Archive:Sanamahism: Difference between revisions
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==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
The term | The term Sanamahism is neither found in historic literature of northeast India, nor in Myanmar. The first mentions are found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] records of the 18th-century Manipuri king [[Pamheiba]] (later named as Garibniwaz), which mentions the ritual of drinking ''yu'' (fermented rice beer) and feasting before a deity.{{sfn|Saroj Nalini Parratt|1974|pp=17-18}} The Sanamahi deity is likely more ancient than the 18th-century, and was known by other names such as '''Taibang Khaiba''' and '''Laiwa Haba''', but this is uncertain and lacks literary or archaeological evidence.{{sfn|Saroj Nalini Parratt|1974|pp=19-21}} | ||
[[File:Sanamahi temple inside Kangla Fort, Imphal East, Manipur.jpg|thumb|left|A recently built Sanamahi temple, Kangla Fort, Imphal East, Manipur]] | [[File:Sanamahi temple inside Kangla Fort, Imphal East, Manipur.jpg|thumb|left|A recently built Sanamahi temple, Kangla Fort, Imphal East, Manipur]] | ||
==Description == | ==Description == | ||
Sanamahism is a folk religion. It competes with and co-exists with [[Vaishnavism]] – a tradition of Hinduism – among the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] people. Opponents and rebellious groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize the [[Manipur]]i heritage, along with seeking a ban on Bengali language movies and replacing it with English language entertainment broadcast from [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bertil Lintner|title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19567-5|pages=142-143}}</ref>{{sfn|Otojit Kshetrimayum|2009|pp=17-34}} | |||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
Sanamahism is also known as '''Sanamahi Laining''', for it originated from the ancient kingdom of Kangleipak.{{cn|date=September 2019}} | |||
== Revival == | == Revival == | ||
| Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
== Deities == | == Deities == | ||
{{Main|Lists of deities in Sanamahism|Kanglei mythology|Umang Lai}} | {{Main|Lists of deities in Sanamahism|Kanglei mythology|Umang Lai}} | ||
===Prime | ===Prime deities === | ||
There are | There are five prime deities in Sanamahism: | ||
* | * [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]]: he is the King of the gods. | ||
* | * [[Kuru (mythology)|Atingkok Maru Sidaba]]: he is the Creator of the [[Universe]]. | ||
* | * [[Pakhangba]]: he is the supreme deity. | ||
[[File:Pakhangba.jpg|thumb|Pakhangba,the serpent deity]] | [[File:Pakhangba.jpg|thumb|Pakhangba,the serpent deity]] | ||
[[File:Flag of Manipur.svg|thumb|Pakhangba in the flag of Manipur]] | [[File:Flag of Manipur.svg|thumb|Pakhangba in the flag of Manipur]] | ||
* | * [[Leimarel Sidabi]]: she is the supreme Goddess. | ||
* | * Imoinu Ahongbi, also known as [[Emoinu]]: though she is an incarnation of Goddess Leimarel, she herself is a goddess of wealth and prosperity. | ||
===Others=== | ===Others=== | ||
Besides, there are | {{main|List of creatures in Meitei folklore}} | ||
* | Besides, there are thousands of deities worshipped, including the following: | ||
* [[Sky God]] | * [[Polo]] Deity Lord Marjing and his stead Shamadon Ayangba. | ||
* [[Sun God]] | * [[Sky God]] [[Atingkok Maru Sidaba|Soraren]] | ||
* [[Lion]] God | * [[Sun God]] Korou Hanba | ||
* [[Lion]] God [[Nongshaba]] | |||
[[File:Uttra sanglen.jpg|thumb|Kanglasha, | [[File:Uttra sanglen.jpg|thumb|Kanglasha, also known as Nongshaba, at Kangla]] | ||
* Goddess of Power, | * Goddess of Power, [[Panthoibi]] | ||
=== | ===Umang Lai === | ||
Besides, there are other deities associated with [[sacred groves]] called [[Umang Lai]] including | Besides, there are other deities associated with [[sacred groves]] called [[Umang Lai]] including Ima Tamphaton Petangaa and [[Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba]]. | ||
===Ancestral | ===Ancestral deities === | ||
{{Main|Apokpa}} | {{Main|Apokpa}} | ||
Besides, there are deities for each clans (Yek Salai) as well as families ([[Yumnak]]) called [[Apokpa]]. | Besides, there are deities for each clans (Yek Salai) as well as families ([[Yumnak]]) called [[Apokpa]]. | ||
===Divine | ===Divine figures=== | ||
Though | Though [[Sandrembi Chaisra|Sanarembi]] is not a deity, she is a divine figure in the religious chanting of hymns in [[Lai Haraoba]] festival. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 11:44, 4 January 2020
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Infobox religious group
