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'''[[Global surveillance]]''' refers to the practice of [[globalization|globalized]] [[mass surveillance]] on entire populations across national borders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Webb|first=Maureen|title=Illusions of Security: Global Surveillance and Democracy in the Post-9/11 World|year=2007|publisher=[[City Lights Books]]|location=San Francisco|isbn=0872864766|edition=1. ed.}}</ref> Although its existence was first revealed in the 1970s, it did not receive much public attention until the existence of '''[[ECHELON]]''' was revealed in the 1980s and confirmed in the 1990s.<ref name="echelon"/> In 2013, it gained worldwide media attention due to the [[global surveillance disclosure]] by [[Edward Snowden]].<ref name="gellman12wapo">{{cite web|last=[[Barton Gellman]]|title=Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission’s accomplished|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/edward-snowden-after-months-of-nsa-revelations-says-his-missions-accomplished/2013/12/23/49fc36de-6c1c-11e3-a523-fe73f0ff6b8d_story.html|date=24 December 2013|publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]''|accessdate=25 December 2013|quote=Taken together, the revelations have brought to light a global surveillance system that cast off many of its historical restraints after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Secret legal authorities empowered the NSA to sweep in the telephone, Internet and location records of whole populations.}}</ref>
'''[[Global surveillance]]''' refers to the practice of [[globalization|globalized]] [[mass surveillance]] on entire populations across national borders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Webb|first=Maureen|title=Illusions of Security: Global Surveillance and Democracy in the Post-9/11 World|year=2007|publisher=[[City Lights Books]]|location=San Francisco|isbn=0872864766|edition=1. ed.}}</ref> Although its existence was first revealed in the 1970s, it did not receive much public attention until the existence of '''[[ECHELON]]''' was revealed in the 1980s and confirmed in the 1990s.<ref name="echelon"/> In 2013, it gained worldwide media attention due to the [[global surveillance disclosure]] by [[Edward Snowden]].<ref name="gellman12wapo">{{cite news|last=[[Barton Gellman]]|title=Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission’s accomplished|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/edward-snowden-after-months-of-nsa-revelations-says-his-missions-accomplished/2013/12/23/49fc36de-6c1c-11e3-a523-fe73f0ff6b8d_story.html|date=24 December 2013|publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]''|accessdate=25 December 2013|quote=Taken together, the revelations have brought to light a global surveillance system that cast off many of its historical restraints after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Secret legal authorities empowered the NSA to sweep in the telephone, Internet and location records of whole populations.}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|1975}}''' |event= The [[Church Committee]] revealed the existence of the [[National Security Agency|NSA]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Schorr|first=Daniel|title=A Brief History of the NSA|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=29 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ewen MacAskill, Julian Borger and Glenn Greenwald|title=The National Security Agency: surveillance giant with eyes on America|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/national-security-agency-surveillance|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=6 June 2013}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|1975}}''' |event= The [[Church Committee]] revealed the existence of the [[National Security Agency|NSA]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Schorr|first=Daniel|title=A Brief History of the NSA|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=29 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ewen MacAskill, Julian Borger and Glenn Greenwald|title=The National Security Agency: surveillance giant with eyes on America|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/national-security-agency-surveillance|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=6 June 2013}}</ref>}}


* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|1999|11|03}}''' |event= The [[BBC]] confirmed the existence of the global spying network [[ECHELON]]<ref name="echelon">{{cite web|last=Andrew Bomford|title=Echelon spy network revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/503224.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=3 November 1999}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|1999|11|03}}''' |event= The [[BBC]] confirmed the existence of the global spying network [[ECHELON]]<ref name="echelon">{{cite news|last=Andrew Bomford|title=Echelon spy network revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/503224.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=3 November 1999}}</ref>}}


[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|center|The [[September 11 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]] led to major reforms of U.S. intelligence agencies, and paved the way for the establishment of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] position]]
[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|center|The [[September 11 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]] led to major reforms of U.S. intelligence agencies, and paved the way for the establishment of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] position]]
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2005|12|16 }}''' |event= After witholding its publication for a year, ''[[The New York Times]]'' released an article under the following headline: "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts"<ref name="nytimes123">{{cite news |last1=Risen |first1=James |last2=Lichtblau |first2=Eric |title=Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|quote=The White House asked The New York Times not to publish this article|accessdate=August 14, 2013}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2005|12|16 }}''' |event= After witholding its publication for a year, ''[[The New York Times]]'' released an article under the following headline: "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts"<ref name="nytimes123">{{cite news |last1=Risen |first1=James |last2=Lichtblau |first2=Eric |title=Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|quote=The White House asked The New York Times not to publish this article|accessdate=August 14, 2013 |date=December 16, 2005}}</ref>}}


