Archive:Sanamahism: Difference between revisions
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{{About|the Sanamahism religion|consideration of ethnic, historic and cultural aspects of the Sanamahist identity|Meetei}} | |||
{{short description|Religious or philosophical tradition of Meetei origin}} | {{short description|Religious or philosophical tradition of Meetei origin}} | ||
{{See|Manipuri mythology|Umang Lai|Lai Haraoba}} | {{See|Manipuri mythology|Umang Lai|Lai Haraoba}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} | ||
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==Description == | ==Description == | ||
Sanamahism is a folk religion. It competes with and co-exists with [[Vaishnavism]] – a tradition of [[Hinduism]] – among the [[Meitei people]]. Opponents and rebellious groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize the [[Manipur]]i heritage, along with seeking a ban on Bengali script and replacing it with old meitei script which was forcefully banned during the reign of King Garibniwaz.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bertil Lintner|title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19567-5|pages= | Sanamahism is a folk religion. It competes with and co-exists with [[Vaishnavism]] – a tradition of [[Hinduism]] – among the [[Meitei people]]. Opponents and rebellious groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize the [[Manipur]]i heritage, along with seeking a ban on Bengali script and replacing it with old meitei script which was forcefully banned during the reign of King Garibniwaz.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bertil Lintner|title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19567-5|pages=142–143}}</ref>{{sfn|Otojit Kshetrimayum|2009|pp=17-34}} | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
Sanamahism is also known as '''Sanamahi Laining''', for it originated from the ancient kingdom of Kangleipak.{{ | Sanamahism is also known as '''Sanamahi Laining''', for it originated from the ancient kingdom of Kangleipak.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} | ||
== Revival == | == Revival == | ||
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Ascend from within the khayoms, riding along the hiris.<ref>{{cite book|author=Saroj Parratt|title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vikas|isbn=8125904166|page=77}}</ref></poem>}} | Ascend from within the khayoms, riding along the hiris.<ref>{{cite book|author=Saroj Parratt|title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vikas|isbn=8125904166|page=77}}</ref></poem>}} | ||
Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text ''Sanamahi Naiyom'' provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain: HUNG KRUNG HUNG-KRUNG TA (8x) AH (2x) CHAT HUK (2x) HING HING HUK SU SA HING HING LIK SAL LIT HING MA PAN. <ref>{{cite book|author=Soibam Birajit|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=ARECOM|page=103}}</ref> | Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text ''Sanamahi Naiyom'' provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain: HUNG KRUNG HUNG-KRUNG TA (8x) AH (2x) CHAT HUK (2x) HING HING HUK SU SA HING HING LIK SAL LIT HING MA PAN.<ref>{{cite book|author=Soibam Birajit|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=ARECOM|page=103}}</ref> | ||
==Religious festivals== | ==Religious festivals== | ||
{{Main|Fairs and Festivals in Manipur}} | {{Main|Fairs and Festivals in Manipur}} | ||
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== Deities == | == Deities == | ||
{{Main|Lists of deities in Sanamahism|Kanglei mythology|Umang Lai}} | {{Main|Lists of deities in Sanamahism|Kanglei mythology|Umang Lai}} | ||
===Prime deities === | ===Prime deities === | ||
There are five prime deities in Sanamahism: | There are five prime deities in Sanamahism: | ||
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==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* {{citation|title= Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study| author= Otojit Kshetrimayum| journal= Indian Anthropologist| volume= 39| number= 1/2|year = 2009| pp= | * {{citation|title= Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study| author= Otojit Kshetrimayum| journal= Indian Anthropologist| volume= 39| number= 1/2|year = 2009| pp= 17–34|jstor= 41920088}} | ||
* {{citation | last = Kshetrimayum | first = Otojit | year = 2014 | title = Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-50-8 }} | * {{citation | last = Kshetrimayum | first = Otojit | year = 2014 | title = Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-50-8 }} | ||
* {{citation | last = Hodson | first = T.C. | year = 2015 | title = The Meitheis | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-56-0}} | * {{citation | last = Hodson | first = T.C. | year = 2015 | title = The Meitheis | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-56-0}} | ||
* {{citation| title= The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development| author= Saroj Nalini Parratt | year= 1974| publisher=Australian National University Press}} | * {{citation| title= The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development| author= Saroj Nalini Parratt | year= 1974| publisher=Australian National University Press}} | ||
* {{citation| title= The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur| author1= Saroj N. Arambam Parratt |author2= John Parratt| journal = Modern Asian Studies| volume= 35| number = 4| year= 2001| pp= | * {{citation| title= The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur| author1= Saroj N. Arambam Parratt |author2= John Parratt| journal = Modern Asian Studies| volume= 35| number = 4| year= 2001| pp= 905–919| jstor=313195}} | ||
*{{citation| title= Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India| author = Sohini Ray| journal= Anthropological Quarterly| volume= 82| number=1| year=2009| pp= | *{{citation| title= Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India| author = Sohini Ray| journal= Anthropological Quarterly| volume= 82| number=1| year=2009| pp= 129–154| jstor= 25488260}} | ||
* {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-21-8}} | * {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-21-8}} | ||
