Jump to content

Tourism industry

From IdeaWazaWiki
Revision as of 03:45, 31 January 2007 by wikademia>Leighblackall (→Impacts of Tourism)

The Key Elements of Tourism - Products and Services

Direct elements of the Tourism Industry - Those areas of the tourism industry which come into direct contact with tourists

  • Sales
  • Accommodation
  • Transport
  • Activities
  • Attractions
  • Ancillary Services

Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry - Often called support sectors. Those parts of the tourism industry which may not come into direct contact with tourists, but without the rest of the industry could not function.

  • Infrastructure
  • Roads
  • Airports
  • Communications
  • Public Toilets
  • Signs
  • Manufacturing
  • Building Industry
  • Electricity
  • Water supply
  • Sewerage and waste disposal

Brief History of Travel & Tourism Through The Ages

Travel tourist - Originating from the French word “travail’ meaning to labour or toil. Tourist is today defined as a person travelling for pleasure

The Earliest Travel & Tourism

  • Business travel (3000BC)
  • Trading
  • Matters of state
  • Military purposes
  • Leisure
  • Egyptians visiting pyramids (1500BC)
  • Religion - Pilgrimage (4th C AD) and other sacred ceremonies
  • Pleasure
  • Curiosity
  • Sport - Olympic Games (776BC), Polo & jousting (Persia), Swimming (Egypt), Winter sports holiday (1901)

Spa (Bath)

File:Wallyg-300681098.jpg
A photo of the Great Bath, taken by Wallyg while visiting the Roman Baths Museum in Somerset, United Kingdom
  • First used by the Romans
  • Later developed 1897 to The Terrace (at left)
  • Fashionable venue for social and rehabilitating needs
  • The Grand Tour
  • Renaissance – rebirth
  • Travel for educational experience
  • Early 17th century

19th Century

  • Technological developments
  • Railways
  • Steamships
  • Capital investment
  • Hotel chains and corporations
  • Casinos – escape from middle class morality of Victorian England
  • Outdoor Activities
  • Beach bathing
  • Sun tan status symbol of health and wealth
  • Mobile holidays
  • Bicycle
  • Motoring
  • Walking

Early 20th Century

  • Airline Industry
  • Shipping lines
  • Private Motor Cars

1960’s, 1970’s, 1980’s

  • Changing social patterns
  • Annual holiday taking
  • Special interest holidays
  • Increasing prosperity and declining inflation
  • Domestic and international travel

1990’s

  • Failing economy
  • Decline in airline travel
  • Unrest
  • Wars (Gulf War 1991)
  • Civil unrest (Fiji)
  • Terrorism

New Millennium

2007 onwards - Issues - Negatives

  • Global warming
  • World resources - Oil
  • War\coups
  • Terrorism

2007 onwards - Issues positive

  • Increased prosperity
  • Emerging Industrial Nations – China
  • Developments in Transportation
  • Hypersonic jet
  • Cruise Ships\Communities
  • Development in Technology
  • Virtual tourism

Impacts of Tourism

Economic

  • International tourism receipts regarded as exports
  • Expenditure by nationals abroad as imports
  • Tourism leading source of foreign exchange for 38% of countries worldwide
  • Contributes approximately 4.2% to the world’s Gross Domestic Product
  • 78 million jobs within the industry-3.1% of total world employment
  • Tourism can increase government revenue through payment of taxes by tourists eg departure tax, GST, visa fees
  • Multiplier effect – more tourist dollar is spent and respent within the economy less the amount leaving in form of leakage

Economic - summary

  • Major economic impact on developing countries/underdeveloped regions within country
  • Foreign exchange earnings critically important to developing nations-require high level imports
  • Increase standard of living creating employment and provision of facilities

Positive Environmental Impacts

  • Formation parks and reserves to protect environmental sites
  • Educate local community – plaques,leaflets
  • Increased environmental awareness-physical improvement to landscape
  • Protection of wildlife funded through tourism ventures

Negative Environmental Impacts

  • Noise pollution
  • Water pollution
  • Air pollution
  • Visual pollution
  • Erosion
  • Overcrowding
  • Damaging wildlife

Positive Social Impacts Tourism is often regarded by the host community as an economic necessity but a social evil (Parkinson 1970)

  • Employment
  • Wealth creation
  • Foreign investment
  • Competition
  • Improvement in lifestyles

Negative Social Impacts

  • Inflation
  • Overdependence on tourism
  • Competition
  • Undesirable activities
  • Consumptive behaviour

Support Sectors

Public Sector - Those areas of the tourism industry which are directly controlled or organised by central or local government

Private Sector - Those areas of the tourism industry which are directly controlled or organised by individuals or privately owned companies.

