Geophysics
Geophysics, the study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods.
It includes the branches of:
- Seismology (earthquakes and elastic waves)
- Gravity and geodesy (the earth's gravitational field and the size and form of the earth)
- Atmospheric science, which includes:
- Atmospheric electricity and terrestrial magnetism (including ionosphere, Van Allen belts, telluric currents, Radiant energy, etc.)
- Meteorology and Climatology, which both involve studies of the weather.
- Aeronomy, the study of the physical structure and chemistry of the atmosphere.
- Geothermometry (heating of the earth, heat flow, volcanology, and hot springs)
- Hydrology (ground and surface water, sometimes including glaciology)
- Physical oceanography
- Tectonophysics (geological processes in the earth)
- Exploration and engineering geophysics
- Geophysical Engineering
- Geodesy
- Glaciology
- Petrophysics
- Applied geophysics
- Mineral Physics
- Engineering geology