[[File:President Bush Speaking At Brooke Army Medical Center.jpg|thumb|center|On January 1, 2006, President Bush emphasized that "This is a limited program designed to prevent attacks on the United States of America. And I repeat, limited."<ref name="White House">{{cite web |date=January 1, 2006<!--, 12:05 PM CST -->|title=President Visits Troops at Brooke Army Medical Center|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060101.html |publisher=White House|accessdate=August 15, 2013}}</ref>]]
[[File:President Bush Speaking At Brooke Army Medical Center.jpg|thumb|center|On January 1, 2006, President Bush emphasized that "This is a limited program designed to prevent attacks on the United States of America. And I repeat, limited."<ref name="White House">{{cite web |date=January 1, 2006<!--, 12:05 PM CST -->|title=President Visits Troops at Brooke Army Medical Center|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060101.html |publisher=White House|accessdate=August 15, 2013}}</ref>]]


* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2006|05|11 }}''' |event= ''[[USA Today]]'' reported that the NSA has a "massive database of Americans' phone calls"<ref name=USATODAY1/> }} Shortly afterwards, Presidet Bush emphasized that the NSA's surveillance is limited and within the law<ref>{{cite news|last=JOHN O'NEIL|title=Bush Says U.S. Spying Is Not Widespread|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/washington/11cnd-phone.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 11, 2006}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2006|05|11 }}''' |event= ''[[USA Today]]'' reported that the NSA has a "massive database of Americans' phone calls"<ref name=USATODAY1/> }} Shortly afterwards, Presidet Bush emphasized that the NSA's surveillance is limited and within the law<ref>{{cite news|last=JOHN O'NEIL|title=Bush Says U.S. Spying Is Not Widespread|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/washington/11cnd-phone.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 11, 2006}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2013|06|06 }}''' |event= Britain's ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper reported that the NSA is "collecting phone records of millions of [[Verizon]] customers daily"<ref name="guardiangg621">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order |title=NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily |author=[[Glenn Greenwald]] |work=The Guardian |date=June 6, 2013 |deadurl=no |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date='''{{Start date|2013|06|06 }}''' |event= Britain's ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper reported that the NSA is "collecting phone records of millions of [[Verizon]] customers daily"<ref name="guardiangg621">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order |title=NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily |author=[[Glenn Greenwald]] |work=The Guardian |date=June 6, 2013 |deadurl=no |accessdate=September 16, 2013 |location=London}}</ref>}}
[[File:US President Barack Obama, surveillance activities, June 2013.ogv|center|thumb|On June 7, 2013, President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] emphasized the importance of government surveillance to prevent [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]]]]
[[File:US President Barack Obama, surveillance activities, June 2013.ogv|center|thumb|On June 7, 2013, President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] emphasized the importance of government surveillance to prevent [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]]]]
|}
|}
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|quote=The Congressional officials were first told of the Thurmond interception by a former employee of the Lockheed Space and Missiles Corporation, Margaret Newsham, who now lives in Sunnyvale, California.}}</ref>
|quote=The Congressional officials were first told of the Thurmond interception by a former employee of the Lockheed Space and Missiles Corporation, Margaret Newsham, who now lives in Sunnyvale, California.}}</ref>


By the late 1990s, '''ECHELON''' was reportedly capable of monitoring up to 90% of all internet traffic.<ref name="bbcec"/> According to the [[BBC]] in May 2001, however, "The US Government still refuses to admit that Echelon even exists."<ref name="bbcec">{{cite web|title=Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=18 December 2013|date=29 May 2001}}</ref>
By the late 1990s, '''ECHELON''' was reportedly capable of monitoring up to 90% of all internet traffic.<ref name="bbcec"/> According to the [[BBC]] in May 2001, however, "The US Government still refuses to admit that Echelon even exists."<ref name="bbcec">{{cite news|title=Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=18 December 2013|date=29 May 2001}}</ref>


=== 2000s ===
=== 2000s ===
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On December 16, 2005, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published a report under the headline "[[George W. Bush|Bush]] Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts", which was co-written by [[Eric Lichtblau]] and the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning journalist [[James Risen]]. According to ''The Times'', the article's date of publication was delayed for a year because of national security concerns.<ref name=nytimes2005>{{cite news|last=JAMES RISEN and ERIC LICHTBLAU|title=Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 16, 2005}}</ref>
On December 16, 2005, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published a report under the headline "[[George W. Bush|Bush]] Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts", which was co-written by [[Eric Lichtblau]] and the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning journalist [[James Risen]]. According to ''The Times'', the article's date of publication was delayed for a year because of national security concerns.<ref name=nytimes2005>{{cite news|last=JAMES RISEN and ERIC LICHTBLAU|title=Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 16, 2005}}</ref>


