Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:14, 8 July 2014

Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (Template:Lang-uk) is a former historic government office and political institution of Cossack Hetmanate (Zaporizhian Host) that is equivalent to a head of state.

Brief history

As a head of state the position was established at first by Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Cossack Hetmanate in the mid 17th century. During that period the office was electoral. All elections except for the first one were adapted by the Senior Council in Chyhyryn which until 1669 served the capital of Hetmanate.

Since the council in Pereyaslav of 1654 several senior cossacks sided with the Tsardom of Russia and in 1663 they staged "Black Council" (Chorna Rada) in Nizhyn which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman. Since the defeat of Petro Doroshenko in 1669 the Hetman title was adapted by pro-Russian elected hetmans who resided in Baturyn. In the course of the Great Northern War one of them, Ivan Mazepa, decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708 which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the Zaporizhian Host. The administration was moved to Hlukhiv where the Mazepa's doll was publicly executed and anathema was laid against him by the Russian Orthodox Church. Later in the late 18th century it was successfully disbanded by the Russian government during the expansion of the Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.

List of office holders

Template:More

#	Hetman		Elected (event)	Took office	Left office
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 1		Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1596–1657) Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький	1648 (Sich)	26 January 1648	6 August 1657	died
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 2		Yurii Khmelnytsky (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький	death of his father	6 August 1657	27 August 1657	reconsidered by the Council of Officers
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 3		Ivan Vyhovsky (????–1664) Іван Виговський	1657 (Korsun)	27 August 1657 (confirmed: 21 October 1657)	11 September 1659	surrendered title
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 4		Yurii Khmelnytsky (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький	1659 (Hermanivka)	11 September 1659 (confirmed: 11 September 1659)	October 1662	surrendered title
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| x		Pavlo Teteria (1620?–1670) Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський	1662 (Chyhyryn)	October 1662	July 1665	(legitimacy questioned)
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 5		Ivan Briukhovetsky (1623–1668) Іван Брюховецький	1663 (Nizhyn)	27 June 1663 (confirmed: 27 June 1663)	17 June 1668	died
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 6		Petro Doroshenko (1627–1698) Петро Дорошенко	1666 (Chyhyryn)	10 October 1665 (confirmed: January 1666)	19 September 1676	surrendered to Ivan Samoylovych
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| x	File:Sample.jpg	Demian Mnohohrishny (1631–1703) Дем'ян Многогрішний	1669 (Hlukhiv)	17 December 1668 (confirmed: 3 March 1669)	April 1672	arrested and exiled to Siberia
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 7	File:Ivan Samoylovych.png	Ivan Samoylovych (1630s–1690) Іван Самойлович	1672 (Cossack Grove)	17 June 1672	August 1687	arrested and exiled to Siberia
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 8		Ivan Mazepa (1627–1698) Іван Мазепа	1687 (Kolomak)	4 August 1687	6 November 1708	"stripped" of a title, discredited
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 9		Ivan Skoropadsky (1646–1722) Іван Скоропадський	1708 (Hlukhiv)	6 November 1708	14 July 1722	died
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| X	File:Sample.jpg	Pavlo Polubotok (1660–1724) Павло Полуботок	appointed hetman	1722	1724	died in prison
Collegium of Little Russia (Stepan Velyaminov) 1722-1727
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 10		Danylo Apostol (1654–1734) Данило Апостол	1727 (Hlukhiv)	12 October 1727	29 March 1734	died
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| X	File:Sample.jpg	Yakiv Lyzohub (1675–1749) Яків Лизогуб	appointed hetman	1733	1749	died
provisional Hetman Government Administration 1734-1745
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"\| 11		Kyrylo Rozumovsky (1728–1803) Кирило Розумовський	1750 (Hlukhiv)	22 February 1750	1764	resigned
Collegium of Little Russia 1764-1786 (Pyotr Rumyantsev)

Some historians among which is Mykola Arkas^[1] question legitimacy of the Teteria's elections accusing the later in corruption.^[2] Also some sources claim election of Teteria being taken place in January of 1663.^[3] The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by bigger number of unrest in the modern region of Kirovohrad Oblast as well as Polesie (all in the Right-bank Ukraine).^[4] Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both bank of Dnieper River.^[4] Coincidentally, on January 10, 1663 the Tsardom of Muscovy created the new Little Russian Office (Prikaz) within its Ambassadorial Office.

Vouched by Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel, Yuriy Khmelnytsky was freed from the Ottoman captivity, appointed and along with Pasha Ibragim was sent to Ukraine fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681 Mehmed IV appointed George Ducas the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.

Following the anathema on Mazepa and the election of Ivan Skoropadsky, Cossack Hetmanate was included into the Russian Government of Kiev in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the Hetman elections were disrupted and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely titles, first to Moldavian nobleman and later to the Russian Empress favorite.

On 5 April 1710 the council of cossacks, veterans of the battle at Poltava, elected Pylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla warfare at the southern borders of the Russian Empire with the support from Ottoman and Swedish empires.

External links

Shcherbak, V. Institution of Hetmans. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev 2004
Hetman. Encyclopedia of Ukraine.

