Archive:Sanamahism: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
* Nongpok Ningthou Temple | * Nongpok Ningthou Temple | ||
* Ima Panthoibi Temple | * Ima Panthoibi Temple | ||
*Panam Ningthou Temple | |||
* Pakhangba Temple | * Pakhangba Temple | ||
* Khuman Apokpa Temple | * Khuman Apokpa Temple | ||
Revision as of 16:20, 5 October 2019
Template:Short description Template:About
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English
Template:Infobox religious group
Sanamahism (Template:Lang-mni) is an animistic, ancestor worshipping, Shaman-led religious tradition found among the Meitei people in Manipur state of India.[1]Template:Sfn The term is derived from Sanamahi (lit. "Spreading like liquid everywhere"), the most important Meitei deities.Template:Sfn The details of the identity of Sanamahi – sun, fire, or an aspect of Sidaba Mapu – along with other aspects of the Sanamahism beliefs, practices and the history, are unclear and disputed. Broadly, Sanamahism worship elements of nature, such as fire, water and mountains, with a notable temple and worship rituals at the Loi village of Andro, east of Imphal, according to Bertil Lintner.[1] Along with Sanamahi, in the past, religious space within Meitei homes called Sanamahi Kachin were dedicated to Leimaren and Phungga. This is no longer seen in modern Meitei families who identify with Sanamahism.Template:Sfn
The term Sanamahism is neither found in historic literature of northeast India, nor in Myanmar. The first mentions are found in the Cheitharol Kumbaba records of the 18th-century Manipuri king Pamheiba (later named as Garibniwaz), which mentions the ritual of drinking yu (fermented rice beer) and feasting before a deity.Template:Sfn The Sanamahi deity is likely more ancient than the 18th-century, and was known by other names such as Taibang Khaiba and Laiwa Haba, but this is uncertain and lacks literary or archaeological evidence.Template:Sfn

Sanamahism is a folk religion and a variant of shamanism.Template:Sfn It competes with and co-exists with Vaishnavism – a tradition of Hinduism – among the Meitei people. Opponents and rebellious groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize the Manipuri heritage, along with seeking a ban on Bengali language movies and replacing it with English language entertainment broadcast from South Korea.[2]Template:Sfn
Etymology
Sanamahism is also known as Sanamahi Laining, for it originated from the ancient kingdom of Kangleipak.Template:Cn
Sanamahism is also known as "Kangleism" or "Kanglei Laining" since it is originated from the ancient kingdom of Kangleipak.
It also known as "Meiteism" or "Meitei Laining" for it is followed by mainly the Meitei people.
It is also called "Manipurism" for it is mainly practiced in Manipur.
Revival
Sanamahism is revived after a long period of 4 centuries slumber, currently occupying 8℅ of Manipur's religion population according to 2011 census.
Forms of Worship
There are various forms of worship of the deities associated with their respective sects,
- Umang Lai Worship (365 forms)
- Yum Lai Worship
- Lam Lai Worship
- Keithel Lairembi Worship
- Sagei Apokpa Khurumba Worship
- Salai Apokpa Khurumba Worship
- Tengbanba Mapu Khurumba Worship
- Pakhangba Worship
- Sanamahi Worship
- Atingkhok Maru Sidaba Worship
- Imoinu Ima Worship
- Laimarel Sidabi Worship
Significant Temples
- Sanamahi Kiyong Temple
- Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple
- Nongpok Ningthou Temple
- Ima Panthoibi Temple
- Panam Ningthou Temple
- Pakhangba Temple
- Khuman Apokpa Temple
- Marjing Temple
- Thangjing Temple
- Koubru Temple
- Ebudhou Khamlangba Temple
- Konthoujam Lairembi Temple
- Soraren Temple
- Wangbren Temple
- Ereima Ima Temple
- Ebudhou Korouhanba Temple
- Ima Phouoibi Temple
Sacred Books
- Sanamahi Laihui Puya
- Pakhangba Nongkarol
- Karthong Lamlen
- Pudil
- Hijan-Hirao
- Khamoi Yangoi Sekning Puya
- Wachetlon Pathup Puya
- Panthoibi Khongul
- Leishemlol Ariuba Puya
- Ougri (Leiroi Nongloi Essei)
- Malem Chakkhong Puya
- Wakoklon Heelel Thilen Salai Amailon Pukok Puya
See also
- Sanamahi creation myth
- Sacred books of Sanamahi religion
- Sarnaism – a tribal folk religion found in the eastern states of India
- Sanamahi Kiyong Temple
- Sanamahi Temple
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bertil Lintner (2015). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier. Yale University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Bertil Lintner (2015). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier. Yale University Press. pp. 142-143. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ.
Sources
- Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), "Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study", Indian Anthropologist 39 (1/2)
- Kshetrimayum, Otojit (2014), Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-50-8
- Hodson, T.C. (2015), The Meitheis, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-56-0
- Saroj Nalini Parratt (1974), The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development, Australian National University Press
- Saroj N. Arambam Parratt; John Parratt (2001), "The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur", Modern Asian Studies 35 (4)
- Sohini Ray (2009), "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India", Anthropological Quarterly 82 (1)
- Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-21-8
- Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), Population Geography of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-25-6