In 2006, further details of the NSA's domestic surveillance of U.S. citizens was provided by ''[[USA Today]]''. The newspaper released a report on May 11, 2006 detailing the NSA's "massive database" of phone records collected from "tens of millions" of U.S. citizens. According to ''USA Today'', these phone records were provided by several telecom companies such as [[AT&T]], [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] and [[BellSouth]].<ref name=USATODAY1>{{cite web|last=Leslie Cauley|title=NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-10-nsa_x.htm|work=[[USA Today]]|year=5/11/2006}}</ref> In 2008, the security analyst [[Babak Pasdar]] revealed the existence of the so-called "Quantico circuit" that he and his team had set up in 2003. The circuit provided the U.S. federal government with a backdoor into the network of an unnamed wireless provider, which was later independently identified as [[Verizon]].<ref name="Poulsen">{{cite web|last=Poulsen|first=Kevin|title=Whistle-Blower: Feds Have a Backdoor Into Wireless Carrier—Congress Reacts|url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/03/whistleblower-f/|work=Wired|accessdate=August 14, 2013}}</ref>
In 2006, further details of the NSA's domestic surveillance of U.S. citizens was provided by ''[[USA Today]]''. The newspaper released a report on May 11, 2006 detailing the NSA's "massive database" of phone records collected from "tens of millions" of U.S. citizens. According to ''USA Today'', these phone records were provided by several telecom companies such as [[AT&T]], [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] and [[BellSouth]].<ref name=USATODAY1>{{cite news|last=Leslie Cauley|title=NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-10-nsa_x.htm|work=[[USA Today]]|year=5/11/2006}}</ref> In 2008, the security analyst [[Babak Pasdar]] revealed the existence of the so-called "Quantico circuit" that he and his team had set up in 2003. The circuit provided the U.S. federal government with a backdoor into the network of an unnamed wireless provider, which was later independently identified as [[Verizon]].<ref name="Poulsen">{{cite news|last=Poulsen|first=Kevin|title=Whistle-Blower: Feds Have a Backdoor Into Wireless Carrier—Congress Reacts|url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/03/whistleblower-f/|work=Wired|accessdate=August 14, 2013|date=March 6, 2008}}</ref>


=== 2010–2013 ===
=== 2010–2013 ===


In 2011, details of the [[mass surveillance industry]] were released by [[WikiLeaks]]. According to [[Julian Assange]], "We are in a world now where not only is it theoretically possible to record nearly all telecommunications traffic out of a country, all telephone calls, but where there is an [[mass surveillance industry|international industry]] selling the devices now to do it."<ref>{{cite web|title=Wikileaks disclosure shines light on Big Brother|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikileaks-disclosure-shines-light-on-big-brother/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=December 1, 2011}}</ref>
In 2011, details of the [[mass surveillance industry]] were released by [[WikiLeaks]]. According to [[Julian Assange]], "We are in a world now where not only is it theoretically possible to record nearly all telecommunications traffic out of a country, all telephone calls, but where there is an [[mass surveillance industry|international industry]] selling the devices now to do it."<ref>{{cite news|title=Wikileaks disclosure shines light on Big Brother|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikileaks-disclosure-shines-light-on-big-brother/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=December 1, 2011}}</ref>


== Disclosures since 2013 ==
== Disclosures since 2013 ==

Revision as of 08:14, 19 April 2014

Global surveillance refers to the practice of globalized mass surveillance on entire populations across national borders.[1] Although its existence was first revealed in the 1970s, it did not receive much public attention until the existence of ECHELON was revealed in the 1980s and confirmed in the 1990s.[2] In 2013, it gained worldwide media attention due to the global surveillance disclosure by Edward Snowden.[3]

History

Timeline
The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center led to major reforms of U.S. intelligence agencies, and paved the way for the establishment of the Director of National Intelligence position
On January 1, 2006, President Bush emphasized that "This is a limited program designed to prevent attacks on the United States of America. And I repeat, limited."[4]

File:US President Barack Obama, surveillance activities, June 2013.ogv

1970s

In 1972, NSA analyst Perry Fellwock (under the pseudonym "Winslow Peck") introduced the readers of Ramparts magazine to the NSA and to the UKUSA Agreement.[6] In 1976, a separate article in Time Out magazine revealed the existence of the GCHQ.[7]

1980s–1990s

In 1982, James Bamford's book about the NSA, The Puzzle Palace, was first published. Bamford's second book, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, was published 2 decades later.