Sectorial Organisations Based on the interests of a particular sector of the industry

Destination Organisations - Concerned with developing and/or marketing a specific destination

Tourism Organisations - Concerned with Tourism Activity as a whole, by collecting statistics and research into the tourism phenomenon

Attractions and Activities

Theme and Amusement Parks

  • Bakken, Copenhagen opened in 1583 oldest amusement park
  • Blackpool Pleasure Beach opened in 1896 most visited tourist site in England
  • Walt Disney Corporation’s Disneyland in Anaheim and Disneyworld in Orlando attracts between 13-15 million visitors annually

Historical Buildings

  • Stately homes in England number over 6000 and over 800 are open to visitors
  • In Dunedin, Olveston offers tours and Larnach Castle can offer tours, accommodation, events, garden walks and restaurant facilities

Wildlife Attractions

  • Establishment of zoos goes back to the 18th century – now 900 established zoos
  • Safari parks increasingly popular – see animals in wild eg Kruger National Park
  • Sealife centres attract crowds although dolphin shows are losing favour

Museums and Art Galleries

  • Attracting new tourists through interactive displays and special events e.g. Te Papa holding Lord of the Rings exhibition
  • Special exhibitions at Art Galleries

Natural Attractions

Shopping

  • Important part of tourism
  • Tourist cities London, Paris, Rome, New York popular for quality
  • Large malls being developed to attract visitors
  • Souvenir shopping

Water Transport

Main categories

  • Ocean line voyage shipping
  • cruise shipping
  • ferries
  • inland waterway transportation

Ocean liners

  • Port to port basis
  • Decline because of reduced cost air transportation and oil increase
  • Scheduled sailings limited

Cruising

  • 250 cruise ships operate worldwide carrying 10 million passengers
  • More than half cruises operate out of US ports and Americans represent 4 out of 5 cruise passengers
  • Niche markets for vessels carrying 100-200 passengers
  • Fly-cruises – combination of flights to and from port of departure
  • Stereotypical cruise passenger – conservative and elderly sitting in deck chairs or hyper-active extrovert middle- aged looking for non-stop entertainment
  • Security
  • All inclusive
  • Social interaction

Ferries

  • Short distance – water-borne transport
  • Within cities or between countries
  • One of the busiest waterways in the world – English Channel

Inland waterways

  • Excursion boats such as paddle steamers operate on the Murray River in Australia
  • Barge holidays on canals are very popular
  • Venice and Bangkok are examples of cities where water transport is both an attraction, and a means of sightseeing

Accommodation

Categories

  • Hotels and luxury lodges
  • Caravans and campervans
  • Motels, Serviced Apartments, timeshares
  • Backpacker and youth hostel
  • Bed and breakfast
  • Homestays, farmstays

Hotels

  • Globally sector dominated by small family-owned businesses
  • Can be licensed or unlicensed
  • Corporate hotel chains
  • Resort complexes
  • Unique hotels

Caravans and campervans

  • Motorhome holidays increasing in popularity both privately owned and leased
  • Four million holidaymakers a year are attracted to holiday parks in the UK

Motels, Timeshares, Serviced Apartments

  • In New Zealand, motels are self catering apartments. In the rest of the world, they are without cooking facilities.
  • Apartments are small flats with full facilities – they can be serviced or non serviced
  • Timeshares are apartments owned by individuals but leased out by managers

Backpacker and youth hostel

  • Major youth hostel operator worldwide is the YHA
  • Numerous privately owned hostels offer similar facilites
  • Growing market with independent travellers of all ages

Bed and breakfast, Homestays, farmstays

  • Wide variety of style and quality
  • Increasing desire by many tourists to ‘meet the people’
  • Approximately 11,500 B & B’s in the United Kingdom
Retrieved from "https://ideawaza.com/index.php?title=Tourism_industry&oldid=14445"