↑ Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).
↑ Lohvyn, Yu. Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine. "Merry Alphabet".
↑ Pavlo Teteria. History of the Great Nation.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Horobets, V. Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s-1660s. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "Naukova Dumka", 2004.

[1] Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).

[2] Lohvyn, Yu. Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine. "Merry Alphabet".

[3] Pavlo Teteria. History of the Great Nation.

[civil_war-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Horobets, V. Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s-1660s. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "Naukova Dumka", 2004.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ==List of office holders==
-===Initial holders===
+{{more|Hetman of Zaporizhian Host}}
 {| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
 ! #
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 | width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
 | '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]'''<br><small>(1641–1685)</small><br>Юрій Хмельницький
-| [[Cossack Council, 1657|1657]] (Chyhyryn)
+| death of his father
-| 6 August 1657<br><small>(confirmed: 27 August 1657)</small><br><small>(confirmed: 11 September 1659)</small>
+| 6 August 1657
-| October 1662
+| 27 August 1657
-| resigned
+| reconsidered by the Council of Officers
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| X
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 3
-| width="50px"|
+| width="50px"| [[File:Iwan Wyhowski.PNG|100px]]
-| '''[[Ivan Vyhovsky]]'''<br><small>(16??–1664)</small><br>
+| '''[[Ivan Vyhovsky]]'''<br><small>(????–1664)</small><br>Іван Виговський
-| [[Korsun Cossack Council, 1657|1657]] ([[Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi|Korsun]])
+| [[Cossack Council, 1657|1657]] (Korsun)
-| <small>(confirmed: 6 November 1657)</small>
+| 27 August 1657<br><small>(confirmed: 21 October 1657)</small>
 | 11 September 1659
-| elected temporarily for three years; resigned
+| surrendered title
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 3
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 4
-| width="50px" | [[File:TETERYA.jpg|100px]]
+| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
-| '''[[Pavlo Teteria]]'''<br><small>(1620?–1670)</small><br>Павло Тетеря
+| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]'''<br><small>(1641–1685)</small><br>Юрій Хмельницький
+| [[Cossack Council, 1659|1659]] (Hermanivka)
+| 11 September 1659<br><small>(confirmed: 11 September 1659)</small>
+| October 1662
+| surrendered title
+|-bgcolor=silver
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| x
+|
+| '''[[Pavlo Teteria]]'''<br><small>(1620?–1670)</small><br>Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський
 | [[Cossack Council, 1662|1662]] (Chyhyryn)
-| October 1662<br><small>(confirmed: 2 January 1663)</small>
+| October 1662
 | July 1665
-| resigned
+| (legitimacy questioned)
+|-
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 5
+| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan_Briukhovetsky.png|100px]]
+| '''[[Ivan Briukhovetsky]]'''<br><small>(1623–1668)</small><br>Іван Брюховецький
+| [[Chorna rada of 1663|1663]] (Nizhyn)
+| 27 June 1663<br><small>(confirmed: 27 June 1663)</small>
+| 17 June 1668
+| died
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 4
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 6
 | width="50px" | [[File:Petro Doroshenko 19.jpg|100px]]
 | '''[[Petro Doroshenko]]'''<br><small>(1627–1698)</small><br>Петро Дорошенко
@@ Line 76: / Line 92: @@
 | 19 September 1676
 | surrendered to [[Ivan Samoylovych]]
-|}
-In 1657 [[Ivan Vyhovsky]] being a regent to young Yuriy Khmelnytsky was officially elected as the Hetman for the next three years. He surrendered the title in 1659 due to a public pressure.
-In 1669 [[Petro Doroshenko]] received a title of [[Sanjak-bey]] from [[Mehmed IV]]. The Appointed Hetman [[Mykhailo Khanenko]] was elected the Hetman of Ukraine by a council of Sukhoviy's Cossacks in [[Uman]] to depose Doroshenko. In 1675 [[John III Sobieski]] awarded the title to some [[Ostap Hohol]] (died in 1679). Same thing happened in 1683 when [[John III Sobieski]] awarded the title to [[Stefan Kunicki]] and in 1684 to [[Andriy Mohyla]]. Those awards were given during the [[Great Turkish War]].
-===Russia's appointed hetmans===
-{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
-! #
-! ##
-! colspan=2 | Hetman
-! Elected (event)
-! Took office
-! Left office
-!
 |-bgcolor=silver
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 1
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| x
-| colspan="2" width="50px" | [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]
+| width="50px"| [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]
-| '''[[Ivan Briukhovetsky]]'''<br><small>(1623–1668)</small><br>Іван Брюховецький
-| [[Chorna rada of 1663|1663]] (Nizhyn)
-| 27 June 1663
-| 17 June 1668
-| killed by the Doroshenko Guard
-|-bgcolor=silver
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 2
-| colspan="2" width="50px"| [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]
 | '''[[Demian Mnohohrishny]]'''<br><small>(1631–1703)</small><br>Дем'ян Многогрішний
 | 1669 (Hlukhiv)
@@ Line 108: / Line 101: @@
 | arrested and exiled to Siberia
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 3
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 7
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 5
