Tourism industry
The Key Elements of Tourism - Products and Services
Direct elements of the Tourism Industry - Those areas of the tourism industry which come into direct contact with tourists
- Sales
- Accommodation
- Transport
- Activities
- Attractions
- Ancillary Services
Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry - Often called support sectors. Those parts of the tourism industry which may not come into direct contact with tourists, but without the rest of the industry could not function.
- Infrastructure
- Roads
- Airports
- Communications
- Public Toilets
- Signs
- Manufacturing
- Building Industry
- Electricity
- Water supply
- Sewerage and waste disposal
Brief History of Travel & Tourism Through The Ages
Travel tourist - Originating from the French word “travail’ meaning to labour or toil. Tourist is today defined as a person travelling for pleasure
The Earliest Travel & Tourism
- Business travel (3000BC)
- Trading
- Matters of state
- Military purposes
- Leisure
- Egyptians visiting pyramids (1500BC)
- Religion - Pilgrimage (4th C AD) and other sacred ceremonies
- Pleasure
- Curiosity
- Sport - Olympic Games (776BC), Polo & jousting (Persia), Swimming (Egypt), Winter sports holiday (1901)
Spa (Bath)
- First used by the Romans
- Later developed 1897 to The Terrace (at left)
- Fashionable venue for social and rehabilitating needs
- The Grand Tour
- Renaissance – rebirth
- Travel for educational experience
- Early 17th century
19th Century
- Technological developments
- Railways
- Steamships
- Capital investment
- Hotel chains and corporations
- Casinos – escape from middle class morality of Victorian England
- Outdoor Activities
- Beach bathing
- Sun tan status symbol of health and wealth
- Mobile holidays
- Bicycle
- Motoring
- Walking
Early 20th Century
- Airline Industry
- Shipping lines
- Private Motor Cars
1960’s, 1970’s, 1980’s
- Changing social patterns
- Annual holiday taking
- Special interest holidays
- Increasing prosperity and declining inflation
- Domestic and international travel
1990’s
- Failing economy
- Decline in airline travel
- Unrest
- Wars (Gulf War 1991)
- Civil unrest (Fiji)
- Terrorism
New Millennium
- Promise of golden era for tourism
- Terrorism
- September 11, 2001
- War
- Invasion of Iraq (2003)
2007 onwards - Issues - Negatives
- Global warming
- World resources - Oil
- War\coups
- Terrorism
2007 onwards - Issues positive
- Increased prosperity
- Emerging Industrial Nations – China
- Developments in Transportation
- Hypersonic jet
- Cruise Ships\Communities
- Development in Technology
- Virtual tourism
Impacts of Tourism
Economic
- International tourism receipts regarded as exports
- Expenditure by nationals abroad as imports
- Tourism leading source of foreign exchange for 38% of countries worldwide
- Contributes approximately 4.2% to the world’s Gross Domestic Product
- 78 million jobs within the industry-3.1% of total world employment
- Tourism can increase government revenue through payment of taxes by tourists eg departure tax, GST, visa fees
- Multiplier effect – more tourist dollar is spent and respent within the economy less the amount leaving in form of leakage
Economic - summary
- Major economic impact on developing countries/underdeveloped regions within country
- Foreign exchange earnings critically important to developing nations-require high level imports
- Increase standard of living creating employment and provision of facilities
Positive Environmental Impacts
- Formation parks and reserves to protect environmental sites
- Educate local community – plaques,leaflets
- Increased environmental awareness-physical improvement to landscape
- Protection of wildlife funded through tourism ventures
Negative Environmental Impacts
- Noise pollution
- Water pollution
- Air pollution
- Visual pollution
- Erosion
- Overcrowding
- Damaging wildlife
Positive Social Impacts Tourism is often regarded by the host community as an economic necessity but a social evil (Parkinson 1970)
- Employment
- Wealth creation
- Foreign investment
- Competition
- Improvement in lifestyles
Negative Social Impacts
- Inflation
- Overdependence on tourism
- Competition
- Undesirable activities
- Consumptive behaviour
Support Sectors
Public Sector - Those areas of the tourism industry which are directly controlled or organised by central or local government
Private Sector - Those areas of the tourism industry which are directly controlled or organised by individuals or privately owned companies.
Sectorial Organisations Based on the interests of a particular sector of the industry
- IATA – International Air Transport Association
- ABTA – Association of British Travel Agents
- TAANZ – Travel Agents Association of NZ
- HANZ – Hospitality Association of NZ
- BHA – British Hospitality Association
Destination Organisations - Concerned with developing and/or marketing a specific destination
- PATA – Pacific Asia Travel Association
- ETC – European Travel Commission
- Dunedin Host
- Tourism Dunedin
- British Tourist Authority
- Tourism New Zealand
Tourism Organisations - Concerned with Tourism Activity as a whole, by collecting statistics and research into the tourism phenomenon
- UN WTO – World Tourism Organisation
- WTTC – World Travel and Tourism Council
- British Industries Tourism Advisory Group
Attractions and Activities
Theme and Amusement Parks
- Bakken, Copenhagen opened in 1583 oldest amusement park
- Blackpool Pleasure Beach opened in 1896 most visited tourist site in England
- Walt Disney Corporation’s Disneyland in Anaheim and Disneyworld in Orlando attracts between 13-15 million visitors annually
Historical Buildings
- Stately homes in England number over 6000 and over 800 are open to visitors
- In Dunedin, Olveston offers tours and Larnach Castle can offer tours, accommodation, events, garden walks and restaurant facilities
Wildlife Attractions
- Establishment of zoos goes back to the 18th century – now 900 established zoos
- Safari parks increasingly popular – see animals in wild eg Kruger National Park
- Sealife centres attract crowds although dolphin shows are losing favour
Museums and Art Galleries
- Attracting new tourists through interactive displays and special events e.g. Te Papa holding Lord of the Rings exhibition
- Special exhibitions at Art Galleries
Natural Attractions
- New Zealand’s world renowned e.g. Milford Sound, geothermal activity Rotorua
- National parks world wide – related activities e.g. Yellowstone
Shopping
- Important part of tourism
- Tourist cities London, Paris, Rome, New York popular for quality
- Large malls being developed to attract visitors
- Souvenir shopping