In 1988, the ECHELON network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that "targeting of U.S. political figures would not occur by accident. but was designed into the system from the start."[8]

By the late 1990s, ECHELON was reportedly capable of monitoring up to 90% of all internet traffic.[9] According to the BBC in May 2001, however, "The US Government still refuses to admit that Echelon even exists."[9]

2000s

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, William Binney, along with J. Kirke Wiebe and Edward Loomis, asked the U.S. Defense Department to investigate the NSA for allegedly wasting "millions and millions of dollars" on Trailblazer, a system intended to analyze data carried on communications networks such as the Internet. Binney was also publicly critical of the NSA for spying on U.S. citizens after the September 11, 2001 attacks.[10] Binney claimed that the NSA had failed to uncover the 9/11 plot despite its massive interception of data.[11]

On December 16, 2005, The New York Times published a report under the headline "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts", which was co-written by Eric Lichtblau and the Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist James Risen. According to The Times, the article's date of publication was delayed for a year because of national security concerns.[12]

In 2006, further details of the NSA's domestic surveillance of U.S. citizens was provided by USA Today. The newspaper released a report on May 11, 2006 detailing the NSA's "massive database" of phone records collected from "tens of millions" of U.S. citizens. According to USA Today, these phone records were provided by several telecom companies such as AT&T, Verizon and BellSouth.[13] In 2008, the security analyst Babak Pasdar revealed the existence of the so-called "Quantico circuit" that he and his team had set up in 2003. The circuit provided the U.S. federal government with a backdoor into the network of an unnamed wireless provider, which was later independently identified as Verizon.[14]

2010–2013

In 2011, details of the mass surveillance industry were released by WikiLeaks. According to Julian Assange, "We are in a world now where not only is it theoretically possible to record nearly all telecommunications traffic out of a country, all telephone calls, but where there is an international industry selling the devices now to do it."[15]

Disclosures since 2013

Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)

See also

Referenecs

  1. ↑ Webb, Maureen (2007). Illusions of Security: Global Surveillance and Democracy in the Post-9/11 World (1. ed. ed.). San Francisco: City Lights Books. ISBN 0872864766. 
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named echelon
  3. ↑ Barton Gellman (24 December 2013). "Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission’s accomplished". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/edward-snowden-after-months-of-nsa-revelations-says-his-missions-accomplished/2013/12/23/49fc36de-6c1c-11e3-a523-fe73f0ff6b8d_story.html. Retrieved on 25 December 2013. "Taken together, the revelations have brought to light a global surveillance system that cast off many of its historical restraints after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Secret legal authorities empowered the NSA to sweep in the telephone, Internet and location records of whole populations." 
  4. ↑ "President Visits Troops at Brooke Army Medical Center". White House. January 1, 2006. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060101.html. Retrieved on August 15, 2013. 
  5. ↑ JOHN O'NEIL (May 11, 2006). "Bush Says U.S. Spying Is Not Widespread". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/washington/11cnd-phone.html. 
  6. ↑ "U.S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir". Ramparts: pp. 35–50. August 1972. "The SIGINT community was defined by a TOP SECRET treaty signed in 1947. It was called the UKUSA treaty. The National Security Agency signed for the U.S. and became what's called First Party to the Treaty." 
  7. ↑ Norton-Taylor, Richard (2013-08-21). "Surveillance secrecy: the legacy of GCHQ's years under cover". The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/21/surveillance-secrecy-gchq. Retrieved on 2013-11-30. "GCHQ's cover was first blown in 1976 by an article, The Eavesdroppers, published by the London magazine, Time Out." 
  8. ↑ Campbell, Duncan (1988-08-12), "Somebody's Listening", New Statesman, http://duncan.gn.apc.org/echelon-dc.htm 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon". BBC. 29 May 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/1357513.stm. Retrieved on 18 December 2013. 
  10. ↑ Shorrock, Tim (April 15, 2013). "The Untold Story: Obama's Crackdown on Whistleblowers: The NSA Four reveal how a toxic mix of cronyism and fraud blinded the agency before 9/11". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/173521/obamas-crackdown-whistleblowers. 
  11. ↑ Mayer, Jane (May 23, 2011). "The Secret Sharer: Is Thomas Drake an enemy of the state?". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/23/110523fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all. 
  12. ↑ JAMES RISEN and ERIC LICHTBLAU (December 16, 2005). "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html. 
  13. ↑ Leslie Cauley (5/11/2006). "NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls". USA Today. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-10-nsa_x.htm. 
  14. ↑ Poulsen, Kevin (March 6, 2008). "Whistle-Blower: Feds Have a Backdoor Into Wireless Carrier—Congress Reacts". Wired. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/03/whistleblower-f/. Retrieved on August 14, 2013. 
  15. ↑ "Wikileaks disclosure shines light on Big Brother". CBS News. December 1, 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikileaks-disclosure-shines-light-on-big-brother/. 
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