 | width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Samoylovych.png|100px]]
 | '''[[Ivan Samoylovych]]'''<br><small>(1630s–1690)</small><br>Іван Самойлович
@@ Line 117: / Line 109: @@
 | arrested and exiled to Siberia
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 4
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 8
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 6
 | width="50px" | [[File:Portret Mazepa.jpg|100px]]
 | '''[[Ivan Mazepa]]'''<br><small>(1627–1698)</small><br>Іван Мазепа
@@ Line 126: / Line 117: @@
 | "stripped" of a title, discredited
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 5
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 9
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 7
 | width="50px" | [[File:I.Skoropadsky.jpg|100px]]
 | '''[[Ivan Skoropadsky]]'''<br><small>(1646–1722)</small><br>Іван Скоропадський
@@ Line 136: / Line 126: @@
 |-bgcolor=silver
 ! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| X
-| colspan="2" width="50px" | [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]
+| width="50px" | [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]
 | '''[[Pavlo Polubotok]]'''<br><small>(1660–1724)</small><br>Павло Полуботок
 | appointed hetman
 | 1722
 | 1724
-| died
+| died in prison
 |- bgcolor=grey
-| colspan="8"|[[Collegium of Little Russia (1722-27)|Collegium of Little Russia]] ([[:ru:Вельяминов, Степан Лукич|Stepan Velyaminov]]) 1722-1727
+| colspan="7"|[[Collegium of Little Russia (1722-27)|Collegium of Little Russia]] ([[Stepan Velyaminov]]) 1722-1727
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 6
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 10
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 8
 | width="50px" | [[File:Danylo Apostol.png|100px]]
 | '''[[Danylo Apostol]]'''<br><small>(1654–1734)</small><br>Данило Апостол
@@ Line 155: / Line 144: @@
 |-bgcolor=silver
 ! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| X
-| colspan="2" width="50px" | [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]
+| width="50px" | [[File:sample.jpg|100px]]
-| '''[[:ru:Лизогуб, Яков Ефимович|Yakiv Lyzohub]]'''<br><small>(1675–1749)</small><br>Яків Лизогуб
+| '''[[Yakiv Lyzohub]]'''<br><small>(1675–1749)</small><br>Яків Лизогуб
 | appointed hetman
 | 1733
@@ Line 162: / Line 151: @@
 | died
 |- bgcolor=grey
-| colspan="8"|provisional Hetman Government Administration 1734-1745
+| colspan="7"|provisional Hetman Government Administration 1734-1745
 |-
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 7
+! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 11
-! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}"| 9
 | width="50px" | [[File:Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|100px]]
 | '''[[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]]'''<br><small>(1728–1803)</small><br>Кирило Розумовський
@@ Line 171: / Line 159: @@
 | 22 February 1750
 | 1764
-| resign
+| resigned
 |- bgcolor=grey
-| colspan="8"|[[Collegium (ministry)|Collegium]] of Little Russia 1764-1786
+| colspan="7"|[[Collegium (ministry)|Collegium]] of Little Russia 1764-1786 ([[Pyotr Rumyantsev]])
 |}
-In support of the Poltava regiment uprising (Barabash-Pushkar Mutiny), Grigory Romadanovsky awarded the title of Appointed Hetman to [[Ivan Bezpaly]]. In 1663 in the city of [[Nizhyn]] a big cossack council was set up to elect the new Hetman of Ukraine, after which the winner of the elections Ivan Briukhovetsky slain his main rival [[Yakym Somko]].
+Some historians among which is [[Mykola Arkas]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707192952/http://pidruchniki.ws/20080215/istoriya/pavlo_teterya_getman_pravoberezhnoyi_ukrayini Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine]. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).</ref> question legitimacy of the Teteria's elections accusing the later in corruption.<ref>Lohvyn, Yu. ''[http://abetka.ukrlife.org/logvin/l_teteria.htm Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine]''. "Merry Alphabet".</ref> Also some sources claim election of Teteria being taken place in January of 1663.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140601013025/http://litopys.com.ua/encyclopedia/vidatn-storichn-postat-dobi-ru-ni/pavlo-teterya/ Pavlo Teteria]. History of the Great Nation.</ref> The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by bigger number of unrest in the modern region of [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] as well as [[Polesie]] (all in the [[Right-bank Ukraine]]).<ref name=civil_war/> Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar&ndash;Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both bank of [[Dnieper River]].<ref name=civil_war>Horobets, V. ''[http://history.org.ua/index.php?termin=Gromad_vijny_v_Ukr Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s-1660s]''. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "[[Naukova Dumka]]", 2004.</ref> Coincidentally, on January 10, 1663 the [[Tsardom of Muscovy]] created the new [[Little Russian Office]] ([[Prikaz]]) within its Ambassadorial Office.
 Vouched by [[Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel]], [[Yuriy Khmelnytsky]] was freed from the Ottoman captivity, appointed and along with Pasha Ibragim was sent to Ukraine fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681 [[Mehmed IV]] appointed [[George Ducas]] the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.

Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host: Difference between revisions

wikipedia>Aleksandr Grigoryev

Revision as of 22:14, 8 July 2014

Brief history

List of office holders

See also

Further reading

External links