Geophysics

{stub} Geophysics, the study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods.

It includes the branches of:

• Seismology (earthquakes and elastic waves)
• Gravity and geodesy (the earth's gravitational field and the size and form of the earth)
• Atmospheric science, which includes:
  • Atmospheric electricity and terrestrial magnetism (including ionosphere, Van Allen belts, telluric currents, Radiant energy, etc.)
  • Meteorology and Climatology, which both involve studies of the weather.
  • Aeronomy, the study of the physical structure and chemistry of the atmosphere.
• Geothermometry (heating of the earth, heat flow, volcanology, and hot springs)
• Hydrology (ground and surface water, sometimes including glaciology)
• Physical oceanography
• Tectonophysics (geological processes in the earth)
• Exploration and engineering geophysics
• Geophysical Engineering
• Geodesy
• Glaciology
• Petrophysics
• Applied geophysics
• Mineral Physics
• Engineering geology