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DNA Spread Theory

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Initially dubbed DNA Spread Theoretics by member of various Haplogroup-R discussion groups, the roots of what is now designed DNA Spread Theory were first proposed in a 1979 book – ‘Path of the Serpent’ – by Bill Lipton. DNA Spread Theory is a new interdisciplinary approach to the study of cultural evolution In researching that ‘Path’, Lipton drew upon a combination of the then recent interest in Archaeoastronomy and emerging studies in the fields of anthropology and archaeology – set in the context of established religious and cultural tradition – to posit the idea that the serpent constituted humanities earliest and most pervasive religious/cultural icon.

Background

Prior to the advent of economical gender DNA testing – with its application to Genealogy and affirmation of George Darwin’s postulation of a link between surnames and genetics – there was no objective means of connecting the evolution of culture to specific populations. In archaeology, the trend was to use technologically unique artifacts to identify a cultural group. An example is found in the Corded Ware Culture – identified by coiled clay pottery designs – where a clan or tribal technological design is utilized to describe what is either a single population, or an amalgam of diverse groups.

Theoretical & Archaeological Roots

In‘Path of the Serpent’, Lipton proposed a multi-disciplinary approach to cultural evolution based upon the (then recent) findings of Astronomer Gerald S. Hawkins – as expounded in his seminal work, ‘Stonehenge Decoded’[1] – taken in conjunction with archaeological evidence inferring Cro-magnon cultures considered the serpent to be a primal deity. In addition, Lipton had the examples set by Thor Heyerdahl – Kon-Tiki and the Ra Expedition – to provide demonstrative, and pragmatic, evidence for the feasibility of inter-continental cultural transfer as a means of explaining the universality of the Serpent Deity.

The conjecture underlying the work of Heyerdahl, Lipton and numerous others – some of which gained popular notoriety, while related lines of thought languished for want of evidence – fell in a period marked by publication of such works as Erich von Däniken’s ‘Chariots of the Gods?: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past’. Drawing upon general post nuclear apocalyptic fears and an unpopular war sold as the possible first domino in the threatened Communist/Socialist takeover – building upon a sense of helplessness and New Age escapism – von Däniken was able to capitalize on a general feeling of human helplessness and incompetence in managing our own destiny; this was combined with a historic questioning of pre-Victorian intelligence which mandated that any ancient accomplishment not achievable by Her Majesty’s Royal Engineers must have been done by aliens.

Historic Antecedents

Because it associates religion, legend, culture and DNA, DNA Spread Theory borders on theories of the type espoused by Arthur de Gobineau, whose 1850's Aryan Master race hypothesis – as put forth in ‘An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races’ – would eventually gave rise to Hitler, the Nazi and neo-Nazi movements. It is noteworthy that de Gobineau made his connections in terms of language and dominant cultures – as viewed in terms of Indo-Iranian and Indo-European cultural influences. This was the same period in which Darwin – who postulated Natural Selection in 1838, but didn’t publish ‘On the Origin of Species’ until 1859, or some five years after de Gobineau’s theory – was engaged in explaining the world through Natural Selection and what has been termed “Survival of the fittest.” In their own way, both these views discussed a form of natural eugenics in which the unfit were unable to procreate, or otherwise ceased to exist.

However paradoxical, it should be noted that the Old Testament concept of a Chosen people serves as a fitting prelude to both Darwin and de Gobineau. Those familiar with the first five books – the Books of Moses – are also familiar with the various divine commands such as:
a) “Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.” [2] Which effectively impose a divine policy of de Gobineau style eugenics on the per-Israelite promised land occupants; or
b) The marriage laws typified by “only to the family of the tribe of their father shall they marry.” [3] Which effectively impose a restrictive Darwinian mating practice – ostensibly to control property rights, but having the practical effect of governing power and educational advantages in the same manner as the Indian Caste System

It would be remiss to ignore the full extent of Old & New Testament eugenics reflected by the application of pastoralist Animal husbandry to social order and structure. This becomes evident when we place the marriage restrictions in the context of rules governing a division of territory and allocation of profession based on genetic linederived from an assertion of descent from one of twelve specific individuals and the ‘blessing’ they received from a legendary common ancestor. Effectively, under conditions of strict enforcement, each territory would eventually contain a homogeneous genetic pool defined by geography and trade; in terms of husbandry, each line was being bred to fulfil a specific function within the specific geographic environment it occupied. A concept which, when expressed in these terms, is very controversial among certain segments of the population.
However, by recognizing this ultimate characteristic of the discussed text, and viewing the same effective result within other Caste or ‘class’ based social structures, Spread Theory allows its practitioners to find correlations between DNA and culture.

