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Tughuzhuqo Qizbech movement

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Background

Circassian Revolution

In 1770, the free farmers of Abzakh Circassians revolted against the aristocratic class. Captured princes were killed. Those who escaped took refuge in other Circassian tribes. All privileges held by the princes, who were aristocratic and noble class, were abolished by free farmers.[1] While many contemporary French nobles took refuge in Russia during the similar revolution in France, some of the Circassian nobles took the same path and refuge in Russia.[2]

In July 14, 1791 the Natukhaj commoners peacefully took power from the aristocrats, declaring a republic.[3] A similar attempt among the Shapsugs led to a civil war which the commons won in 1803. Famous Circassian writer and historian Amjad Jaimoukha says that from 1770 to 1790 there was a class war among the Abadzeks that resulted in the extermination of the princes and the banishment of most of the nobility.[4] The three west-central "democratic" tribes, Natukhaj, Shapsugs and Abedzeks, who formed the majority of the Circassians, managed their affairs through assemblies with only informal powers. Sefer Bey Zanuqo, the three Naibs of Shamil and the British adventurers all tried to organize the Circassians – with limited success.[5]

The Bzhedug tribe helped the exiled princes which further escalated conflicts.[6] The newly established revolutionary states of Abdzakh and Shapsug attacked the Bzhedug in order to kill their former nobility.[7]

Even though Tughuzhuqo was a noble, he still supported the revolution.

Bziyuk Battle

Bziuyk Battle. Sculptor: Anton Aramayisovich Shekoyan.[8]

Prior to the battle, the Sheretlukov princes were expelled by the Shapsug peasants due to their attempt to impose serfdom-like obligations. Seeking support, the princes aligned themselves with Bzhedug nobles and landlords, which led to the escalation of the conflict.[9]

The battle took place on the Nedzhyd (Negid) glade, a dry ravine in the Bziyuk River Valley. Initially, the Shapsug peasants gained the upper hand. However, the course of the battle changed when Black Sea Cossacks forces, equipped with artillery, joined the nobles. Their intervention turned the tide, leading to the defeat of the peasant forces.[10]

Despite their defeat, the peasant uprising influenced the political landscape of the region. The involvement of Black Sea Cossacks in an internal conflict among the Circassians contributed to rising tensions along the Kuban River, leading to further hostilities between the mountain tribes and the Cossacks.[11]

After the battle

After the revolution, Kizbech does not appear in any sources between 1796 and 1810. According to Circassian oral traditions, during this period Kizbech met with Hasan Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Anapa, and went on a pilgrimage to Mecca.[12][13][14] He returned definitively in 1810 and began to appear again in written records. After this, he continued to fight for the Circassian army. [15] The Circassians believed that Kizbech had met Khidr (Alebiy in Circassian).[16]

Movement

He gained fame between 1810 and 1839, and almost all major Circassian raids on Russian fortifications during this period are associated with his name [17] These songs were unusual because they were written while Kizbech was still alive and were known to him.[18] [17]

Kizbech started his struggle once the Russo-Circassian War reached western Circassia. Between the years 1810–1840, he stormed the Russian garrisons and settlements with a volley of attacks. His main rival was the Cossack ataman Maxim Vlasov. He rose to fame by defeating Vlasov in 1820.[15] During Vlasov's period, the violence against Circassian villages reached such proportions that Tsar Alexander I removed him from office in July 1826.[12] In 1821, he defeated a Russian campaign on the lands of Shapsug.[15] The Circassians believed that Kizbech had met Khidr (Alebiy in Circassian).[16]

On 9 October 1823, Kizbech unsuccessfully tried ambushing Russian forces near the Alexandrovsky post. Two days later he launched a raid on Elizavetinskaya settlement, and his forces got into an engagement with the defending Cossacks. However, after receiving news of approaching Russian reinforcements, Kizbech hastily turned around, and headed back to Circassia. The Russians intercepted his forces twice, leading to heavy casualties on the Circassian side; however, Kizbech managed to get back to Circassia, heavily wounded and with 3 captives.[19]

