Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host
Template:Infobox political post
Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (Template:Lang-uk) is a former historic government office and political institution of Cossack Hetmanate (Zaporizhian Host) that is equivalent to a head of state.
Brief history
As a head of state the position was established at first by Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Cossack Hetmanate in the mid 17th century. During that period the office was electoral. All elections except for the first one were adapted by the Senior Council in Chyhyryn which until 1669 served the capital of Hetmanate.
Since the council in Pereyaslav of 1654 several senior cossacks sided with the Tsardom of Russia and in 1663 they staged "Black Council" (Chorna Rada) in Nizhyn which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman. Since the defeat of Petro Doroshenko in 1669 the Hetman title was adapted by pro-Russian elected hetmans who resided in Baturyn. In the course of the Great Northern War one of them, Ivan Mazepa, decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708 which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the Zaporizhian Host. The administration was moved to Hlukhiv where the Mazepa's doll was publicly executed and anathema was laid against him by the Russian Orthodox Church. Later in the late 18th century it was successfully disbanded by the Russian government during the expansion of the Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.
List of office holders
Initial holders
| # | Hetman | Elected (event) | Took office | Left office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 1 | 
|
Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1596–1657) Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький |
1648 (Sich) | 26 January 1648 | 6 August 1657 | died |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 2 | 
|
Yurii Khmelnytsky (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький |
1657 (Chyhyryn) | 6 August 1657 (confirmed: 27 August 1657) (confirmed: 11 September 1659) |
October 1662 | resigned |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| X | Ivan Vyhovsky (16??–1664) |
1657 (Korsun) | (confirmed: 6 November 1657) | 11 September 1659 | elected temporarily for three years; resigned | |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 3 | _(cropped,_color).jpg)
|
Pavlo Teteria (1620?–1670) Павло Тетеря |
1662 (Chyhyryn) | October 1662 (confirmed: 2 January 1663) |
July 1665 | resigned |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 4 | 
|
Petro Doroshenko (1627–1698) Петро Дорошенко |
1666 (Chyhyryn) | 10 October 1665 (confirmed: January 1666) |
19 September 1676 | surrendered to Ivan Samoylovych |
In 1657 Ivan Vyhovsky being a regent to young Yuriy Khmelnytsky was officially elected as the Hetman for the next three years. He surrendered the title in 1659 due to a public pressure.
In 1669 Petro Doroshenko received a title of Sanjak-bey from Mehmed IV. The Appointed Hetman Mykhailo Khanenko was elected the Hetman of Ukraine by a council of Sukhoviy's Cossacks in Uman to depose Doroshenko. In 1675 John III Sobieski awarded the title to some Ostap Hohol (died in 1679). Same thing happened in 1683 when John III Sobieski awarded the title to Stefan Kunicki and in 1684 to Andriy Mohyla. Those awards were given during the Great Turkish War.
Russia's appointed hetmans
| # | ## | Hetman | Elected (event) | Took office | Left office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 1 | File:Sample.jpg | Ivan Briukhovetsky (1623–1668) Іван Брюховецький |
1663 (Nizhyn) | 27 June 1663 | 17 June 1668 | killed by the Doroshenko Guard | |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 2 | File:Sample.jpg | Demian Mnohohrishny (1631–1703) Дем'ян Многогрішний |
1669 (Hlukhiv) | 17 December 1668 (confirmed: 3 March 1669) |
April 1672 | arrested and exiled to Siberia | |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 3 | style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 5 | File:Ivan Samoylovych.png | Ivan Samoylovych (1630s–1690) Іван Самойлович |
1672 (Cossack Grove) | 17 June 1672 | August 1687 | arrested and exiled to Siberia |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 4 | style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 6 | 
|
Ivan Mazepa (1627–1698) Іван Мазепа |
1687 (Kolomak) | 4 August 1687 | 6 November 1708 | "stripped" of a title, discredited |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 5 | style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 7 | 
|
Ivan Skoropadsky (1646–1722) Іван Скоропадський |
1708 (Hlukhiv) | 6 November 1708 | 14 July 1722 | died |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| X | File:Sample.jpg | Pavlo Polubotok (1660–1724) Павло Полуботок |
appointed hetman | 1722 | 1724 | died | |
| Collegium of Little Russia (Stepan Velyaminov) 1722-1727 | |||||||
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 6 | style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 8 | .jpg)
|
Danylo Apostol (1654–1734) Данило Апостол |
1727 (Hlukhiv) | 12 October 1727 | 29 March 1734 | died |
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| X | File:Sample.jpg | Yakiv Lyzohub (1675–1749) Яків Лизогуб |
appointed hetman | 1733 | 1749 | died | |
| provisional Hetman Government Administration 1734-1745 | |||||||
| style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 7 | style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color"| 9 | 
|
Kyrylo Rozumovsky (1728–1803) Кирило Розумовський |
1750 (Hlukhiv) | 22 February 1750 | 1764 | resign |
| Collegium of Little Russia 1764-1786 | |||||||
In support of the Poltava regiment uprising (Barabash-Pushkar Mutiny), Grigory Romadanovsky awarded the title of Appointed Hetman to Ivan Bezpaly. In 1663 in the city of Nizhyn a big cossack council was set up to elect the new Hetman of Ukraine, after which the winner of the elections Ivan Briukhovetsky slain his main rival Yakym Somko.
Vouched by Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel, Yuriy Khmelnytsky was freed from the Ottoman captivity, appointed and along with Pasha Ibragim was sent to Ukraine fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681 Mehmed IV appointed George Ducas the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.
Following the anathema on Mazepa and the election of Ivan Skoropadsky, Cossack Hetmanate was included into the Russian Government of Kiev in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the Hetman elections were disrupted and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely titles, first to Moldavian nobleman and later to the Russian Empress favorite.
On 5 April 1710 the council of cossacks, veterans of the battle at Poltava, elected Pylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla warfare at the southern borders of the Russian Empire with the support from Ottoman and Swedish empires.
See also
Further reading
- Dyadychenko, V. Sketches of a social and political system of the Left-bank Ukraine at the end of 17th and the start of 18th centuries. Kiev 1959
- Smoliy, V. Hetmanate Ukraine. Kiev 1999
External links
- Shcherbak, V. Institution of Hetmans. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev 2004
- Hetman. Encyclopedia of Ukraine.