Archive:Developmental disorder: Difference between revisions
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'''Developmental disorders''' comprise a group of [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term.<ref name = Rutter3233>{{cite book |url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |title=Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |editor=Michael Rutter |editor2=Dorothy V. M. Bishop |editor3=Daniel S. Pine |editor4=Stephen Scott |editor5=Jim Stevenson |editor6=Eric Taylor |editor7=Anita Thapar |display-editors=3 |others=Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter |year=2008 |pages=32–33 |isbn=978-1-4051-4549-7 |access-date=2013-02-05 |archive-date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428003610/http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the [[ICD-10]].<ref name = Rutter3233/> These disorders comprise [[developmental language disorder]], [[learning disorder]]s, [[developmental coordination disorder]]s, and [[autism spectrum]] disorders (ASD).<ref | '''Developmental disorders''' comprise a group of [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term.<ref name = Rutter3233>{{cite book |url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |title=Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |editor=Michael Rutter |editor2=Dorothy V. M. Bishop |editor3=Daniel S. Pine |editor4=Stephen Scott |editor5=Jim Stevenson |editor6=Eric Taylor |editor7=Anita Thapar |display-editors=3 |others=Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter |year=2008 |pages=32–33 |isbn=978-1-4051-4549-7 |access-date=2013-02-05 |archive-date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428003610/http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405145498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the [[ICD-10]].<ref name = Rutter3233/> These disorders comprise [[developmental language disorder]], [[learning disorder]]s, [[developmental coordination disorder]]s, and [[autism spectrum]] disorders (ASD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|title=ICD 10|website=priory.com|access-date=2013-02-05|archive-date=2010-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009002519/http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In broader definitions, [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) is included, and the term used is [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.<ref name = Rutter3233/> Yet others include [[antisocial behavior]] and [[schizophrenia]] that begins in childhood and continues through life.<ref name = Rutter3233/> However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.<ref name = Rutter3233/> | ||
Developmental disorders are present from early life onward. Most improve as the child grows older, but some entail impairments that continue throughout life. These disorders differ from [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]s (PPD), which uniquely describe a group of five developmental diagnoses, one of which is autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pervasive developmental disorders reference a limited number of conditions whereas development disorders are a broad network of social, communicative, physical, genetic, intellectual, behavioral, and language concerns and diagnoses. | Developmental disorders are present from early life onward. Most improve as the child grows older, but some entail impairments that continue throughout life. These disorders differ from [[Pervasive developmental disorder]]s (PPD), which uniquely describe a group of five developmental diagnoses, one of which is autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pervasive developmental disorders reference a limited number of conditions whereas development disorders are a broad network of social, communicative, physical, genetic, intellectual, behavioral, and language concerns and diagnoses. | ||
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===== Persistent issues in social interactions and communications ===== | ===== Persistent issues in social interactions and communications ===== | ||
These are predominantly seen by unresponsiveness in conversations | These are predominantly seen by unresponsiveness in conversations, lesser emotional sharing, inability to initiate conversations, inability to interpret body language, avoidance of eye-contact and difficulty maintaining relationships.{{cn|date=June 2022}} | ||
===== Repetitive behavioral patterns ===== | ===== Repetitive behavioral patterns ===== | ||
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**[[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 Plans]] - These plans outline accommodations for students with ADHD in mainstream educational settings, such as extended test-taking time or preferential seating. | **[[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act|504 Plans]] - These plans outline accommodations for students with ADHD in mainstream educational settings, such as extended test-taking time or preferential seating. | ||
The effectiveness of the treatment plan depends on the individual's specific challenges and responses to interventions. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving parents, educators, mental health professionals, and healthcare providers is crucial for developing and implementing a successful ADHD management plan. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary to meet the evolving needs of individuals with ADHD.<ref>Tripp G, Wickens JR. Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Dec;57(7-8):579-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026. Epub 2009 Jul 21. | The effectiveness of the treatment plan depends on the individual's specific challenges and responses to interventions. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving parents, educators, mental health professionals, and healthcare providers is crucial for developing and implementing a successful ADHD management plan. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary to meet the evolving needs of individuals with ADHD.<ref>Tripp G, Wickens JR. Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Dec;57(7-8):579-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PMID 19627998.</ref> | ||
===== Behavioral therapy ===== | ===== Behavioral therapy ===== | ||
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===== Drug therapy ===== | ===== Drug therapy ===== | ||
Medications commonly utilized in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include stimulants like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, as well as non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. These medications can effectively manage ADHD symptoms by targeting neurotransmitter imbalances. However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects associated with these medications. Common side effects may include headaches, which can often be mitigated by adjusting the dosage or administration timing. Gastrointestinal discomfort, including stomach pain or nausea, is another possible side effect, and taking the medication with food or modifying the dosage may help alleviate these symptoms. Additionally, while rare, changes in mood such as [[Feeling|feelings]] of [[Depression and immune function|depression]] have been reported. Careful monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are essential to address and manage any side effects, ensuring the overall effectiveness and well-being of individuals undergoing [[ADHD treatments]].<ref>Austerman J. ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015 Nov;82(11 Suppl 1):S2-7. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.01. | Medications commonly utilized in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include stimulants like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, as well as non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. These medications can effectively manage ADHD symptoms by targeting neurotransmitter imbalances. However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects associated with these medications. Common side effects may include headaches, which can often be mitigated by adjusting the dosage or administration timing. Gastrointestinal discomfort, including stomach pain or nausea, is another possible side effect, and taking the medication with food or modifying the dosage may help alleviate these symptoms. Additionally, while rare, changes in mood such as [[Feeling|feelings]] of [[Depression and immune function|depression]] have been reported. Careful monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are essential to address and manage any side effects, ensuring the overall effectiveness and well-being of individuals undergoing [[ADHD treatments]].<ref>Austerman J. ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015 Nov;82(11 Suppl 1):S2-7. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.01. PMID 26555810.</ref> | ||
[[SSRI]] antidepressants may be unhelpful, and could worsen symptoms of ADHD.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=C. W. Popper|author-link=C. W. Popper|year=1997|title=Antidepressants in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry]]|volume=58 |issue=Suppl 14|pages=14–29|pmid=9418743}}</ref> However ADHD is often misdiagnosed as depression, particularly when no hyperactivity is present. | [[SSRI]] antidepressants may be unhelpful, and could worsen symptoms of ADHD.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=C. W. Popper|author-link=C. W. Popper|year=1997|title=Antidepressants in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry]]|volume=58 |issue=Suppl 14|pages=14–29|pmid=9418743}}</ref> However ADHD is often misdiagnosed as depression, particularly when no hyperactivity is present. | ||