛke ko'' to the boy | लड़के को ''laṛke ko'' to the boy | ||
लड़कों को ''laṛkõ ko'' to the boys | लड़कों को ''laṛkõ ko'' to the boys | ||
कुरता ''kurtā'' an indian collarless shirt | कुरता ''kurtā'' an indian collarless shirt | ||
कुरते के पस ''kurte ke pas'' near the kurta | कुरते के पस ''kurte ke pas'' near the kurta | ||
कुरतों के पस ''kurtõ ke pas'' near the kurtas | कुरतों के पस ''kurtõ ke pas'' near the kurtas | ||
'''Type 2''' | '''Type 2''' | ||
आम ''ām'' mango | आम ''ām'' mango | ||
आम से ''ām se'' with a mango | आम से ''ām se'' with a mango | ||
आमों से ''āmõ se'' with mangoes | आमों से ''āmõ se'' with mangoes | ||
गाँव ''găv'' village, vilages | गाँव ''găv'' village, vilages | ||
गाँव में ''găv mẽ'' in the village | गाँव में ''găv mẽ'' in the village | ||
गाँवों में ''găvõ mẽ'' in the vilages | गाँवों में ''găvõ mẽ'' in the vilages | ||
'''Feminine Nouns''' | '''Feminine Nouns''' | ||
'''Type 1'' | '''Type 1''' | ||
लड़की ''laṛkī'' girl | लड़की ''laṛkī'' girl | ||
लड़की के बद 'laṛkī ke bad'' after the girl | लड़की के बद 'laṛkī ke bad'' after the girl | ||
लड़कियों के बद ''laṛkiyõ ke bad'' after the girls | लड़कियों के बद ''laṛkiyõ ke bad'' after the girls | ||
साड़ी ''saṛī'' sari | साड़ी ''saṛī'' sari | ||
साड़ी के ऊपर ''saṛī ke ūpar'' on top of the sari | साड़ी के ऊपर ''saṛī ke ūpar'' on top of the sari | ||
साड़ियों के ऊपर ''saṛiyõ ke ūpar'' on top of the saris | साड़ियों के ऊपर ''saṛiyõ ke ūpar'' on top of the saris | ||
' | |||
Type 2 | '''Type 2''' | ||
औरत ''aurat'' lady, woman | औरत ''aurat'' lady, woman | ||
औरत के लिए ''aurat'' lfor the woman | औरत के लिए ''aurat'' lfor the woman | ||
औरतओं के लिए ''auratõ ke lie'' for the women | औरतओं के लिए ''auratõ ke lie'' for the women | ||
बस ''bas'' bus | बस ''bas'' bus | ||
बस के आंदर ''bas ke andar'' inside the bus | बस के आंदर ''bas ke andar'' inside the bus | ||
बसों के आंदर ''basõ ke andar'' inside the buses | बसों के आंदर ''basõ ke andar'' inside the buses | ||
The pattern here might look complicated, but there are some straightforward rules: | |||
*Masculine type 1 nouns change by removing ā from the end and adding a letter | |||
*Feminine type 2 nouns change by removing ī and adding iy + a letter | |||
*All type 2 nouns change by adding a letter to th end | |||
*In the accusative plural masculine type 1 nouns add e, feminine type one add ă, and feminine type 2 add ẽ. Masculine type 2 nouns do not change. | |||
*Only masculine type 1 nouns change in the singular oblique, adding e just like the plural. | |||
*All nouns add õ in the plural oblique. | |||
* | |||
*In the singular oblique, only type 1 masculine nouns change, and are the same as the | |||
==Excercises== | ==Excercises== | ||
Revision as of 07:13, 28 February 2008
Plurals
Singular nouns are nouns that describe one object or thing. One dog, one idea. Plurals nouns describe more than onte thing Two dogs, two ideas.
Hindi forms plurals by modifying the end of a noun, just like English adds an s to the end of a noun. However, in Hindi there are four different ways of forming a plural depending on the gender of a noun and its ending (type 1 or 2).
Masculine Nouns
Type 1
Type 1 masculine nouns form plurals by changing the आ ā into an ए e:
लड़्का laṛkā boy
लड़्के laṛke boys
कुरता kurtā an indian collarless shirt
कुरते kurte kurtas/shirts
Type 2
The plural form of type 2 masculine is the same as the singular:
आम ām mango, mangoes
गाँव găv village, vilages
Feminine Nouns
Type 1
Type 1 feminine nouns form plurals by replacing ई ī with इयाँ iyă:
लड़्की laṛkī girl
लड़कियाँ laṛkiyă girls
साड़ी saṛī sari
साड़ियाँ saṛiyă saris
Type 2
Type 2 feminine nouns form plurals by ading एँ ẽ to the end.
औरत aurat lady, woman
औरतें auratẽ ladies, women
बस bas bus
बसें basẽ buses
Postpositions
Postpositions are words that come after a noun to indicate a relationship to something else. (English uses prepositions which come before the word). These are words such as, in, before, about, with. Some examples:
को ko to
में mẽ in
से se of, with
पर par on
तक tak up to
Hindi also uses more complex prepositions beginning with के ke:
के पस ke pas near
ले लिए ke lie for
के बारे में ke bāre mẽ about
के अंदर ke andar inside
के बद ke bad after
के बिना ke binā without
के साथ ke sath with
के ऊपर ke ūpar on top of
The nouns that postpositions act on must be put into a new case, called the oblique case. (Note: the case previously considered is called the accusative case) The oblique case has two endings for singular and plural nouns:
Masculine Nouns
Type 1
लड़का laṛkā boy
लड़के को laṛke ko to the boy
लड़कों को laṛkõ ko to the boys
कुरता kurtā an indian collarless shirt
कुरते के पस kurte ke pas near the kurta
कुरतों के पस kurtõ ke pas near the kurtas
Type 2
आम ām mango
आम से ām se with a mango
आमों से āmõ se with mangoes
गाँव găv village, vilages
गाँव में găv mẽ in the village
गाँवों में găvõ mẽ in the vilages
Feminine Nouns
Type 1
लड़की laṛkī girl
लड़की के बद 'laṛkī ke bad after the girl
लड़कियों के बद laṛkiyõ ke bad after the girls
साड़ी saṛī sari
साड़ी के ऊपर saṛī ke ūpar on top of the sari
साड़ियों के ऊपर saṛiyõ ke ūpar on top of the saris
Type 2
औरत aurat lady, woman
औरत के लिए aurat lfor the woman
औरतओं के लिए auratõ ke lie for the women
बस bas bus
बस के आंदर bas ke andar inside the bus
बसों के आंदर basõ ke andar inside the buses
The pattern here might look complicated, but there are some straightforward rules:
- Masculine type 1 nouns change by removing ā from the end and adding a letter
- Feminine type 2 nouns change by removing ī and adding iy + a letter
- All type 2 nouns change by adding a letter to th end
- In the accusative plural masculine type 1 nouns add e, feminine type one add ă, and feminine type 2 add ẽ. Masculine type 2 nouns do not change.
- Only masculine type 1 nouns change in the singular oblique, adding e just like the plural.
- All nouns add õ in the plural oblique.
- In the singular oblique, only type 1 masculine nouns change, and are the same as the