Archive:Developmental disorder: Difference between revisions
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===== Persistent issues in social interactions and communications ===== | ===== Persistent issues in social interactions and communications ===== | ||
These are predominantly seen by unresponsiveness in conversations, lesser emotional sharing, inability to initiate conversations, inability to interpret body language, avoidance of eye-contact and difficulty maintaining relationships. | These are predominantly seen by unresponsiveness in conversations, lesser emotional sharing, inability to initiate conversations, inability to interpret body language, avoidance of eye-contact and difficulty maintaining relationships.{{cn|date=June 2022}} | ||
===== Repetitive behavioral patterns ===== | ===== Repetitive behavioral patterns ===== | ||
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====Treatment==== | ====Treatment==== | ||
There is no specific treatment for [[Autism Spectrum Disorders|autism spectrum disorders]], but there are several types of therapy effective in easing the symptoms of autism, such as [[Applied behavior analysis|Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)]], [[Speech-language therapy]], [[Occupational therapy]] or [[Sensory integration therapy]]. | There is no specific treatment for [[Autism Spectrum Disorders|autism spectrum disorders]], but there are several types of therapy effective in easing the symptoms of autism, such as [[Applied behavior analysis|Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)]], [[Speech-language therapy]], [[Occupational therapy]] or [[Sensory integration therapy]].{{cn|date=June 2022}} | ||
[[Applied behavioral analysis]] (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for [[Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum disorders]] by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Scott M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Chris Plauché|date=1 November 2007|title=Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|issn=0031-4005|pmid=17967921|doi-access=free}}</ref> ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA): What is ABA?|url=http://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|website=Autism partnership|date=16 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review">{{cite journal |last1=Matson |first1=Johnny |last2=Hattier |first2=Megan |last3=Belva |first3=Brian |title=Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |date=January–March 2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008 }}</ref> and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=Jane |last2=Sharami |first2=Ali |last3=Cali |first3=Stefanie |last4=D'Mello |first4=Chantelle |last5=Kako |first5=Milena |last6=Palikucin-Reljin |first6=Andjelka |last7=Savage |first7=Melissa |last8=Shaw |first8=Olivia |last9=Lunsky |first9=Yona |title=Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input |journal=Brain Sci |date=November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=140 |doi=10.3390/brainsci7110140 |pmid=29072583 |pmc=5704147 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Strategies - Getting to Know ABA|url=http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100326/http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|archive-date=2015-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Applied behavioral analysis]] (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for [[Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum disorders]] by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Scott M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Chris Plauché|date=1 November 2007|title=Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|issn=0031-4005|pmid=17967921|doi-access=free}}</ref> ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA): What is ABA?|url=http://www.autismpartnership.com/applied-behavior-analysis|website=Autism partnership|date=16 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review">{{cite journal |last1=Matson |first1=Johnny |last2=Hattier |first2=Megan |last3=Belva |first3=Brian |title=Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |date=January–March 2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008 }}</ref> and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=Jane |last2=Sharami |first2=Ali |last3=Cali |first3=Stefanie |last4=D'Mello |first4=Chantelle |last5=Kako |first5=Milena |last6=Palikucin-Reljin |first6=Andjelka |last7=Savage |first7=Melissa |last8=Shaw |first8=Olivia |last9=Lunsky |first9=Yona |title=Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input |journal=Brain Sci |date=November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=140 |doi=10.3390/brainsci7110140 |pmid=29072583 |pmc=5704147 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Behavioral Strategies - Getting to Know ABA|url=http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|access-date=2015-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100326/http://www.appliedbehavioralstrategies.com/what-is-aba.html|archive-date=2015-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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===Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)=== | ===Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)=== | ||
[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] is a [[neurodevelopmental disorder]] that occurs in early childhood. ADHD affects 8 to 11% of children in the school going age. | [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] is a [[neurodevelopmental disorder]] that occurs in early childhood. ADHD affects 8 to 11% of children in the school going age.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} ADHD is characterised by significant levels of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness. There are three subtypes of ADHD: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive, and combined (which presents as both hyperactive and inattentive subtypes).<ref name="Tresco Katy E. 2004">Tresco, Katy E. (2004). ''Attention Deficit Disorders: School-Based Interventions.'' Pennsylvania: Bethlehem.</ref> ADHD is twice as common in boys than girls but it is seen that the hyperactive/impulsive type is more common in boys while the inattentive type affects both sexes equally.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-add,-adhd?query=Definition%20of%20Developmental%20Disorders|title=Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD, ADHD) - Pediatrics|website=MSD Manual Professional Edition|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> | ||
====Symptoms==== | ====Symptoms==== | ||