Sanamahism (Template:Lang-mni) or Manipuri religion or Kanglei religion is an animistic, ancestor worshipping, Shaman-led religious tradition found among the Meitei people in Manipur state of India.[1]Template:Sfn The term is derived from Sanamahi (lit. "Spreading like liquid everywhere"), the most important Meitei deities.Template:Sfn The details of the identity of Lainingthou Sanamahi – sun, fire, or an aspect of Sidaba Mapu – along with other aspects of the Sanamahism beliefs, practices and the history, are unclear and disputed. Broadly, Sanamahism worship elements of nature, such as fire, water and mountains, with a notable temple and worship rituals at the Loi village of Andro, east of Imphal, according to Bertil Lintner.[1] Along with Sanamahi, in the past, religious space within Meitei homes called Sanamahi Kachin were dedicated to Leimaren and Phungga. This is also seen in modern Meitei families who identify with Sanamahism.Template:Sfn
Origin
The term Sanamahism is neither found in historic literature of northeast India, nor in Myanmar. The first mentions are found in the Cheitharol Kumbaba records of the 18th-century Manipuri king Pamheiba (later named as Garibniwaz), which mentions the ritual of drinking yu (fermented rice beer) and feasting before a deity.Template:Sfn The Sanamahi deity is likely more ancient than the 18th-century, and was known by other names such as Taibang Khaiba and Laiwa Haba, but this is uncertain and lacks literary or archaeological evidence.Template:Sfn
Description
Sanamahism is a folk religion. It competes with and co-exists with Vaishnavism – a tradition of Hinduism – among the Meitei people. Opponents and rebellious groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize the Manipuri heritage, along with seeking a ban on Bengali language movies and replacing it with English language entertainment broadcast from South Korea.[2]Template:Sfn
Etymology
Sanamahism is also known as Sanamahi Laining, for it originated from the ancient kingdom of Kangleipak.Template:Cn
Revival
Sanamahism is revived after a long period of 4 centuries slumber, currently occupying 8℅ of Manipur's religion population according to 2011 census.
Practices
Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as oracular ritual whereby priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the Lai Haraoba festival, goes:
Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text Sanamahi Naiyom provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain: HUNG KRUNG HUNG-KRUNG TA (8x) AH (2x) CHAT HUK (2x) HING HING HUK SU SA HING HING LIK SAL LIT HING MA PAN. [3]
Religious festivals
- Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba
- Lai Haraoba
- Mera Hou Chongba
- Mera Chaorel Houba
- Kwaak Taanba
- Yaoshang
- Panthoibi Iratpa
- Imoinu Iratpa
- Sajibu Cheiraoba
- Heikru Hidongba
Deities
Prime deities
There are five prime deities in Sanamahism:
- Lainingthou Sanamahi: he is the King of the gods.
- Atingkok Maru Sidaba: he is the Creator of the Universe.
- Pakhangba: he is the supreme deity.
- Leimarel Sidabi: she is the supreme Goddess.
- Imoinu Ahongbi, also known as Emoinu: though she is an incarnation of Goddess Leimarel, she herself is a goddess of wealth and prosperity.
Others
Besides, there are thousands of deities worshipped, including the following:
- Polo Deity Lord Marjing and his stead Shamadon Ayangba.
- Sky God Soraren
- Sun God Korou Hanba
- Lion God Nongshaba
- Goddess of Power, Panthoibi
Umang Lai
Besides, there are other deities associated with sacred groves called Umang Lai including Ima Tamphaton Petangaa and Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba.
Ancestral deities
Besides, there are deities for each clans (Yek Salai) as well as families (Yumnak) called Apokpa.
Divine figures
Though Sanarembi is not a deity, she is a divine figure in the religious chanting of hymns in Lai Haraoba festival.
See also
- Lainingthou Sanamahi
- Lists of Creatures in Meitei Folklore
- Lists of deities in Sanamahism
- Sacred books of Sanamahi religion
- Sanamahi creation myth
- Umang Lai
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bertil Lintner (2015). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier. Yale University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Bertil Lintner (2015). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier. Yale University Press. pp. 142-143. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM. p. 103. https://books.google.ca/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ.
Sources
- Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), "Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study", Indian Anthropologist 39 (1/2)
- Kshetrimayum, Otojit (2014), Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-50-8
- Hodson, T.C. (2015), The Meitheis, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-56-0
- Saroj Nalini Parratt (1974), The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development, Australian National University Press
- Saroj N. Arambam Parratt; John Parratt (2001), "The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur", Modern Asian Studies 35 (4)
- Sohini Ray (2009), "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India", Anthropological Quarterly 82 (1)
- Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-21-8
- Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), Population Geography of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-25-6