Shapsug flag

Sultan Khan-Giray had said the following about him:Template:QuoteKizbech was part of the team that designed the Shapsug flag.[18] Russia frequently tried to persuade the upper-class Circassians to switch sides, offering them high privileges. Kizbech resisted and rejected these offers.[20] He punished those who accepted such proposals.[17][20]

In a letter dated November 8, 1824, Colonel Matveyev wrote to Major General Vlasov:[12][21]Template:QuoteEnglishman Favell Lee Mortimer said these:[22] Template:Quote In 1830, Kizbech attacked Elizavinskaya settlement and destroyed it, and in 1834, heading a force of 700 cavaliers along with Hawduqo Mansur, he brutally defeated a 14 thousand soldier Russian troops in the Battle of Abinsk. Again, in the same year, he headed 1,200 cavaliers to victory over 6 thousand Russian soldiers.[15] In the same year, with 1,200 cavaliers, Kizbech encountered a Cossack detachment of less than 300 men. Admiring the courage and determination of the Cossacks, Kizbech withdrew some of his own cavalry to equalize the numerical advantage. The sides fought with equal numbers, and Kizbech's side won the battle.[17][18] During the wars, he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and also visited Egypt. The Egyptian rulers wanted to recruit him into the Egyptian army, but Kizbech rejected the offer.[17][18]

Russian military historian Vasily Potto, who served in the Russian army in the Caucasus, said these about Kizbech: Template:Quote Over many years, he raided several hostile Russian garrisons; Maryanskaya, Georgie, Afepskaya, Apenskaya, and in 1837 while crossing through a field, he was identified by Cossack peasants, who out of their great fear, fled the place leaving behind them 200 sickles. In the same year of 1837, Kizbech stormed the coastal castle of Nikolayev and seized all its properties.[23] At the beginning of June 1837, he attacked the guards of the Nikolaevsky fortress (now Shapsugskaya village) alone, captured a soldier, and seized 9 rifles.[17][18][15]

In 1837, accompanied by 250 men, he attacked the right bank of the Kuban Russian fort and captured 200 prisoners.[18] As a warrior, Tughuzhuqo enjoyed great respect among opponents. Tsarist generals entered into negotiations with him and repeatedly offered him to join the service of Russia, he rejected all offers. After the failure of his generals to convince him, Tsar Nicholas I tried to personally approach Kizbech to dissuade him from continuing his acts. Kizbech rejected offers of money and continued his raids on Russian garrisons.

Kizbech was against any kind of compromise with Russia. In 1838, he launched an attack against the Zhaney Circassians of the Karakuban region, who had sworn allegiance to Russia. In October 1838, he received seven serious wounds, and his sons were injured and eventually died from the injuries. According to James Bell, who was present there, Kizbech was not affected by this and saw it as fate. In 1840, Kizbech, heading a group of Circassian cavaliers, captured the garrisons of Waya, Tuapse and Shaps.[15]

The song written for Kizbech by Kör Osman, who was a contemporary of Kizbech, goes like this:

Template:Quote

References

  1. ↑ Heidelberg University, South Asia Institute Professor of Policy E.M. Sarkisyan: "The French revolution was prepared and carried out by educated intellectuals. How did this [Circassian] people, who did not have universities, books and newspapers, come to this idea and realize this revolution?"
  2. ↑ Vorlesungen von Prof. Dr. M. Sarkisyanz. SAI- Heidelberg . Trubetykoy, Nikolaj Sergejewitsch Fürst Erinnerungen an einen Aufenthalt bei den Tscherkessen des Kreises Tuapse. In: Caucasica, 1934, 11, S. 1-39
  3. ↑ Jaimoukha, p. 55.
  4. ↑ Amjad Jaimukha, p. 156
  5. ↑ T, V. Çerkezistan notları. p. 21
  6. ↑ Под ред. Е. М. Жукова. ""бзиюкская битва"". Советская историческая энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. 
  7. ↑ Бзиюкская битва // Военная энциклопедия: [в 18 т.] / под ред. В. Ф. Новицкого ... [и др.]. — СПб. ; [М.] : Тип. т-ва И. Д. Сытина, 1911—1915.
  8. ↑ muzzone.yuga
  9. ↑ "Toponymy". http://toponymy.ru/glossary-a/. 
  10. ↑ [1]Template:Cite wikisource
  11. ↑ Под ред. Е. М. Жукова (1973-1982). ""бзиюкская битва"" (in ru). Советская историческая энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Пэнэшъу, Аскэр (21 May 2021). "Лъэпкъым ишъхьафитныгъэ псэемыблэжьэу фэбэнагъэх — Адыгэ макъ" (in ady). https://adygvoice.ru/2021/05/21/%d0%bb%d1%8a%d1%8d%d0%bf%d0%ba%d1%8a%d1%8b%d0%bc-%d0%b8%d1%88%d1%8a%d1%85%d1%8c%d0%b0%d1%84%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b3%d1%8a%d1%8d-%d0%bf%d1%81%d1%8d%d0%b5%d0%bc%d1%8b%d0%b1%d0%bb%d1%8d%d0%b6%d1%8c/. 
  13. ↑ Açumıj, Hilmi (2021). "Milletin Özgürlüğü İçin Canla Başla Mücadele Ettiler!". http://cherkessia.net/makale_detay.php?id=3974. 
  14. ↑ Sultan Khan-Girey, "Къызбэч икIалэхэр къэзэкъхэм зэраукIыгъэми, уIэгъабэ зэрэтелъми, жъы зэрэхъугъэми къамыубытэу урысхэм зэпымыоу заохэр аришIылIэщтыгъэ. Хьасан-пашэу Анапэ дэсыгъэм илъэIукIэ Чабэм кIуагъэ, ay быслъымэнхэмкIэ цIэ лъапIэу щыт хьа­джа­цIэми Къызбэч Iэсэнэу, уцужьынэу ашIышъугъэп: ыпсэ хэтыфэ шапсыгъэ шъыпкъэу къэнагъ. Шъэджашъэу, мэкъэ­хъушхоу, иIэбакIи иплъакIи щынагъохэу, нэмыкIэу къэпIон хъумэ, ащ псэемыблэжь банэу а шапсыгъэ лIыхъужъ лъэ­шым ышIыхэрэм ащ изекIуакIи адыригъэштэ шъыпкъэу щытыгъ итеплъи, джащ фэдэ дунэе къижъукI-къутэжьым хэтыным пае къэхъугъэу къыпшIошIыщтыгъэ" (Adigece)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 "مكتبة المقالات | Dr Ali Kasht official website" (in ar). https://dralikasht.wixsite.com/website/blank-page. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Нурбый, ГъукIэлI (2016) (in ady). Тыгъужъыкъо Къызбэч. Maykop: ООО Полиграф-ЮГ. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Shtybin, Vitaliy. "Кызбеч Шеретлуко - Черкесский лев и народный герой" (in ru). Дзен | Блогерская платформа. https://dzen.ru/a/WzC6Zg7xgACpAWOy. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 "Тыгъужъыкъуэ Къызбэч (Тугужуко Казбич)". Adyga Abaza (adygaabaza.ru). http://adygaabaza.ru/blog/tyguzhykueh_kyzbehch_tuguzhuko_kazbich/2011-04-08-6. 
  19. ↑ Vasily Potto (1887). "Кавказская война. Том 2. Ермоловское время". 310. http://loveread.ec/read_book.php?id=70801&p=310. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  22. ↑ Mortimer, Favell Lee (1852) (in en). Far Off; Or, Asia and Australia Described.. New York: R. Carter & Brothers. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13011/13011-h/13011-h.htm#CIRCASSIA. Retrieved on 28 March 2023. 
  23. ↑ "مكتبة المقالات | Dr Ali Kasht" (in ar). https://dralikasht.wixsite.com/website/blank-page. 
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