* {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = Population Geography of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-25-6}} | * {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = Population Geography of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-25-6}} | ||
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{{Religion topics}} | {{Religion topics}} | ||
[[Category:Sanamahism]] | [[Category:Sanamahism| ]] | ||
[[Category:Indian religions]] | [[Category:Indian religions]] | ||
[[Category:Meitei culture]] | [[Category:Meitei culture]] | ||
Revision as of 23:38, 11 June 2020
Template:About Template:Short description
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Contains Indic text Template:Infobox religious group
Sanamahism (Template:Script), also known as Manipuri religion or Kanglei religion, is an animistic, ancestor-worshipping, shaman-led religious tradition found among the Meitei people in Manipur state of India.[1]Template:Sfn The term is derived from Sanamahi (lit. "Spreading like liquid everywhere"), the most important Meitei deities.Template:Sfn The details of the identity of Lainingthou Sanamahi – sun, fire, or an aspect of Sidaba Mapu – along with other aspects of the Sanamahism beliefs, practices and the history, are unclear and disputed. Broadly, Sanamahism worship elements of nature, such as fire, water and mountains, with a notable temple and worship rituals at the Loi village of Andro, east of Imphal, according to Bertil Lintner.[1] Along with Sanamahi, in the past, religious space within Meitei homes called Sanamahi Kachin were dedicated to Leimarel Sidabi and Phungga. This is also seen in modern Meitei families who identify with Sanamahism.Template:Sfn
Origin
The first mentions are found in the Cheitharol Kumbaba records of the 18th-century Manipuri king Pamheiba (later named as Garibniwaz), which mentions the ritual of drinking yu (fermented rice beer) and feasting before a deity.Template:Sfn The Sanamahi deity is likely more ancient than the 18th-century, and was known by other names such as Taibang Khaiba and Laiwa Haba, but this is uncertain and lacks literary or archaeological evidence.Template:Sfn
Description
Sanamahism is a folk religion. It competes with and co-exists with Vaishnavism – a tradition of Hinduism – among the Meitei people. Opponents and rebellious groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize the Manipuri heritage, along with seeking a ban on Bengali script and replacing it with old meitei script which was forcefully banned during the reign of King Garibniwaz.[2]Template:Sfn
Etymology
Sanamahism is also known as Sanamahi Laining, for it originated from the ancient kingdom of Kangleipak.
Revival
Sanamahism is revived after a long period of 4 centuries slumber, currently occupying 8% of Manipur's religion population according to 2011 census.
Practices
Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as oracular ritual whereby priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the Lai Haraoba festival, goes:
Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text Sanamahi Naiyom provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain: HUNG KRUNG HUNG-KRUNG TA (8x) AH (2x) CHAT HUK (2x) HING HING HUK SU SA HING HING LIK SAL LIT HING MA PAN.[3]
Religious festivals
- Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba
- Lai Haraoba
- Mera Hou Chongba
- Mera Chaorel Houba
- Kwaak Taanba
- Yaoshang
- Panthoibi Iratpa
- Imoinu Iratpa
- Sajibu Cheiraoba
- Heikru Hidongba
Deities
Prime deities
There are five prime deities in Sanamahism:
- Asheeba: he is the Protector and the Guardian God of the mankind.
- Atingkok: he is the Creator of the Universe.
- Apanba: he is the ruler of the universe and the destroyer of evils.
- Leimarel Sidabi: she is the earth Goddess.
- Imoinu Ahongbi: Though she is an incarnation of Goddess Leimarel, she herself is a goddess of wealth and prosperity.
Others
Besides, there are thousands of deities worshipped, including the following:
- Polo Deity Lord Marjing and his stead Shamadon Ayangba.
- Soraren
- Khoriphaba
- Wangbren
- Eputhou Thangjing
- Thumleima
- Phouoibi
- Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi
- Irai Leima
- Nga Leima
- Nongthang Leima
- Panthoibi
- Korou Hanba
- Nongshaba
- Heloi
Umang Lai
Besides, there are other deities associated with sacred groves called Umang Lai including Konthoujam Lairembi gi Khubam, Ima Tamphaton Petangaa and Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba groves.
Ancestral deities
Besides, there are deities for each clans (Yek Salai) as well as families (Yumnak) called Apokpa.
Divine figures
Though Sanarembi is not a deity, she is a divine figure in the religious chanting of hymns in Lai Haraoba festival.
See also
- Lainingthou Sanamahi
- Lists of creatures in Meitei folklore
- Lists of deities in Sanamahism
- Puya (Meitei texts)
- Sanamahi creation myth
- Umang Lai
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bertil Lintner (2015). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier. Yale University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Bertil Lintner (2015). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier. Yale University Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM. p. 103. https://books.google.ca/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ.
Sources
- Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), "Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study", Indian Anthropologist 39 (1/2)
- Kshetrimayum, Otojit (2014), Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-50-8
- Hodson, T.C. (2015), The Meitheis, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-56-0
- Saroj Nalini Parratt (1974), The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development, Australian National University Press
- Saroj N. Arambam Parratt; John Parratt (2001), "The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur", Modern Asian Studies 35 (4)
- Sohini Ray (2009), "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India", Anthropological Quarterly 82 (1)
- Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-21-8
- Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), Population Geography of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-25-6