A 14th century scholar, Ibn Khaldun, is said to have said:

"The vanquished always want to imitate the victor in his distinctive marks, his dress, his occupation, and all his other conditions and customs."

Proper application of DNA within the context of Spread Theory allows both the archaeologist and anthropologist to place there discoveries into a more universal context; thus illuminating our common origins and manner in which our continued interaction both diverges and coalesces -- based upon whether the nature of conquest, the means used to vanquish, was militaristic, technological, or philosophical.

Baseline Data

File:Distribution Haplogroup R1a Y-DNA.svg
Haplogroup R1a distribution

Given the recent emergence of this field of study, the earliest papers reported results from only six viable loci – these are identified by DYS location as:
DYS19/388/390/391/392/393

Of note is that more DYS values are generally reported – based on nature of study – but the six currently being utilized are more uniformly reported, and are reported with larger supporting data samples.

Focusing on research papers containing Indo-European Hg-R-M17 (R1a1), yielded seventeen papers with viable supporting tables (or Modal Haplogroup information) for a total of approximately 3000 individual haplogroup sets – these comprise the basic data currently being prepared/edited for publication. To this has been added comparative data from various individuals belonging to members of R1a1 Yahoo Forum where Lipton is a co-moderator.. http://www.R1a1.org (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/R1a1/ )

Y-DNA-R1a Modal Haplotype Ysearch Alleles(repeats) at each DYS location:

DYS 19 388 390 391 392 393 future use 389I 389II 426
Eastern European 16 12 25 10 11 13 ..... .. .. ..



The foregoing illustration presents six elements of a Modal which, because it is not supported in the context of available peer-review research offers no tracking context. The following are derived from the research data. DNA Spread Theory is used, as the name implies, to trace where a given ancestral line has been and left a descendant record. A basic precept of Spread Theory is to utilize markers which are slow to mutate and therefore stable over extended periods of time - tentatively defined as units expressed in thousands of years. For that reason, only exact-match haplotypes are used. The following chart illustrates a sequence variously[4][5][6] defined as an Ashkenazi Microsatellite or Founder Modal and Central Asian Modal.

Spread Theory as illustrated using proposed Ashkenazim Founder Modal:

DYS 19 388 390 391 392 393 future use 389I 389II 426
Levite Founder 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Kirghiz(Cent-Asia) 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Indian - Kashmiri 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Anatolia 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Kurd 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Iran 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Parsi 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Anglo-Saxon(Ashbourne) 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Sorb 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Belarus 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Norway 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..
Tristan da Cunha 16 12 25 11 10 13 ..... .. .. ..



Utilizing the same Modal - though different examples where the specific locale was provided - we are able to see a migration path which lends itself to being mapped. Here the data is presented tabulated by Latitude(left) and Longitude(right):

Latitude Longitude Location Longitude Location Latitude
37.31N 38.74E Anatolia(Urfa) 44.40E 41.00N Armenian(North)
40.99N 29.10E Anatolia(Istanbul) 38.74E 37.31N Anatolia(Urfa)
41.00N 44.40E Armenian(North) 29.10E 40.99N Anatolia(Istanbul)
45.10N 15.20E Croatian 27.90E 53.71N Belarus
50.40N 10.40E German 15.20E 45.10N Croatian
53.71N 27.90E Belarus 10.40E 50.40N German



Reference papers utilized for initial analysis

1. The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East[7]
2. Y Chromosomes Traveling South: The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Origins of the Lemba - the "Black Jews of Southern Africa [8]
3. Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries[9]
4. The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations[10]
5. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia[11]
6. Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan[12]
7. High resolution analysis of Y chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India [13]
8. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas [14]
9. Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) [15]
10. Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration [16]
11. High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews [17]
12. Diversitat genomica a les poblacions del nord d'Africa [18]
13. Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group [19]
14. Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin [20]
15. Genealogy and genes: tracing the founding fathers of Tristan da Cunha [21]
16. Y chromosome STRs in Croatians [22]
17. The Effective Mutation Rate at Y Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats, with Application to Human Population-Divergence Time [23]
18. Sex-Specific Migration Patterns in Central Asian Populations, Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats and mtDNA [24]

