Vital Brazil

Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha (b. April 28, 1865 in Campanha, Minas Gerais, Brazil, d. May 8, 1950)was a Brazilian physician, biomedical scientist and immunologist, internationally reknowned for the discovery of the polyvalent anti-ophidic serum used to treat bítes of venomous snakes of the Crotalus (rattlesnakes) and genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-snake serums. He was the founder of the Butantan Institute, a research center located in São Paulo, which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied toxinology, the science of venomonous animals.

Life

Vital Brazil was born on April 28, 1865, in the little town of Campanha, in the states of Minas Gerais. His father gave him this curious name in homage to the country, the state and the city where they lived. He was graduated in medicine in 1891, in Rio de Janeiro, working as a technicala assistant in the chair of Physiology in order to pay for his tuition and living. After graduation, he started to work in public health, initially as a sanitary inspector in São Paulo (1892 to 1895), where he acquired experience in the prevalent epidemic diseases of the time (smallpox, typhoid fever, yellow fever and cholera, and then as a private practitioner in the city of Botucatu, from 1895 to 1896.

Vital Brazil, however, was attracted by medical research in the growing fields of bacteriology, virology and immunology at the end of the 19th century, which were being fueled by the great discoveris in Europe, by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich and many others. He therefore returned to São Paulo in 1897 and accepted a position in the Instituto Bacteriológico de São Paulo (Bacteriological Institute of São Paulo), under direction of the great Brazilian pathologist and epidemiologist Adolfo Lutz. There, he worked on the preparation of sera against several diseases, particularly the bubonic plague, to which he fell gravely ill, fortunately surviving it. Due to his outstanding work, the government of São Paulo founded a new Serum Therapy Institute in 1901 and gave its direction to Vital Brazil. He also founded the Institute of Hyginene, Serum Therapy and Veterinary Medicine, in the city of Niterói, in 1919.

Vital Brazil carried out scientific travels to Europe in 1904 and 1914 and to 1925 to the United States.

Work

The new São Paulo Institute was built in a section of the city named Butantan, at the time a far-away place, near the Pinheiros river, a swampy, sparsely inhabited area. Under Vital Brazil, it soon became an energetic and exemplary research center in vaccines and sera of all kinds, which were produced locally for the prophylaxis and treament of tetanus, diphteria, yellow fever, smallpox and several zoonoses, such as the dreaded. The Institute came to be well known by his original nickname, the Butantan Institute, in active and in existence till today.

Vital Brazil was convinced since his early work at Butantan, that envenomations (poisoning by accidents with venomous animals, such as snakes, scorpions, spiders and batrachia, then the cause of thousands of deaths in enormous, rural Brazil, which teemed with such tropical beasts) could be fought with antisera, i.e., antibodies specifically produced for venoms which were proteins or long-chain peptides. A French immunologist, [[[Calmette]]. had demonstrated this for the first time in 18xx, by developing a monovalent serum to treat bites by the Indian naja. He thus began a series of experimental investigations and, in 1901, he was able to prove that monovalent sera against the Asiatic species were ineffective for South American snakes, and proceeded to develop his first monovalent sera against the most common envenomations in Brazil, those produced by the Bothrops, Crotalus and Elaps genera (represented respectively by the rattlesnake, the jararaca snake and the choral snake). He found several clinical and biochemical similarities between bothropic and crotalic envonamations and so he was the first to achieve a polyvalent serum, i.e., simultaneously effective against both species, which represented a triumph over the stark mortality caused by these species in North, Central and South America. In a few decades, this mortality, which was higher than 25% to 20% of bitten people, fell to less than 2%.

Applying the same techniques (which envolved gradual immunization of horses and sheep by administering small doses of venoms, and then extracting, purifying and freeze-drying the antibody portion from the blood of injected animals), Vital Brazil and his coworkers were able to discover the first sera against two species of scorpions (1908) and spiders (1925) venoms. In the USA, Vital Brazil's name made the headlines when he saved from death a worker in the Zoological Garden of New York who was bitten by a rattlesnake, using his serum.

Most important of all, the Butantan Institute became a fertile school for breeding a new generation of Brazilian biochemists, physiologists and pathologists, such as José Moura Gonçalves, [[[Diniz]], Rosenberg, Beraldo and Maurício Rocha e Silva, who went on to found a growing number of schools, departments and research laboratories in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, giving a great impetus to the development of medical and biological research and teaching in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century.

According to Argentinian Nobel Prize winner Bernardo Houssay, who wrote a well-cited biography on Vital Brazil in 1966, his contributions went further than ophidiology:

"Vital Brazil and his collaborators have studied several actions of the venoms, (such as) coagulant, anticoagulant, hemolytic, agglutinant, cytotoxic, proteolytic, etc. (...) The {animal) poisons contain numerous enzymes which have been isolated and studied with interest in all parts since they explain many of the symptoms and constitute interesting biochemical reactives, Vital Brazil studied also the ophiophage serpents, such as the "muçurana", the ophiophage mammals, such as the skunk-like Conepatus chilensis and others, the ophiophage birds and certain spiders. (...) His book, La défense contre l’ophidisme published in French in 1914, attained international repercussion with three editions.