Additional Relevant Sources

A. Conversion Table for Y-Chromosome Haplogroups (available online)[25]
B. A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian- Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania[26]
C. Variation in Short Tandem Repeats Is Deeply Structured by Genetic Background on the Human Y Chromosome [27]
D. Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews[28]
E. Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa (Letters to the Editor - ALMUT NEBEL et al) [29]
F. High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas [30]
G. A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles[31]
H. Screening of Y-chromosome STR Loci in Taiwanese Populations[32]
to be added[33]
to be added[34]
to be added[35]

Archaeoastronomy

Reference Research

  1. ↑ ’Stonehenge Decoded’, Gerald S Hawkins in collaboration with John B. White, Doubleday & Co, 1965
  2. ↑ Numbers 31:17
  3. ↑ Numbers 36:6
  4. ↑ Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries
  5. ↑ Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews
  6. ↑ Sex-Specific Migration Patterns in Central Asian Populations, Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats and mtDNA
  7. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:1095–1112, 2001, Almut Nebel et al, The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East
  8. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66:674–686, 2000, Mark G. Thomas et al, Y Chromosomes Traveling South: The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Origins of the Lemba - the "Black Jews of Southern Africa"
  9. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:000–000, 2003, Doron M. Behar et al, Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries
  10. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003, T. Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations
  11. ↑ Hum Genet (2004) 114 : 127–148, DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4, Cengiz Cinniog˘lu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia
  12. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:1107–1124, 2002, Raheel Qamar et al, Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan
  13. ↑ Indian Academy of Sciences, Journal of Genetics, Vol. 80, No. 3, December 2001, NAMITA MUKHERJEE et al, resolution analysis of Y chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India
  14. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:524–539, 2003, Maria-Catira Bortolini et al, Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas
  15. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:1314–1331, 2001, David Gresham et al, Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)
  16. ↑ Mol. Biol. Evol. 19(7):1008–1021. 2002, Accepted January 25, 2002, Michael E. Weale, et al, Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration
  17. ↑ Hum Genet (2000) 107 :630–641, DOI 10.1007/s004390000426, Almut Nebel et al, High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews
  18. ↑ Elena Bosch Fuste, Barcelona, febrer del 2000, ISBN:84-688-2285-X, Diversitat genomica a les poblacions del nord d'Africa
  19. ↑ Hum Genet (2001) 109 :659–674, DOI 10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9, Michael E. Weale et al, Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group
  20. ↑ Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 3(2):26-46, 2007, Steven C. Bird, Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin
  21. ↑ European Journal of Human Genetics (2003) 11, 705–709, www.nature.com/ejhg, Himla Soodyall et al, Genealogy and genes: tracing the founding fathers of Tristan da Cunha
  22. ↑ Forensic Science International 138 (2003) 127–133, Lovorka Barac et al, Y chromosome STRs in Croatians
  23. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:000–000, 2004, Lev A. Zhivotovsky et al, The Effective Mutation Rate at Y Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats, with Application to Human Population-Divergence Time
  24. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65:208–219, 1999, Anna Pe´rez-Lezaun et al, Sex-Specific Migration Patterns in Central Asian Populations, Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats and mtDNA
  25. ↑ DNA Consulting, 2003-2006,Santa Fe, New Mexico (USA
  26. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:432–443, 2001, Cristian Capelli et al
  27. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65:1623–1638, 1999, Elena Bosch et al
  28. ↑ European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 388–391, Almut Nebel et al, Published online 3 November 2004
  29. ↑ Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:1594–1596, 2002, ALMUT NEBEL et al
  30. ↑ Mol. Biol. Evol. 21(1):164–175. 2004, DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msh009, Stephen L. Zegura et al
  31. ↑ Current Biology, Vol. 13, 979–984, May 27, 2003, 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. DOI 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7, Cristian Capelli et al
  32. ↑ Forensic Science Journal 2003; Vol. 2, No. 1 (2:69-76), Hsing-Mei Hsieh et al
  33. ↑ to be added
  34. ↑ to be added
  35. ↑ to be added


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